Article published In: Journal of Narrative and Life History
Vol. 5:4 (1995) ► pp.285–313
Narrative Competence and Storytelling Performance: How Children Tell Stories in Different Contexts
Published online: 4 August 2015
https://doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.5.4.01nar
https://doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.5.4.01nar
Abstract
This study addresses some of the multiple factors that play a role in children's developing narrative abilities. It starts by reviewing approaches to narrative analysis that have had an impact on the study of children's narratives since the 1970s. Such analyses are reevaluated from a developmental perspective, based on crosslinguistic findings from picturebook narratives. The generality of these results is then examined by comparing narratives produced by children in different elicitation settings, based on findings from a large-scale Hebrew-language sample. Finally, an attempt is made to integrate these findings along different dimensions involved in developing narrative knowledge, as manifested by children at different phases of development: in recruiting linguistic forms for narrative functions, in combining foreground plotline events with affective evaluation and background circumstances, and in perceiving what it means to tell a story in task-appropriate ways. The development of narrative abilities is shown to yield a complex web of interrelations between abstract narrative competence and how this is realized in storytelling performance. (Linguistics)
References (106)
Aksu-Koc, A., & von Stutterheim, C. (1994). Temporal relations in narrative: Simultaneity. In R. A. Berman & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study (pp. 393–456). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Allen, M. S., Kentoy, M. K., Sherblum, J. C., & Petit, J. I. (1994). Children's narrative productions: A comparison of personal events and fictional stories. Applied Psycholinguistics, 151, 149–176.
Bamberg, M. (1985). Form and function in the construction of narrative: Developmental perspectives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Bamberg, M., & Damrad-Frye, R. (1991). On the ability to provide evaluative comments: Further explorations of children's narrative competencies. Journal of Child Language, 181, 689–710.
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: An experimental and social study. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Bazzanella, C., & Calleri, D. (1991). Tense coherence and grounding in children's narrative. Text, 111, 175–187.
Berman, R. A. (1986). A step-by-step model of language learning. In I. Levin (Ed.), Stage and structure: Reopening the debate (pp. 191–219). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
(1987). A developmental route: Learning about the form and use of complex nominals. Linguistics, 271, 1057–1085.
(1988b). Word-class distinctions in developing grammars. In Y. Levy, I. M. Schlesinger, & M. D. S. Braine (Eds.), Categories and processes in language acquisition (pp. 45–72). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
(1990). Acquiring an (S)VO language: Subjectless sentences in children's Hebrew. Linguistics, 281, 1135–1166.
(1993a). The development of language use: Expressing perspectives on a scene. In E. Dromi (Ed.), Language and cognition: A developmental perspective (pp. 172–201). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
(1993b). Developmental perspectives on transitivity: A confluence of cues. In Y. Levy (Ed.), Other children, other languages: Issues in the theory of language acquisition (pp. 189–241). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
(1994, January). Narrative theory and narrative development. Paper presented at the Boston University Conference on Language Development.
(in press). Form and function in developing narrative skills. In D. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, & J. Guo (Eds.), Social interaction, social context, and language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Berman, R. A., & Neeman, Y. (1994). Development of linguistic forms: Hebrew. In R. A. Berman & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study (pp. 285–328). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Berman, R. A., & Reilly, J. S. (1995a, April). Evaluate elements in children's narratives. Workshop presented at the Child Language Research Forum, Stanford University.
(1995b). Referential, informative, and evaluative elements in developing narrative abilities. Manuscript in preparation.
Berman, R. A., & Slobin, D. I. (1994). Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Bettelheim, B. (1970). The use of enchantment: The meaning and importance of fairy tales. New York: Knopf.
Blum-Kulka, S., & Snow, C. E. (1992). Developing autonomy for tellers, tales, and telling in family narrative events. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 21, 187–218.
Bornens, M.-T. (1990). Problems brought about by "reading" a sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 491, 189–226.
Chafe, W. L. (1977). The recall and verbalization of past experience. In R. W. Cole (Ed.), Current issues in linguistic theory (pp. 215–246). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
(1980). The pear stories: Cognitive, cultural, and linguistic aspects of narrative production. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Farrar, M., Friend, M., & Forbes, J. (1993). Event knowledge and early language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 201, 591–606.
