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Article published In: Names and Naming
Edited by Philipp Krämer, Eeva M. Sippola and Rachel Selbach
[Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 41:1] 2026
► pp. 27–58

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Names for contact languages

An historical overview of the evolution of terms in the field of pidgin and creole languages

ORCiD logo with link | Aarhus University, Denmark
Published online: 11 December 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23026.bak
Abstract
This article discusses past and current names for contact languages, and their origins. Pidgins and creoles are new languages, and naming them may indicate a perceived continuation from preexisting languages or a break away from the antecedent languages, the lexifiers. Names for individual languages of pidgins and creoles are diverse. The languages may bear the name of the lexifier (e.g. French), a label referring to what today is a type of language (e.g. creole), they may be named after the function of the language (e.g. trade), a colonial vision of the language (e.g. “broken”), a frequent expression (e.g. “Fanakalo” ‘say it like this’), a population, a location, etc. Generic names for pidgins and creoles, as used in academic circles, often started off as names for individual languages. Terms spread, both from languages they were initially applied to, to other languages, and they may spread from being used in one language to another language.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Naming of pidgins and creoles: Previous studies
  • 3.Speakers’ autoglossonyms for their pidgins and creoles
  • 4.History of the term ‘pidgin’
  • 5.History of the term ‘creole’
    • 5.1Meanings of the term ‘creole’ and equivalents in creole languages
    • 5.2How the term creole developed into a label for a language
  • 6.Historical overview of labeling of pidgins
    • 6.1Baragouin
    • 6.2Jargon
    • 6.3Lingua Franca
    • 6.4Sabir
    • 6.5Discussion
  • 7.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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