Article published In: Journal of Language and Sexuality
Vol. 6:2 (2017) ► pp.205–231
‘The sea pulled her skirt up’
The language of same-sex love in Iranian blogs
Published online: 16 October 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.6.2.01bak
https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.6.2.01bak
Abstract
This article examines the language used by bloggers in Iran who write about same-sex relationships. Homosexuality is a criminal offence in Iran and discussion of sex is tabooed so blogging potentially acts as a form of empowerment for bloggers who desire such relationships. By conducting a qualitative analysis of a small sample of blogs, we show how Iranian bloggers have developed a range of techniques to avoid censorship of their postings, as well as examining how they orient to discourses around same-sex relationships, oppression of their identities and heteronormativity.
Keywords: blogging, Iran, homosexuality, heteronormativity, homophobia, metaphor, allusion, internet
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Homosexuality in Iran
- 3.The internet and censorship in Iran
- 4.Blogging in Iran
- 5.Locating and analysing same-sex oriented Iranian love blogs
- 6.Analysis
- 6.1Articulating same-sex desire and sexual activity
- 6.2Addressing homophobia
- 6.3Critiquing heterosexuality
- 7.Discussion
- Notes
References
References (52)
Archer, Richard. 1980. Self-disclosure. In The Self in Social Psychology, Daniel Wegner & Robin Vallacher (eds), 183–205. London: Oxford University Press.
Bahreini, Raha. 2008. From perversion to pathology: Discourse and practices of gender policing in the Islamic republic of Iran. Muslim World Journal of Human Rights 5(1): 1–49.
Barrett, Cam. 1999. Anatomy of a weblog. CamWorld. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Baxter, Judith. 2003. Positioning Gender in Discourse: A Feminist Methodology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Berg, John & Archer, Richard. 1983. The disclosure-liking relationship: Effects of self-perception, order of disclosure, and topical similarity. Human Communication Research 10(2): 269–281.
Blood, Rebecca. 2000. Weblogs: A history and perspective. Rebecca’s Pocket. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Derlega, Valerian, Metts, Sandra, Petronio, Sandra & Margulis, Stephen. 1993. Self-Disclosure. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Duggan, Lisa. 2003. The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Fotouhi, Sanaz. 2015. The Literature of the Iranian Diaspora: Meaning and Identity since the Islamic Revolution. London: IB Taurus.
Gaventa, John. 1980. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gorman, Gary E. & Clayton, Peter (eds). 1997. Qualitative Research for the Information Professional: A Practical Handbook. London: Library Association.
Harvey, Keith & Shalom, Celia (eds). 1997. Language and Desire: Encoding Sex, Romance and Intimacy. London: Routledge.
Herring, Susan, Scheidt, Lois, Bonus, Sabrina & Wright, Elijah. 2005. Weblogs as a bridging genre. Information Technology and People 18(2): 142–171.
Iran Bulletin. 2004. Islamic Republic of Iran and Penal Codes. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Jourard, Sidney. 1971. Self-Disclosure: An Experimental Analysis of the Transparent Self. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Katz, Judith. 1997. Heterosexual privilege: Owning my advantage, uncovering my collusion. Cultural Diversity at Work 10(2): 143–146.
Laurenceau, Jean-Philippe, Barrett, Lisa & Peitromonaco, Paula. 1998. Intimacy as an interpersonal process: The importance of self-disclosure, partner disclosure, and perceived partner responsiveness in interpersonal exchanges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(5): 1238–1251.
Le Coz, Clothilde. 2010. Reporters without Borders issues ‘Enemies of the Internet’ list. MediaShift.org. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Lengermann, Patricia & Neibrugge-Brantley, Jill. 1988. Contemporary feminist theory. In Sociological Theory, George Ritzer (ed), 400–441. New York: McGraw-Hill Publications.
McNeill, Laurie. 2003. Teaching an old genre new tricks: The diary on the internet. Biography: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly 261: 24–48.
Merholz, Peter. 2002. Play with your words. Peterme. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Miller, Carolyn & Shepherd, Dawn. 2004. Blogging as social action: A genre analysis of the weblog. In Into the Blogosphere: Rhetoric, Community, and Culture of Weblogs, Laura Gurak, Smiljana Antonijevic, Laurie Johnson, Clancy Ratliff & Jessica Reyman (eds), 1–21. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
. 2009. Questions for genre theory from the blogosphere. In Theories for Genre and Their Application to Internet Communication, Janet Giltrow & Dieter Stein (eds), 263–290. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Morrison, Carey-Ann, Johnston, Lynda & Longhurst, Robyn. 2013. Critical geographies of love as spatial, relational and political. Progress in Human Geography 37(4): 505–521.
Mozaffari, Nahid. 2005. Strange Times My Dear. The Pen Anthology of Contemporary Iranian Literature. New York: Arcade.
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2005. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Oakland: University of California Press.
Nazmi-Afshâr, M. Sâdeq. 2016. Anâhitâ the mother of the gods. Pars Times. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Norton, Rictor. 1992. Mother Clap’s Molly House. The Gay Subculture in England 1700–1830. London: Gay Men’s Press.
Nowson, Scott, Oberlander, Jon & Gill, Alistair. 2005. Weblogs, genres and individual differences. (Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Stresa, Italy, July 21–23, 2005)
OpenNet Initiative. 2007. Internet filtering in Iran in 2006–2007. Opennet.net. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
. 2009. Iran. Opennet.net. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
Paknahad Jaborooty, Maryam & Baker, Paul. 2017. Resisting silence. Moments of empowerment in Iranian women’s blogs. Gender and Language 11(1): 77–99.
Pennebaker, James. 1989. Confession, inhibition, and disease. Advances in Experimental and Social Psychology 221: 211–244.
Perlman, Daniel & Fehr, Beverley. 1987. The development of intimate relationships. In Intimate Relationships: Development, Dynamics and Deterioration, Daniel Perlman & Steve Duck (eds), 13–42. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Qian, Hua & Scott, Craig. 2007. Anonymity and self-disclosure on weblogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12(4): 1428–1451.
Reporters without Borders. 2006. Independent news website closed, blog platform briefly blocked. Reporters Without Borders. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016)
. 2014. Iran is world’s leading jailer of female journalists and netizens. Reporters without Borders. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016).
Reuters. 2007. President misquoted over gays in Iraq: Aide. Reuters.com. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016).
Schmitt, Arno. 1992. Different approaches to male-male sexuality/eroticism from Morocco to Usbekistan. In Sexuality and Eroticism Among Males in Moslem Societies, Arno Schmitt & Jehoeda Sofer (eds), 1–24. New York: Harrington Park Press.
Tonekameidical. 2011. طرح يكپارچهسازي فيلترينگ <[URL]> (July 1, 2016).
Swales, John. 1990. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
The World Bank. 2016. Internet Users. <[URL]> (July 1, 2016).
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Yaghoubirad, Mahsa, Parviz Azadfallah & Catherine Ann Cameron
Lu, Chao, Jingyuan Zhang & Ke Zhang
2023. Sexual anti-languages on social media. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 33:2 ► pp. 137 ff.
Yaghoubirad, Mahsa, Parviz Azadfallah, Hojjatollah Farahani & Catherine Ann Cameron
Zhang, Ke, Huibin Zhuang, Chao Lu & Jingyuan Zhang
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
