Article published In: Names and Naming
Edited by Philipp Krämer, Eeva M. Sippola and Rachel Selbach
[Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 41:1] 2026
► pp. 141–168
Guest column
Moving past the Afro-Hispanic past
Published online: 16 January 2026
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26001.lip
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26001.lip
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The most pressing question: Why and how have Afro-Hispanic varieties survived?
- 2.1Means
- 2.2Opportunity
- 2.3Motive
- 3.Surviving Afro-Hispanic language: The imprint of language contact(s)?
- 3.1Spontaneous language restructuring
- 3.2Possible African imprints
- 3.3Beyond binary language contacts: Afro-indigenous encounters
- 3.4The final phase: Afro-Asian/Pacific contacts
- 4.The role of (self-) awareness
- 5.Back to how and why: The cumulative effects of isolation
- 6.Surviving Afro-Hispanic traits as historical stress-level measure?
- 7.Whither Afro-Hispanic linguistics?
- Acknowledgements
References
References (164)
Ackema, Peter & Ad Neeleman. 2019. Default
person versus default number in agreement. In Ludovico Franco, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.), Agreement,
case and locality in the nominal and verbal
domains, 21–54. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo. 1958. Cuijla:
esbozo etnográfico de un pueblo negro. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Álvarez, Alexandra. 1999. La
hipótesis criolla sobre el español de Venezuela: la simplificación en el nivel
discursivo. In Klaus Zimmermann (ed.), Lenguas
criollas de base lexical española y
portuguesa, 389–410. Frankfurt: Vervuert.
Álvarez Nazario, Manuel. 1974. El
elemento afronegroide en el español de Puerto Rico. San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 2nd
ed.
Amaro, Ana Maria. 1980. Um jogo africano de Macau: a
chonca. Revista da Facultade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de
Lisboa 11. 215–234.
Angola Maconde, Juan. 2012. El
habla afroyungueña: Cho, así jay hablamu, más vale qui oté nuay olvidá. La Paz: Fundación de Afrodescendientes Pedro Andaveres Peralta.
Althoff, Daniel. 1994. Afro-mestizo
speech from Costa Chica, Guerrero: from Cuaji to Cuijla. Language Problems and Language
Planning 181. 242–256.
Antón-Méndez, Inés, Nichol, Janet & Garrett, Merrill. 2002. The relation between gender and number agreement processing. Syntax 51. 1–25.
Baptista, Marlyse. 2016. Creole
formation and L2 acquisition: On re-evaluating processes and labels. Journal of Pidgin and
Creole Languages 311. 361–389.
Barnett, Elizabeth. 2011. “Somos
Costeños”: Afro-Mexican transnational migration and community formation in Mexico and Winston-Salem,
NC. New London, CT: Connecticut College Honors thesis.
Baxter, Alan. 1997. Creole-like
features in the verb system of an Afro-Brazilian variety of
Portuguese. In Arthur. K. Spears & Donald Winford (eds,), The
structure and status of pidgins and
creoles, 265–288. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Beatty-Martínez, Anne. L., & Paola E. Dussias. 2019. Revisiting
masculine and feminine grammatical gender in Spanish: Linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic
evidence. Frontiers in
Psychology 101. 751.
Berent, Iris, Steven Pinker, Joseph Tzelgov, Uri Bibi, & Liat Goldfarb. 2005. Computation
of semantic number from morphological information. Journal of Memory and
language 531. 342–358.
Bosque, Ignacio & José Maria Brucart. 2019. Caribbean
Spanish and theoretical syntax: An overview. In Ángel Gallegos (ed.), The
syntactic variation of Spanish
dialects, 297–328. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce. 1986. El
muchacha tiene tres balón: Number and gender in the Spanish of a group of francophone
learners. Montreal: Concordia University Masters’ thesis.
. 2017. Acquisition
of the Spanish plural by French L1 speakers: the role of
transfer. In Juana Liceras, Helmut Zobl, & Helen Goodluck (eds.), The
role of formal features in second language
acquisition, 270–298. New York: Routledge.
Bruhn de Garavito, Joyce & Marcela Otálora. 2016. L2
knowledge of gender and number agreement in Spanish noun
ellipsis. In Anahí Alba de la Fuente, Elena Valenzuela, & Cristina Martínez Sanz (eds.), Language
acquisition beyond parameters: Studies in honour of Juana M.
