Cover not available

Article published In: Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages: Online-First Articles

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload EPUB
authorization required

Speaking with attitude

Language attitudes in comic literature in Macanese Creole

ORCiD logo with link | Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP)Lisbon, Portugal
Published online: 3 September 2024
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23025.oli
Abstract
Applying a qualitative discourse-based analysis, this paper discusses the attitudes towards the languages spoken in Macao based on their representation in the comic literature written in Macanese Creole. The texts consist of those collected by Leopoldo Danilo Barreiros and those written by José dos Santos Ferreira. They originated from the mid-1800s to the 1990s, just before the creation of the special administrative region of Macao in 1999. The attitudes towards different languages vary according to the ethnicity, gender, age and socioeconomic status of the characters. While celebrating the ethnic and linguistic diversity of Macao, the authors of the texts performatively express nostalgia about Macanese Creole and the Macao of the olden days with which the language is associated, as well as concern about the decreasing Portuguese influence on Macanese culture and fear about growing Chinese influence.
Article outline
  • Introduction
  • Comic literature in MC
  • Social categories in comic literature in MC
    • Age
    • Gender
  • Attitudes towards language and ethnicity
    • Malay
    • Cantonese
    • English
    • Portuguese and MC
    • Latin
    • French
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (45)
References
Amaro, Ana Maria. 1988. Filhos da Terra. Macau: Instituto Cultural de Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2009. Contact Languages: Ecology and Evolution in Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto, Matthews, Stephen & Smith, Geoff. 2010. China Coast Pidgin: Texts and Contexts. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25(1). 63–94. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arana-Ward, Marie. 1978. A synchronic and diachronic investigation of Macanese: the Portuguese-based Creole of Macao. MA thesis, University of Hong Kong.
Barreiros, Leopoldo Danilo. 1943/1944. O Dialecto português de Macau: Antologia. Macau: Renascimento.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baxter, Alan N. 2009. O português em Macau: contacto e assimilação. In Ana M. Carvalho (ed.), Português em Contacto, 55–76. Madrid: Iberoamericana. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
1988. A Grammar of Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese). Canberra: The Australian National University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Botha, Werner & Moody, Andrew. 2020. English in Macau. In Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha & Andy Kirkpatrick (eds.), The Handbook of Asian Englishes, 305–322. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary & Hall, Kira. 2010. Locating Identity in Language. In Carmen Llamas & Dominic Watt (eds.), Language and Identities, 18–28. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cardoso, Hugo C. 2016. O português em contacto na Ásia e no Pacífico. In Ana Maria Martins & Ernestina Carrilho (eds.), Manual de linguística Portuguesa, 595–611. Berlin: De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chen, Li-Zhi. 2002. Aomen tusheng Puyu Yueyu jieyongciyu chutan [A study of Cantonese loan words in Macao Patois]. MA thesis, Jinan University.
Costa, Francisco Lima da. 2004. Fronteiras da Identidade: O caso dos macaenses em Portugal e Macau. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas 461. 133–160.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2006. Fronteiras da Identidade: O caso dos macaenses em Portugal e em Macau. Administração 71(19). 181–215.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fernandes, Miguel Senna & Baxter, Alan Norman. 2004. Maquista Chapado: Vocabulary and Expressions in Macao’s Portuguese Creole. Macau: Instituto Cultural do Governo da Região Especial Administrativa de Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ferreira, José dos Santos. 1996a. Papiaçám di Macau. Macau: Fundação Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1996b. Macau di Tempo Antigo. Macau: Fundação Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1996c. Poema di Macau. Macau: Fundação Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1996d. Macau sã Assi. Macau: Fundação Macau.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gaião, Raul Leal. 2010. Representações do Crioulo Macaense. In Maria João Marçalo et al. (eds.), Língua portuguesa: ultrapassar fronteiras, juntas culturas, 157–175. Évora: Universidade de Évora.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gaspar, Marisa C. 2015. No Tempo do Bambu: Identidade e Ambivalência Entre Macaenses. Lisboa: Instituto do Oriente.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gunn, Geoffrey C. 1996. Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557–1999. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A. Jr. 1944. Chinese Pidgin English Grammar and Texts. Journal of the American Oriental Society 64(3). 95–113. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian F. 2009. The Portuguese Creoles of Malacca. Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 54(3–4). 295–306.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hao, Zhidong. 2011. Macao: History and Society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Harrison, Godfrey J. 2010. The Place of English in Macau and a Theoretical Speculation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 5(6). 475–489. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Holm, John A. 1989. Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Honey, John. 1997. Sociophonology. In Florian Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, 77–91. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kircher, Ruth & Zipp, Lena. 2022. An Introduction to Language Attitudes Research. In Ruth Kircher & Lena Zipp (eds.), Research Methods in Language Attitudes, 1–16. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matthews, Stephen & Yip, Virginia. 1994. Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Monteiro, Anabela Nunes. 2011. Macau e a presença portuguesa seiscentista no Mar da China. PhD dissertation, University of Coimbra.
Moody, Andrew. 2008. Macau English: Status, Functions and Forms. English Today 24(3). 3–15. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mühleisen, Susanne. 2022. Talking about Creole: Language Attitudes and Public Discourse in the Caribbean. In Bettina Migge & Shelome Gooden (eds.), Social and Structural Aspects of Language Contact and Change, 181–200. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nunes, Mário Pinharanda. 2012. Traces of Superstrate Verb Inflection in Makista and Other Asian-Portuguese Creoles. In Hugo C. Cardoso, Alan N. Baxter & Mário Pinharanda Nunes (eds.), Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives, 83–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nunes, Mário Pinharanda & Baxter, Alan N. 2004. Os Marcadores Pré-verbais no Crioulo de Base Lexical Portuguesa de Macau. Papia 141. 31–46.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pina-Cabral, João de. 1993. ‘Novos Valores e Formas de Vida no Macau dos Anos 90.’ Análise Social 28(2). 409–416.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 1994. A Complexidade Étnica de Macau. In Estudos Orientais V — O Oriente, Hoje: Do Índio ao Pacífico, 209–224. Lisboa: Instituto Oriental.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pina-Cabral, João de & Lourenço, Nelson. 1994. Personal Identity and Ethnic Ambiguity: Naming Practices among the Eurasian of Macao. Social Anthropology 2(2). 115–132. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 1999. Changing Attitudes to Hawai’i Creole English: Fo’ Find One Good Job, You Gotta Know How Fo’ Talk Like One Haole. In John R. Rickford & Suzanne Romaine (eds.), Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse: Studies Celebrating Charlene J. Sato, 287–307. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saldanha, Ana Maria. 2020. Sincretismo de um Carnaval no Rio das Pérolas. Extraprensa 14(1). 27–45. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seabra, Leonor de & Manso, Maria de Deus Brites. 2014. Escravatura, Concubinagem e Casamento em Macau: Séculos XVI-XVIII. Afro-Ásia 491. 105–133. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tomás, Isabel. 1988. Makista Creole. Review of Culture 51. 33–46.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wilson, Christopher P. 1979. Jokes: Form, Content, Use and Function. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zandonai, Sheyla. 2009. Global Diversity, Local Identity: Multicultural Practice in Macau. Intercultural Communication Studies 18(1). 37–51.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue