Article published In: Discourse Theory: Ways forward for theory development and research practice
Edited by Benjamin De Cleen, Jana Goyvaerts, Nico Carpentier, Jason Glynos, Yannis Stavrakakis and Ilija Tomanić Trivundža
[Journal of Language and Politics 20:1] 2021
► pp. 22–46
Moving discourse theory forward
A five-track proposal for future research
Published online: 18 December 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.20076.dec
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.20076.dec
Abstract
This article assesses the current state of play of the poststructuralist and post-Marxist discourse theory associated with
Laclau and Mouffe and the ‘Essex school’, and identifies ways forward at the level of theory development, research practice and critique.
The article starts by disentangling the different meanings of the notion of ‘discourse’ in ‘discourse theory’, clarifying the specificities
of discourse theory as a theoretical and analytical framework and situating discourse theory in, but also beyond, critical discourse
studies. It then moves to an assessment of the current state of discourse theory, its main contributions, and the identification of
shortcomings and ways forward. This discussion is organized around five topics: methodology and the theory-analysis dialectic; the logics
approach; the discursive-material relation; the role of fantasy and other psychoanalytic categories; and populism.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.On the meanings of discourse in discourse theory
- 2.1A discursive perspective: Discourse as an ontological category (level 1)
- 2.2Discourses as relational structures of meaning (level 2)
- 2.3Texts and the embodiment of discourses (level 3)
- 3.From theory to method and back again
- 4.Social, political and fantasmatic logics
- 5.The discursive and the material
- 6.Fantasy, identification, psychoanalysis
- 7.Populism and beyond
- 8.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (114)
Arditi, Benjamin. 2007. Politics on the Edges of Liberalism: Difference, Populism, Revolution, Agitation: Difference, Populism, Revolution, Agitation. Edinburgh University Press.
Anastasiou, Michaelangelo. 2019. “Of Nation and People: The Discursive Logic of Nationalist Populism.” Javnost – The Public 26 (3): 330–345.
Andersen, Niels A. 2003. Discursive analytical strategies. Understanding Foucault, Koselleck, Laclau, Luhmann. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Bal, P. Matthijs, and Edina Dóci. 2018. “Neoliberal ideology in work and organizational psychology.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 27 (5): 536–548.
Barad, Karen. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Bartlett, Tom, and Nicolina Montesano Montessori. 2021. “Towards Webs of Equivalence and the Political Nomad in Agonistic Debate: Contributions from CDA and Scales theory.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Beasley-Murray, Jon. 2006. “Book Review: Ernesto Laclau’s On Populist Reason and Franciso Panizza’s Populism and the Mirror of Democracy.” Contemporary Political Theory 5 (3): 362–367.
Behagel, Jelle, and Ayşem Mert. 2021. “The Political Nature of Fantasy and Political Fantasies of Nature.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Borriello, Arthur, and Anton Jäger. 2020. “Left-Populism on Trial: Laclauian Politics in Theory and Practice.” Theory & Event 23 (3): 740–764. [URL]
Breeze, Ruth. 2018. “Positioning “the people” and its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP.” Javnost – The Public 26 (1): 89–104.
Carpentier, Nico. 2010. “Deploying discourse theory. An introduction to discourse theory and discourse theoretical analysis.” Media and Communication Studies Interventions, edited by Nico Carpentier et al., 251–266. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
. 2017. The Discursive-Material Knot. Cyprus in Conflict and Community Media Participation. New York: Peter Lang.
. 2019. “Enriching Discourse Theory. The Discursive-Material Knot as a Non-Hierarchical Ontology.” Global Discourse, 9 (2): 369–384.
. 2021. “Doing justice to the agential material: A reflection on a non-hierarchical repositioning of the discursive and the material.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Carpentier, Nico, and Benjamin De Cleen. 2007. “Bringing discourse theory into media studies: the applicability of discourse theoretical analysis (DTA) for the study of media practices and discourses.” Journal of language and politics 6 (2): 265–293.