Liceras, 99–124. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Bruhn De Garavito, Joyce & Lydia White. 2002. The
second language acquisition of Spanish DPs: The status of grammatical
features. In Ana Teresa Pérez-Leroux & Juana Liceras (eds.), The
acquisition of Spanish morphosyntax: The L1/L2
connection, 153–178. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Busdiecker, Sara. 2022. Afro-Bolivian
Past (s) and Present (s) in Scholarship. In Bernd Reiter & John Antón Sánchez (eds.), Routledge
handbook of Afro-Latin American
studies, 398–407. New York: Routledge.
Bybee, Joan. 1985. Morphology:
a study of the relation between meaning and
form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Camargo, Moraima. 2004. Palenqueros
en Barranquilla. Construyendo identidad y memorias urbanas. Memorias. Revista Digital de
Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe 111. 0.
Caramazza, Alfonso, Michele Miozzo, Albert Costa, & Niels Schiller. 2001. A
Crosslinguistic Investigation of Determiner production. In Emmanuel Dupoux (ed.), Language,
brain, and cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jacques
Mehler, 209–226. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Carminati, Maria Nella. 2005. Processing reflexes of the feature hierarchy (person > number > gender) and implications for linguistic theory. Lingua 1151. 259–285.
Carrillo, N. Ricardo & Samyr Salgado. 2002. Racismo
y vida cotidiana en ua ciudad de la sierra
ecuatoriana. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Chaudenson, Robert. 2003. Creolistics
and sociolinguistic theories. International Journal of the Sociology of
Language 1601. 123–146.
. 2012. El
“Misterio” de las lenguas criollas españolas. abehache: revista da Associação Brasileira de
Hispanistas, 221. 39–63.
Clements, J. Clancy. 2003. The tense-aspect system in
pidgins and naturalistically learned L2. Studies in Second Language
Acquisition 251. 245–281.
. 2009. The linguistic legacy of Spanish
and Portuguese: Colonial expansion and language
change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. 2015. Chinese-Spanish Contact in
Cuba in the 19th Century. In Li Wei (ed.), Multilingualism
in the Chinese diaspora worldwide, 87–107. New York: Routledge.
. 2024. Naturalistic L2 acquisition
and the formation of an immigrant variety of Spanish: a case study. Neuphilologische
Mitteilungen 1251. 77–101.
Cuba, María del Carmen. 1996. El castellano hablado en
Chincha. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Escuela de Posgrado.
De Ávila Torres, Dimas del Rosario & Gina Morales Acosta. 2021. Contextos
de etnoeducación Palenquera en Cartagena, Colombia: Ma-kuagro en la escuela. Journal of Science
and Research 61. 555–576.
De Vincenzi, Marica. 1999. Differences
between the morphology of gender and number: Evidence from establishing coreferences. Journal
of Psycholinguistic
Research 281. 537–553.
De Vincenzi, Marica & Elisa Di Domenico. 1999. A
distinction among phi-features: The role of gender and number in the retrieval of pronoun
antecedents. Rivista di
linguistica 111. 49–77.
Di Domenico, Elisa, & Marica De Vincenzi. 1995. Gender and number in the retrieval of pronoun antecedents: differences in use and representation. Actes du deuxième colloqueLangues et grammaire’, Paris 8 juin 1995, pp. 95–109.
Díaz Campos, Manuel & J. Clancy Clements. 2008. A
creole origin for Barlovento Spanish? a linguistic and sociohistorical inquiry. Language in
Society 371. 351–383.
Eberhard, Kathleen. M. 1997. The marked effect of number on
subject–verb agreement. Journal of Memory and
language 361. 147–164.
Evak, Landon. 2011. Rural
to urban: A sociolinguistic perspective on Afro-Choteño Spanish in Quito,
Ecuador. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University honors thesis.
Fariña, Oscar. 2017. La”
Carretera de la muerte”
boliviana. Rutas, 1711, 33–42. [URL]
Fernández, Mauro & Eeva Sippola. 2025. Plural
nouns in contact: Evidence from the Philippines. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages.
Fernández Repetto, Francisco & Genny Negroe Sierra. 1995. Una
población perdida en la memoria: Los negros de
Yucatán. Mérida: Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
Ferreira, S. Carlota da. 1985. Remanescentes de um falar
crioulo brasiliero. Revista
Lusitana 51. 21–34.
Fuentes Guerra, Jesús & Armin Schwegler. 2005. Lengua
y ritos del Palo Monte Mayombe: Dioses cubanos y sus fuentes
africanas. Frankfurt: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.
