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Article published In: Journal of Second Language Studies
Vol. 9:1 (2026) ► pp.1–44

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An attempt to identify language-universal and language-specific patterns in the use of filled pauses and prolongations

Evidence from monolingual and bilingual speakers of Russian, Hebrew, and Mandarin Chinese

ORCiD logo with link | Bar-Ilan University, Israel
ORCiD logo with link | Bar-Ilan University, Israel
ORCiD logo with link | Southeast University, China
ORCiD logo with link | Independent Researcher
ORCiD logo with link | S-Petersburg State University, Russia
ORCiD logo with link | Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Published online: 6 September 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.00050.ber
Abstract
This study examines filled pauses and prolongations in Mandarin Chinese, Russian, and Hebrew by comparing monolingual and bilingual speakers to identify both universal and language-specific disfluency patterns. Data were collected from monologues produced by monolinguals and two bilingual groups: Russian-Hebrew speakers who acquired both languages in early childhood, and Mandarin Chinese-Russian speakers who learned Russian later as a second language (L2). Analyses focused on the frequency and types of disfluencies. Monolinguals showed similar disfluency rates across languages, suggesting some universal patterns. Early bilinguals mirrored monolingual patterns in both languages, likely due to balanced early exposure. In contrast, Mandarin-Russian bilinguals exhibited higher disfluency rates in L2-Russian, likely due to increased cognitive load during speech planning. Additionally, they produced unique filled pause types not found in monolinguals, reflecting cross-linguistic transfer. These findings highlight how factors such as language proficiency, language exposure onset, and typological differences shape disfluency patterns in bilingual speech.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Filled pauses: Language-universal and language-specific aspects
    • 1.2Prolongations: Language-universal and language-specific aspects
    • 1.3Hesitation phenomena in bilingual speakers: Between- and within-group comparisons
      • 1.3.1Between-group comparisons: Bilinguals vs. monolinguals
      • 1.3.2Within-speaker comparisons: Bilinguals’ L1 vs. L2
      • 1.3.3Cross-linguistic influence and contextual factors
    • 1.4The current study: Research questions and hypotheses
  • 2.Methodology
    • 2.1Participants
    • 2.2Materials and data collection
    • 2.3Transcription and annotation
    • 2.4Functional annotation of hesitations
    • 2.5Monologue general measures
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Filled pause and prolongation ratios
    • 3.2Filled pause realization per group
    • 3.3Filled pause function per group
    • 3.4Prolongation position in word and utterance
  • 4.Discussion
    • 4.1Filled pauses and prolongations in monolingual speakers
    • 4.2Filled pauses and prolongations in bilingual speakers as compared to monolingual controls
    • 4.3Filled pauses and prolongations in the two languages of bilingual speakers
  • 5.Limitations
  • 6.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Note
  • References
References (109)
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