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Article published In: Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
Vol. 34:2 (2019) ► pp.243–286

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The formation of the Kallawaya language

 | University of Cologne, Germany
Published online: 25 November 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00040.han
Abstract
In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras, Yaron. 2000. Mixed languages: a functional-communicative approach. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3(2). 79–99. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark, Louisa R. 1972. Machaj-Juyay: Secret language of the Callahuayas. Papers in Andean Linguistics 11. 199–218.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Sources on Kallawaya and Pukina
  • 3.Theoretical background: Scenarios of origin
  • 4.Lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence in Kallawaya
    • 4.1Lexical evidence
    • 4.2Grammatical evidence
      • 4.2.1Clearly not Pukina
      • 4.2.2Grammatical markers of possible Pukina origin
      • 4.2.3Unclear cases
    • 4.3Structural evidence
  • 5.Summarising discussion and conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (63)
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