Guerrero, Fuensanta, Antonio Quilis, & Juan Manuel Rozas. 1965. La
lengua y la literatura en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: Repertorio
bibliográfico. Madrid: Instituto Miguel de Cervantes.
Harris, James. 1980. Nonconcatenative
morphology and Spanish plurals. Journal of Linguistic
Research 11. 15–31.
Heck, Moritz. 2020. Plurinational
Afrobolivianity: Afro-Indigenous articulations and interethnic relations in the Yungas of
Bolivia. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
Hinzelin, Marc-Olivier & Georg A. Kaiser. 2007. El
pronombre ello en el léxico del español
dominicano. In Wiltrud Mihatsch & Monika Sokol (eds.), Language
contact and language change in the Caribbean and
beyond, 171–188. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Holm, John. 2004. Languages
in contact: The partial restructuring of
vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Igoa, José M., José E. García-Albea, & Rosa Sánchez-Casas. 1999. Gender-number
dissociations in sentence production in Spanish. Rivista di
Linguistica 111. 163–196.
Jacobs, Bart., & Mikael Parkvall. 2021. How
‘Portuguese’are Palenquero and Chabacano really?. Revue
Romane 561. 235–266.
Jiménez Sabater, Max. 1975. Más
datos sobre el español en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Ediciones Intec.
Joly, Luz Graciela. 1981. The ritual play of the
Congos of north central Panama: Its sociolinguistic implications. Sociolinguistic Working
Papers Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, Austin, Texas, no. 85.
Lewis, Laura A. 2020. That little Mexican part of me:
Race, place and transnationalism among US African-descent Mexicans. Ethnic and Racial
Studies 431. 995–1012.
Lipski, John. 1986a. Creole
Spanish and vestigial Spanish: Evolutionary
parallels. Linguistics 231. 963–84.
. 1986b. Lingüística
afroecuatoriana: El valle del Chota. Anuario de Lingüística
Hispanica 21. 153–76.
. 1987. The
Chota Valley: Afro-Hispanic language in highland Ecuador. Latin American Research
Review 221. 155–70.
. 1989. The
speech of the negros congos of Panama: A vestigial Afro-Hispanic
creole. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
. 1992. Spontaneous
nasalization in the development of Afro Hispanic language. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 71. 261–305.
. 1994. El
español afroperuano: Eslabón entre Africa y América. Anuario de Lingüística
Hispánica 101. 179–216.
. 1998. El
español de los braceros chinos y la problemática del lenguaje
bozal. Montalbán 311. 101–139.
. 1999. Chinese
Cuban pidgin Spanish: Implications for the Afro creole
debate. In John Rickford & Suzanne Romaine (eds.), Creole
genesis, attitudes and
discourse, 215–233. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 1996. Spanish
in the Pacific. In Stephen Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler, & Darrell Tryon (eds.), Atlas
of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the
America, vol. I1, 271–298. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2002. Contacto
de criollos y la génesis del español afrocaribeño. In Norma Díaz, Ralph Ludwig, & Stefan Pfänder (eds.), La
Romania americana: Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de
contacto, 53–95. Frankfurt: Vervuert.
. 2004. Nuevas
perspectivas sobre el español afrodominicano. In Sergio Valdés Bernal (ed.), Pensamiento
lingüístico sobre el Caribe insular
hispánica, 505–552. Santo Domingo: Academia de Ciencias de la República Dominicana.
. 2006a. Un
remanante afrohispánico: El habla afroparaguaya de Camba Cua. Lingua
Americana 10(19). 11–20.
. 2007a. La
formación de la partícula ta en los criollos de base afroibérica: Nuevas vías de
evolución. In Laura Morgenthaler & Martina Schrader-Kniffki (eds.), La
Romania en interacción: Entre historia, contacto y
política, 443–455. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert/Iberoamericana.
. 2007b. El
lenguaje afromexicano en el contexto de la lingüística afrohispánica. Publications of the Afro
Latin American Research Association
PALARA 111. 33–45.
. 2008c. Afro-Paraguayan
Spanish: The negation of non-existence. Journal of Pan-African
Studies 271. 2–32.
. 2009a. El
habla de los afroparaguayos: Un nuevo renglón de la identidad
étnica. Lexis 331. 91–124.
. 2009b. Tracing
the origins of Panamanian Congo speech: The pathways of regional
variation. Diachronica 261. 380–407.
. 2010. Depleted
plural marking in two Afro-Hispanic dialects: Separating inheritance from innovation. Language
Variation and Change 221. 1–44.
