Article published In: Journal of Language and Politics
Vol. 8:2 (2009) ► pp.287–304
At the intersection between power and knowledge
An analysis of a Swedish policy document on language testing for citizenship
Published online: 9 September 2009
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.8.2.06mil
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.8.2.06mil
The aim of this article is to analyse a policy document in which the Swedish Liberal Party attempts to substantiate the proposal to introduce a Swedish language test for naturalisation by referring to academic production. Taking this specific text as a case in point, the article draws upon Critical Discourse Analysis and Foucault’s notion of governmentality to show how the rationalisation and legitimation of a particular political proposal is inextricably related to processes of knowledge production. Governmentality will also allow us to understand that language requirements for citizenship are a tangible manifestation of an advanced liberal political rationality in late modernity.
References (38)
Bakhtin, Michail. 1984. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Blackledge, Adrian. 2005. Discourse and Power in a Multilingual World. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Blommaert, Jan and Bulcaen, Chris. 2000. Critical discourse analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology 291, 447—66.
Boreus, Kristina. 1994. HÖgervågen: Nyliberalismen och kampen om språket i svensk debatt 1969—1989. Stockholm: Tidens fÖrlag.
. 2006. Från rättigheter till krav i folkpartiets flykting- och invandrarpolitik. Tidsignal 5—61, 71—81.
BrodschÖll, Per Christian. 2005. Outline of a critical discourse analysis of debates about educational policies. Paper presented at the Third Conference on Knowledge and Politics, Bergen 18—20 May 2005. [URL].
Dagens Nyheter, 23 February 2003a. Mats Carlbom, Forskare dÖmer ut språktest. Folkpartiets krav fÖr medborgarskap får bakläxa av experter och andra partier.
, 23 February 2003b. Mats Carlbom, Leijonborg håller fast vid fÖrslag.
Dean, Mitchell. 1994. Critical and Effective Histories: Foucault’s Methods and Historical Sociology. London: Routledge.
Foucault, Michel. 1991. Governmentality. In Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller (eds). The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 87—104.
Hansen-Thomas, Holly. 2007. Language ideology, citizenship and identity: The case of modern Germany. Journal of Language and Politics 6(2), 251—66.
Irvine, Judith T. and Gal, Susan. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In: Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.). Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities. Santa Santa: School of American Research Press, 35—83.
Johnson, Sally. 2005. ‘Sonst kann jeder schreiben, wie er will�’?: Orthography, legitimation and the construction of publics. German Life and Letters 58(4), 453—470.
Milani, Tommaso M. 2007. A language ideology in print: The case of Sweden. In: Sally Johnson and Astrid Ensslin (eds). Language in the Media: Representations, Identities, Ideologies. London: Continuum, 111—129.
Muntigl, Peter, Weiss, Gilbert and Wodak, Ruth. (eds)2000. European Union Discourses on Un/ employment: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Employment Policy-Making and Organizational Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Motion 2002/03: Sf 226. En ny integrationspolitik.
Myrberg, Mats. 2001. Att Öppna språkgränser � klyftor och broar i vuxna invandrares läs- och skrivutveckling. Stockholm: Skolverket.
OECD. 2000. Literacy in the Information Age. Final Report of the International Adult Literacy Study. Paris: OECD.
Pennycook, Alastair. 2001. Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
. 2002. Language policy and docile bodies: Hong Kong and governmentality. In: James W. Tollefson (ed.). Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 91—110.
Piller, Ingrid. 2001. Naturalization language testing and its basis in ideologies of national identity and citizenship. International Journal of Bilingualism 5(3), 259—278.
Rose, Nikolas. 1996. Governing “advanced” liberal democracies. In: Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose (eds). Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Rationalities of Government. London: UCL Press, 37—64.
Stevenson, Patrick. 2006. ‘National’ languages in transnational contexts: Language, migration and citizenship in Europe. In: Clare Mar-Molinero and Patrick Stevenson (eds). Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices: Language and the Future of Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 147—61.
Sykes, Mary. 1985. Discrimination in discourse. In Teun A. van Dijk (ed.). Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 41. London: Academic Press, 83—102.
. 2001. Multidisciplinary CDA: A plea for diversity. In: Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer (eds). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage, 95—120.
Walsh, John. 2006. Language and socio-economic development: Towards a theoretical framework. Language Problems & Language Planning 30(2), 127—148.
Wodak, Ruth. 2000. Recontextualisation and the transformation of meanings: A critical discourse analysis of decision making in EU meetings about employment policies. In: Sri-kant Sarangi and Malcolm Coulthard (eds). Discourse and Social Life. London: Longman, 185—206.
Cited by (23)
Cited by 23 other publications
Bergström, Jenny, Carla Jonsson & Annika Norlund Shaswar
Jones, Rodney H.
Shin, Dongil, Soohyeon Park & Eunhae Cho
Harding, Luke, Tineke Brunfaut & Johann W Unger
Ninan, Johan, Stewart Clegg & Ashwin Mahalingam
Shao, Qing & Xuesong (Andy) Gao
Sjödin, Elin Sundström
Andersson, Elias, E. Keskitalo & Anna Lawrence
Barakos, Elisabeth
Dlaske, Kati, Elisabeth Barakos, Kyoko Motobayashi & Mireille McLaughlin
Horner, Kristine
Horner, Kristine
2015. Language regimes and acts of citizenship in multilingual Luxembourg. Journal of Language and Politics 14:3 ► pp. 359 ff.
Milani, Tommaso M.
Wee, Lionel
Wodak, Ruth & Salomi Boukala
Kauppinen, Kati
Millar, Jeff
Shaikjee, Mooniq & Tommaso Milani
Keskitalo, E. Carina H., Sirkku Juhola & Lisa Westerhoff
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