Fischer, K. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 871, 477–531.
Fivush, R., & Slackman, E. A. (1986). The acquisition and development of scripts. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 71–96). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
French, L. A. (1986). The language of events. In K. Nelson, (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 119–136). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
French, L. A., & Nelson, K. (1982). Taking away the supportive context: Preschoolers' talk about the "then-and-there. " Quarterly Newsletter of Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 41, 1–6.
Giora, R., & Shen, Y. (1994). Degrees of narrativity and strategies of semantic reduction. Poetics, 221, 447–458.
Hecht, B. F. (1985). Situations and language: Children's use of plural allomorphs in familiar and unfamiliar settings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Hickmann, M. (1991). The development of discourse cohesion: Functional and cross-linguistic issues. In G. Pieraut-Le Bonniec & M. Dolitsky (Eds.), Language bases . . . discourse bases: Aspects of contemporary French language psycholinguistics research (pp. 158–185). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Hickmann, M., & Liang, J. (1990). Clause-structure variation in Chinese narrative discourse: A developmental analysis. Linguistics, 281, 1167–1200.
Hopper, P. (1982). Aspect and foregrounding in discourse. In T. Givon (Ed.), Syntax and semantics: 12. Discourse and syntax (pp. 213–241). New York: Academic.
Hudson, J. A. (1986). Memories are made of this: General event knowledge and development of autobiographic memory. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 97–118). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
(1993). Reminiscing with mothers and others: Autobiographical memory in young two-year-olds. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 31, 1–32.
Hudson, J. A., & Shapiro, L. R. (1991). From knowing to telling: Children's scripts, stories, and personal narratives. In A. McCabe & C. Peterson (Eds.), Developing narrative structure (pp. 89–136). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Jisa, H. (1987). Sentence connectors in French children's monologue performance. Journal of Pragmatics, 111, 607–621.
Kail, M., & Hickmann, M. (1992). French children's ability to introduce referents in narratives as a function of mutual reference. First Language, 121, 73–94.
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979). A functional approach to child language: A study of determiners and reference. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
(1981). The grammatical marking of thematic structure. In W. Deutsch (Ed.), The child's construction of language (pp. 121–147). London: Academic.
(1986). Stage/structure versus phase/process in modelling linguistic and cognitive development. In I. Levin (Ed.), Stage and structure: Reopening the debate (pp. 164–190). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
(1992). Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: Bradford.
Katzenberger, I. (1994). Cognitive, linguistic, and developmental factors in the narration of picture series. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel Aviv University.
Kintsch, W. (1977). On comprehending stories. In M. A. Just & P. A. Carpenter (Eds.), Cognitive processes in comprehension (pp. 33–62). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In J. Helm (Ed.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts (pp. 12–44). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
McCabe, A., & Peterson, C. (Eds.). (1991a). Developing narrative structure. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
McCabe, A. & Peterson, C. (1991b). Getting the story: parental styles of narrative elicitation and developing narrative skills. In Developing narrative structure (pp. 217–254). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Minami, M. (in press). Long conversational turns or frequent turn exchanges: Cross-cultural comparison of parental narrative elicitation. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication.
Minami, M., & McCabe, A. (1995). Rice balls and bear hunts: Japanese and North American family narrative patterns. Journal of Child Language, 221, 433–445.
Nelson, K. (Ed.). (1986). Event knowledge: Structure and function in development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1986). Evidence for children's scripts: The first studies. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 21–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Nicolopolou, A. (1995). Children and narratives: A critical overview of current research and a proposal for a more sociocultural approach. In M. Bamberg (Ed.), New directions for child development. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
(in press). Narrative development in social context. In D. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, & J. Guo (Eds.), Social interaction, social context, and language. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Peled, N., & Blum-Kulka, S. (1992). Between speaking and writing: Narratives of 1st to 3rd-grade children. Jerusalem: Maagaley Kria, 211, 111–127.
Peterson, C. (1990). The who, when, and where of early narratives. Journal of Child Language, 171, 433–456.
Peterson, C., & McCabe, A. (1983). Developmental psycholinguistics: Three ways of looking at a child's narrative. New York: Plenum.