. 2011a. Decreolization
as emergent grammars: Some Afro-Bolivian data. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 261. 276–340.
. 2011b. El
habla de los CONGOS de Panamá en el contexto de la lingüística
afrohispánica. Panamá: Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
. 2015. La
reconstrucción de los primeros contactos lingüísticos afrohispánicos: La importancia de las comunidades de habla
contemporáneas. In Juanito Ornelas de Avelar & Laura Álvarez López (eds.), Dinâmicas
Afro-Latinas, 93–125. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
. 2017. The
Congo language of Panama: Born of resistance, surviving through
activism. Afro-Hispanic
Review 361. 97–118.
. 2018. Languages
in contact: Pidginization and creolization, Spanish in the
Caribbean. In Eva Muñoz-Méndez (ed.), Bilingualism
and Spanish in contact: sociolinguistic
studies, 95–118. London & New York: Routledge.
. 2021. Searching
for the sociolinguistic history of Afro-Panamian Congo
speech. In Whitney Chappell & Bridget Drinka (eds.), Spanish
socio-historical linguistics: isolation and
contact, 141–162. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2022. La
historia sociolingüística del habla congo afropanameña: Una primera
aproximación. Revista de Historia de la Lengua
Española 171. 145–165.
Lorenzino, Gerardo. 1993. Algunos
rasgos semicriollos en el español popular dominicano. Anuario de Lingüística
Hispánica 91. 109–24.
Martínez Gordo, Isabel. 1982. Lengua
“bozal” como lengua criolla: Un problema
lingüístico. Santiago 461. 47–53.
Martínez Montiel, Luz María (ed.). 1995. Presencia
africana en México. Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
Martínez-Sanz, Cristina. 2011. Null
and overt subjects in a variable system: The case of Dominican
Spanish. Ottawa: University of Ottawa doctoral dissertation.
Maude, Henry Evans. 1981. Slavers in paradise: The Peruvian
slave trade in Polynesia, 1862–1864. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
McCarthy, Corrine. 2012. Modeling
morphological variation and development: Person and number in L2 Spanish. Linguistic Approaches
to Bilingualism 211. 25–53.
McWhorter, John. 1995. The
scarcity of Spanish-based creoles explained. Language in
Society 241. 213–244.
. 2016. The
missing Spanish creoles are still missing: revisiting afrogenesis and its implications for a coherent theory of creole
genesis. In Armin Schwegler, John McWhorter, & Lise Ströbel (eds.), Iberian
challenge: Creole languages beyond the plantation
setting, 39–66. Frankfurt & Madrid: Vervuert Iberoamericana.
. 2018. Why
neither demographics nor feature pools can explain the missing Spanish plantation
creoles. Lingua 2021. 4–12.
Megenney, William. 1984. El
habla bozal cubana ¿lenguaje criollo o adquisición imperfecta? La
Torre Universidad de Puerto Rico 331. 109–139.
. 1990. Africa
en Santo Domingo: La herencia lingüística. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano.
Menéndez, Carlos. 1928. Historia
del infame y vergonzoso comercio de indios vendidos a los esclavistas de Cuba por los políticos yucatecos, desde 1848 hasta
1861. Mérida: Tallers de la Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca, S. A.
. 1932. Las
memorias de D. Buenaventura Vivó y la venta de indios yucatecos en
Cuba. Mérida: Talleres de la Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca, S. A.
Morton, Thomas. B. 2005. Sociolinguistic variation and
language change in el Palenque de San Basilio
Colombia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania doctoral dissertation.
Muhammad, Jameelah. 1995. Mexico. In Minority Rights Group (ed.), No
longer invisible: Afro-Latin Americans
today, 163–180. London: Minority Rights Publication.
Muysken, Pieter. 1997. Media
Lengua. In Sarah Thomason (ed.), Contact
languages: A wider
perspective, 365–426. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Naro, Anthony J., & Maria Marta Pereira Scherre. 2000. Variable
concord in Portuguese: The situation in Brazil and Portugal. In John McWhorter (ed.), Language
change and language contact in pidgins and
creoles, 235–256. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Naval Intelligence Division. 1944. Pacific
Islands Vol. III: Western Pacific Tonga to the Solomon
Islands. London: HMSO.
Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael. A. 1988. Structure-preserving properties
of an epenthetic rule in Spanish. In David Birdsong & Jean-Pierre Montreuil (eds.), Advances
in Romance
Linguistics, 319–36. Dordrecht: Foris.
Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael. 2008. The/
e se/in popular Dominican Spanish: An expressive marker not a double plural. Spanish in
Context 521. 196–223.
Núñez Cedeño, Rafael A., Lucía Badiola, & Ariane Sande-Piñeiro. 2019. Segmental,
syllabic, and phrasal stratum domains of Dominican Surprise-[s]
hypercorrection. In Sonia Colina & Fernando Martínez-Gil (eds.), The
Routledge handbook of Spanish
phonology, 341–373. London: Routledge.
Pabón, Iván. 2007. Identidad
afro: Procesos de construcción en las comunidades negras de la Cuenca
Chota-Mira. Quito: Abya-Yala.
Paredes-Candia, Antonio. 1984. Cuentos
populares bolivianos de la tradición oral. La Paz: Librería-Edtorial Popular, 3rd
ed.
Parkvall, Mikael & Bart Jacobs. 2020. Palenquero
origins: A tale of more than two
languages. Diachronica 371. 540–576.
Perez-Inofuentes, Danae M. 2010. Las huellas lingüísticas de
África en Bolivia: El habla
afroyungueña. Zürich: University of Zürich Masters’ thesis.
Perez, Danae M. 2015. Traces of Portuguese in
Afro-Yungueño Spanish?. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 301. 307–343.
Perl, Matthias. 1982. Creole
morphosyntax in the Cuban “habla bozal.” Studii şi Cercetări
Lingvistice 51. 424–33.
. 1985. El
fenómeno de descriollización del “habla bozal” y el lenguaje coloquial de la variante cubana del
español. Anuario de Lingüística
Hispánica 11. 191–202.
. 1987. “Habla
bozal”--eine spanisch-basierte Kreolsprache? In Matthias Perl (ed.), Beiträge
zur Afrolusitanistik und
Kreolistik, 1–17. Berlin: Akademie der Wisschschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Sprachwissenschaft, Linguistische Studien 172.
. 1989. El
“habla bozal” ¿una lengua criolla de base española? Anuario de Lingüística
Hispánica 51. 205–220.
Pichardo, Esteban. 1953. Pichardo
novísimo o diccionario provincial casi razonado de vozes y frases cubanas. Edición a carga de Esteban Rodríguez Herrera. La Habana: Editorial Selecta.
Plag, Ingo. 2008a. Creoles
as interlanguages: Inflectional morphology. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 231. 109–130.
. 2008b. Creoles
as interlanguages: Syntactic structures. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 231. 307–328.
Ponce, Diego Efrain Jou. 2023. A representatividade da
afro-bolivianidade no imaginário da cultura urbana boliviana: Disputas entre a dignidade, lutas históricas e
racismo. Niterói, Brazil: Universidade Federal Fluminense Masters’ thesis.
Quiroz Malca, Haydee. 2003. Las
nuevas diásporas de los afromexicanos y algunos de sus efectos en las culturales
locales. Memoria y
Sociedad 7(15). 229–237.
Rincon, Roberto. 2021. Migrating
identities: A study of Afro-Mexican racial identification within and across national
borders. Chicago: University of Illinois Chicago doctoral dissertation.
Rodríguez, Jaramillo Lourdes. 1994. Estamos como un puño: Estrategias
de reproducción y conflicto en Caldera. Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala & Concejo Municipal del Cantón Bolívar, Provincia del Carchi.
Romero, Fernando. 1987. El
negro en el Perú y su transculturación
lingüística. Lima: Editorial Milla Batres.
Rosas Mayén, Norma. 2007. Afro-Hispanic
linguistic remnants in Mexico: The case of the Costa Chica region of Oaxaca. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University doctoral dissertation.
Ruggiero, Diana Mabel. 2010. Más allá del fútbol: La
bomba, the Afrochoteño subaltern, and cultural change in Ecuador’s Chota-Mira
valley. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University doctoral dissertation.
Ruíz García, Marta. 2000. El
español popular del Chocó: Evidencia de una reestructuración parcial. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico doctoral dissertation.
Schlumpf, Sandra. 2020. African
languages and Spanish among Equatoguineans in Madrid. Spanish in
Context 171. 108–130.
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. Isolation
and language change: Contemporary and sociohistorical evidence from Tristan da Cunha
English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
. 1994. Black
Spanish of highland Ecuador: New data and fuel for controversy about the origins of Caribbean
Spanish. Presented at the XXIV Linguistic Symposium on Romance
Languages, University of California Los Angeles and University of Southern California, March
1994.
. 1996. La
doble negación dominicana y la génesis del español caribeño. Hispanic
Linguistics 81. 247–315.
. 2017. On
the African origins of Palenquero. In Armin Schwegler, Bryan Kirschen, & Graciela Maglia (eds.), Orality,
identity and resistance in Palenque Colombia: an interdisciplinary
approach, 51–119. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schwegler, Armin & Thomas Morton. 2003. Vernacular
Spanish in a microcosm: Kateyano in El Palenque de San Basilio Colombia. Revista Internacional
de Lingüística
Iberoamericana 11. 97–159.
Sessarego, Sandro. 2012. A
fresh look at Chota Valley Spanish: An Afro-Hispanic dialect of northern Ecuador. Ianua.
Revista Philologica
Romanica 121. 1–17.
. 2013a. On
the non-creole basis for Afro-Bolivian Spanish. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
languages 281. 363–407.
. 2013b. Afro-Hispanic
contact varieties as conventionalized advanced second languages. IBERIA: An International
Journal of Theoretical
Linguistics 511. 99–125.
. 2014. Afro-Peruvian
Spanish in the context of Spanish creole genesis. Spanish in
Context 111. 381–401.
. 2015. Afro-Peruvian
Spanish: Spanish slavery and the legacy of Spanish
creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2016. On
the non-de creolization of Chocó Spanish: A linguistic and sociohistorical
account. Lingua 1841. 122–133.
. 2017a. The
legal hypothesis of creole genesis: Presence/absence of legal personality, a new element to the Spanish creole
debate. Journal of Pidgin and Creole
Languages 321. 1–47.
. 2017b. Chocó
Spanish and the missing Spanish creole debate: Sociohistorical and linguistic considerations to solve the
puzzle. Language
Ecology 121. 213–241.
. 2018. On
the importance of legal history to Afro-Hispanic linguistics and creole
studies. Lingua 2021. 13–23.
. 2019. Language
contact and the making of an Afro-Hispanic vernacular: Variation and change in the Colombian
Chocó. Cambridge University Press.
. 2020. Casting
light on the Spanish creole debate: A legal perspective. In Alfonso Morales-Front, Michael Ferreira, Ronald Leow, & Cristina Sanz (eds.), Hispanic
linguistics: current issues and new
directions 327–342. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sessarego, Sandro & Adrian Rodríguez-Riccelli. 2018. Formal
issues in Afro-Hispanic morphosyntax: The Afro-Bolivian Spanish
case. Lingua 2021. 58–75.
Siegel, Jeffrey. 2008. Pidgins/Creoles,
and second language acquisition. In Silvia Kouwenbergn & John Victor Singler (eds.), The
handbook of pidgin and creole
studies, 187–218. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Tompkins, William. 1981. The
musical traditions of the blacks of coastal Peru. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles doctoral dissertation.
Toscano y García, Guillermo. 2014. Hacia
una historia de la lingüística en la Argentina: La Biblioteca de Dialectología Hispanoamericana
1930–1949. In Sylvie Archaimbault, Jean-Marie Fournier, & Valérie Raby (eds.), Penser
l’histoire des savoirs linguistiques. Études épistémologiques, historiques et linguistiques en hommage à Sylvain
Auroux, 453–463. Lyon: ENS Éditions.
Ugarte Chamorro, Guillermo (ed.). 1974. El
teatro en la independencia. Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú, tomo
XXV. Lima: Comisión Nacional del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del Perú. 21 vol.
Vaughn, Bobby & Ben Vinson III 2007. Unfinished
Migrations: From the Mexican South to the American South — Impressions on Afro-Mexican Migration to North
Carolina. In Darién J. Davis (ed.), Beyond
slavery: the multilayered legacy of Africans in Latin America and the
Caribbean, 223–245. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Visconte, Piero & Sandro Sessarego. 2022. Loíza
Spanish and the Spanish creole debate: A linguistic and sociohistorical
account. In Bettina Migge & Shelome Gooden (eds.), Social
and structural aspects of language contact and
change, 183–212. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Vigliocco, Gabriella & Julie Franck. 1999. When
sex and syntax go hand in hand: Gender agreement in language production. Journal of Memory and
language 401. 455–478.
Walicek, Don E. 2007. Chinese Spanish in 19th century
Cuba: Documenting sociohistorical context. In Magnus Huber & Viveka Velupillai (eds.), Synchronic
and diachronic perspectives on contact
languages, 297–324. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