(1992). Parental styles of narrative elicitation: Effect on children's narrative structure and content. First Language, 121, 299–321.
(1994). A social interactionist account of developing decontextualized narrative skill. Developmental Psychology, 301, 937–948.
Pitcher, E. G., & Prelinger, E. (1963). Children tell stories: An analysis of fantasy. New York: International Universities Press.
Rabinowitch, E. (1994). Evaluative components in different types of narrative texts. Unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv University.
Reilly, J. S. (1992). How to tell a good story: The intersection of language and affect in children's narratives. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 21, 355–377.
Reinhart, T. (1984). Principles of gestalt perception in the temporal organization of narrative texts. Linguistics, 221, 779–809.
Rose, S. A., & Blank, M. (1974). The potency of context in children's cognition: An illustration through conservation. Child Development, 451, 499–502.
Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 211–236). New York: Academic.
Schank, R. (1975). The structure of episodes in memory. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representations and understanding: Studies in cognitive science. New York: Academic.
Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Scott, C. M. (1988). Spoken and written syntax. In M. A. Nippold (Ed.), Later language development: Ages nine through nineteen (pp. 49–96). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
Seidman, S., Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. (1986). Make-believe scripts: The transformation of ERS in fantasy. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 161–188). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Shapiro, L. R., & J. A. Hudson (1991). Tell me a make-believe story: Coherence and cohesion in young children's picture-elicited narratives. Developmental Psychology, 271, 960–974.
Shatz, M. (1983). Communication. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & J. H. Flavell & E. M. Markman (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Cognitive development (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
(1985). A song without music and other stories: How cognitive process constraints influence children's oral and written narratives. In D. Schiffrin (Ed.), Meaning, form, and use in context: Linguistic applications (pp. 313–324). 35th Annual Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Shen, Y. (1988). Schema theory and the processing of narrative texts: The X-bar story grammar and the notion of discourse topic. Journal of Pragmatics, 121, 639–676.
(1990). Centrality and causal relations in narrative texts. Journal of Literary Semantics, 191, 1–29.
(1992). On "parsing" stories. In D. Stein (Ed.), Cooperating with written texts: The pragmatics and comprehension of written texts (pp. 609–629). Berlin: deGruyter.
Shen, Y., & Berman, R. A. (in press). From isolated event to actionstructure: Stages in narrative development. In Y. Shimron (Ed.), Studies in Hebrew psycholinguistics.
Slackman, E. A., Hudson, J. A., & Fivush, R. (1986). Actions, actors, links, and goals: The structure of children's event representations. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge: Structure and function in development (pp. 47–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Slobin, D. I. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language development (pp. 128–170). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
(1994a). Passives and alternatives in children's narratives in English, German, Spanish, and Turkish. In B. Fox & P. J. Hopper (Eds.), Voice: Form and function (pp. 341–364). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
(1994b). Talking perfectly: Discourse origins of the present perfect. In W. Pagliuca & G. Davis (Eds.), Perspectives on grammaticalization (pp. 119–133). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
(1995). Converbs in Turkish child language: The grammaticalization of event coherence. In M. Haspelmath & E. Koenig (Eds.), Converbs in crosslinguistic perspective: Structure and meaning of adverbial verb forms—adverbial participles, gerunds (pp. 349–371). Berlin: deGruyter.
Stein, N. L., & Glenn, G. (1979). An analysis of story comprehension in elementary schoolchildren. In R. Freedle (Ed.), New directions in discourse processes (pp. 53–120). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Thorndyke, P. W. (1977). Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 91, 77–110.
Todd, C. M., & M. Perlmutter (1980). Reality recalled by preschool children. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Children's memory: New directions for child development (No. 101, pp. 69–86). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Tomasello, M. (1992). First verbs: A case study of early lexical development. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Tomlin, R. S. (Ed.). (1987). Coherence and grounding in discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Trabasso, T., & Nickels, M. (1992). The development of goal plans of action in the narration of a picture story. Discourse Processes, 151, 249–261.
Trabasso, T., & Rodkin, P. C. (1994). Knowledge of goal/plans: A conceptual basis for narrating Frog, where are you?. In R. A. Berman & D. I. Slobin, Relating events in narrative: A crosslinguistic developmental study (pp. 85–108). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Trabasso, T., Secco, T., & van den Broek, P. (1984). Causal cohesion and story coherence. In H. Mandl, N. L. Stein, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Learning and comprehension of text (pp. 83–111). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Wellhousen, K. (1993). Eliciting and examining young children's storytelling. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 71, 62–66.
Wellman, H. M., & Somerville, S. C. (1980). Quasi-naturalistic tasks in the study of cognition: The memory-related skills of toddlers. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Children's memory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wigglesworth, G. (1990). Children's narrative acquisition: A study of some aspects of reference and anaphora. First Language, 101, 105–126.
(1992). Investigating children's cognitive and linguistic development through narrative. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
(in press). Children's individual approaches to the organization of narrative Journal of Child Language.
Wolf, D. P., Moreton, J., & Camp, L. (1994). Children's acquisition of different kinds of narrative discourse: Genres and lines of talk. In J. Sokolov & C. E. Snow (Eds.), Handbook of research in language development using CHILDES (pp. 286–323). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Cited by (92)
Cited by 92 other publications
Ben-Zvi, Galit, Hadass Landau & Dorit Ravid
Demirhan, Damlanur, Merve Savaş & Senanur Kahraman Beğen
Finger, Ingrid, Cristiane Ely Lemke, Larissa da Silva Cury, Natália Bezerra Mota & Janaina Weissheimer
He, Chengqi, Shoko Miyamoto & Yu Lin
Naman, Tal, Sveta Fichman, Carmit Altman & Nufar Sukenik
Peristeri, Eleni, Katerina Drakoulaki, Antonia Boznou, Michaela Nerantzini, Angeliki Gena, Angelos Lengeris & Spyridoula Varlokosta
Sanchez, Lisa, Sandrine Eschenauer & Raphaele Tsao
Zhang, Fangfang, Yan Wang & Allyssa McCabe
2025. How do Mandarin-speaking children relate events in personal narratives?. Narrative Inquiry 35:1 ► pp. 180 ff.
Helms-Park, Rena, Maria Claudia Petrescu, Mihaela Pirvulescu & Vedran Dronjic
Iandolo, Giuseppe, Miguel Aroca-Salom, Ángeles Esteban, Gustavo Gonzalez-Cuevas & Cristina Alonso-Campuzano
Ibrahim, Sara Magdy, Ossama Ahmed Sobhy, Riham Mohamed ElMaghraby & Nesrine Hazem Hamouda
Kawar, Khaloob, Joel Walters & Sveta Fichman
Kupersmitt, Judy R., Sveta Fichman & Sharon Armon-Lotem
Latkowska, Jolanta
Gür, Cansu & Beyza Sümer
2022. Learning to introduce referents in narration is resilient to the effects of late sign language exposure. Sign Language & Linguistics 25:2 ► pp. 205 ff.
Serrano, Jonathan & Luisa Josefina Alarcón Neve
Sung, Ko-Yin
Aishwarya, N. & D. Ruth Deborah
Gagarina, Natalia, Sveta Fichman, Elena Galkina, Ekaterina Protassova, Natalia Ringblom & Yulia Rodina
2021. How oral texts are organized in monolingual and heritage Russian. In Language Impairment in Multilingual Settings [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 29], ► pp. 47 ff.
Quasthoff, Uta & Juliane Stude
Russak, Susie & Elena Zaretsky
Sperry, Linda L. & Douglas E. Sperry
Venkatraman, Krupa & V. Thiruvalluvan
Berman, Ruth & Lyle Lustigman
Bowles, Ryan P., Laura M. Justice, Kiren S. Khan, Shayne B. Piasta, Lori E. Skibbe & Tricia D. Foster
Channell, Marie Moore
Girardello, Gilka
Nir, Bracha
2020. A usage-based typology of Modern Hebrew syntax. In Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew [Studies in Language Companion Series, 210], ► pp. 659 ff.
Deane, Paul, Swapna Somasundaran, René R. Lawless, Hilary Persky & Colleen Appel
Kawar, Khaloob, Joel Walters & Jonathan Fine
Krasnoshchekova, Sofia & Kseniia Kashleva
Kupersmitt, Judy R. & Sharon Armon-Lotem
Lorenzo, Francisco, Adrián Granados & Inmaculada Ávila
Milanowicz, Anna
Lucero, Audrey
Zamani, Peyman, Zahra Soleymani, Vahid Rashedi, Farhad Farahani, Gohar Lotf & Mohammad Rezaei
Ashby, Shealyn A., Marie Moore Channell & Leonard Abbeduto
Grove, Nicola & Bencie Woll
Willenberg, Ingrid
Linnik, Anastasia, Roelien Bastiaanse & Barbara Höhle
Pinto, Giuliana, Christian Tarchi & Lucia Bigozzi
Pinto, Giuliana, Christian Tarchi & Lucia Bigozzi
Roubaud, Marie-Noëlle, Christina Romain, F. Neveu, G. Bergounioux, M.-H. Côté, J.-M. Fournier, L. Hriba & S. Prévost
Seroussi, Batia
2016. Lexical development in Hebrew. In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 19], ► pp. 175 ff.
Sümer, Beyza
2016. Scene-setting and referent introduction in sign and spoken languages. In The Acquisition of Turkish in Childhood [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 20], ► pp. 193 ff.
Channell, Marie Moore, Andrea S. McDuffie, Lauren M. Bullard & Leonard Abbeduto
Kupersmitt, Judy R.
Kupersmitt, Judy R.
Tribushinina, Elena, Elena Dubinkina & Ted Sanders
Burris, Silas E. & Danielle D. Brown
Katzenberger, Irit & Sara Meilijson
Kupersmitt, Judy, Rachel Yifat & Shoshana Blum-Kulka
2014. The development of coherence and cohesion in monolingual and sequential bilingual children’s narratives. Narrative Inquiry 24:1 ► pp. 40 ff.
Leikin, Mark, Raphiq Ibrahim & Hazar Eghbaria
Longobardi, Emiddia, Pietro Spataro, Marialuisa Renna & Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
Ravid, Dorit, Dina Naoum & Suheir Nasser
Yazdanpanah, Zahra
Baron, Marie-Pierre, Hélène Makdissi & Andrée Boisclair
Reese, Elaine, Alison Sparks & Sebastian Suggate
Justice, Laura M., Ryan Bowles, Khara Pence & Carolyn Gosse
Nir, Bracha & Ruth A. Berman
TAYLOR, NICOLE, WILBERTA DONOVAN, SALLY MILES & LEWIS LEAVITT
Veneziano, Edy & Christian Hudelot
McCabe, Allyssa, Lynn Bliss, Gabriela Barra & MariBeth Bennett
Berman, Ruth A. & Bracha Nir-sagiv
Berman, Ruth A. & Bracha Nir-sagiv
Miles, Sally, Robin Chapman & Heidi Sindberg
Tannenbaum, Michal, Netta Abugov & Dorit Ravid
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
Kaufman, Dorit
Ravid, Dorit
Berman, Ruth A. & Irit Katzenberger
Curenton, Stephanie M. & Laura M. Justice
Hertz-Lazarowitze, Rachel
Klitzing, K.von & N Lutz-Latil
Küntay, Aylin C. & İbrahim Şenay
Gutierrez, Kris D. & Lynda Stone
Kuntay, Aylin C.
Kuntay, Aylin C.
Küntay, Aylin C.
Miles, Sally & Robin S. Chapman
Boudreau, Donna
Crosson, Jillian & Ann Geers
Parke, Tim
Boudreau, Donna M. & Robin S. Chapman
Berman, Ruth A.
1997. Narrative Theory and Narrative Development: The Labovian Impact. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7:1-4 ► pp. 235 ff.
BERMAN, RUTH A.
Berman, Ruth A.
Berman, Ruth A.
2017. Developing construals of a narrative event sequence. In Social Environment and Cognition in Language Development [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 21], ► pp. 199 ff.
Küntay, Aylin C. & Susan M. Ervin-Tripp
1997. Narrative Structure and Conversational Circumstances. Journal of Narrative and Life History 7:1-4 ► pp. 113 ff.
McCabe, Allyssa
Pesco, Diane & Martha Crago
1996. "We Went Home, Told the Whole Story to Our Friends": Narratives by Children in an Algonquin Community. Journal of Narrative and Life History 6:4 ► pp. 293 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