Carpentier, Nico, Benjamin De Cleen, and Leen Van Brussel. 2019. “Introduction: Discourse Theory, Media and Communication, and the Work of the Brussels Discourse Theory Group.” In Communication and Discourse Theory, edited by Leen Van Brussel, Nico Carpentier, and Benjamin De Cleen, 1–31. Bristol: Intellect.
Chen, Yiming. 2020. The Construction of the Professional Identity of the TV News Presenter in Two Chinese News Programmes: A Discourse-Theoretical Study. PhD Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & Uppsala University, [URL]
Cossarini, Paolo and Fernando Vellaspin, eds. 2019. Populism and Passions: Democratic Legitimacy after Austerity. London: Routledge.
Csigó, Péter. 2016. The Neo-popular Bubble. Speculating on the People in Late Modernity. Budapest: CEU Press.
Dahlberg, Lincoln, and Sean Phelan, eds. 2011. Discourse Theory and Critical Media Politics. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
De Cleen, Benjamin. 2012. The Rhetoric of the Flemish Populist Radical Right Party Vlaams Blok / Belang in a Context of Discursive Struggle: a Discourse-theoretical Analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis. Brussel: Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
. 2019. “The populist political logic and the analysis of the discursive construction of ‘the people’ and ‘the elite’.” In Imagining the Peoples of Europe. Populist discourses across the political spectrum, edited by Jan Zienkowski & Ruth Breeze, 19–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
De Cleen, Benjamin, and Jason Glynos. 2021. “Beyond Populism Studies.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
De Cleen, Benjamin, Jason Glynos, and Aurelien Mondon. 2021. “Populist Politics and the Politics of “Populism”: The Radical Right in Western Europe.” in Populism in Global Perspective. A Performatived and Discursive Approach, edited by Pierre Ostiguy, Francisco Panizza, and Benjamin Moffitt. New York: Routledge.
Dean, Jonathan, and Bice Maiguashca. 2020. “Did Somebody Say Populism? Towards a Renewal and Reorientation of populism studies.” Journal of Political Ideologies 25 (1): 11–27.
Demata, Massimiliano, Michelangelo Conoscenti, and Yannis Stavrakakis. 2020. “Riding the Populist Wave: Metaphors of Populism and Anti-Populism in the Daily Mail and The Guardian.” Iperstoria 151: 8–35.
Escobar, Arturo. 1999. “After Nature: Steps to an Antiessentialist Political Ecology.” Current Anthropology 40 (1): 1–30.
Finlayson, Alan. 2007. “From Beliefs to Arguments: Interpretive Methodology and Rhetorical Political Analysis.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 9 (4): 545–563.
Flintoff, Adam, Ewen Speed, and Susan J. McPherson. 2019. “Risk assessment practice within primary mental health care: A logics perspective.” Health 23 (6): 656–674.
Freeden, Michael. 2021. “Discourse, Concepts, Ideologies: Pausing for Thought.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Galanopoulos, Antonis, and Yannis Stavrakakis. 2019. “Populism, Anti-populism and Post-truth in Crisis-ridden Greece.” POPULISMUS working papers 101. [URL]
Glasze, Georg. (2007). Vorschläge zur Operationalisierung der Diskurstheorie von Laclau und Mouffe in einer Triangulation von lexikometrischen und interpretativen Methoden. Forum: Qualitative Sozialforschung 8 (2).
Glynos, Jason. 2011. “Fantasy and identity in critical political theory.” Filozofski vestnik 32 (2): 65–88.
. 2012. “Body, Discourse, and the Turn to Matter.” In Language, Ideology, and the Human: New Interventions, edited by Sanja Bahun, and Dusan Radunovic, 173–192. London: Ashgate.
. 2014. “Hating Government and Voting Against One’s Interests: Self-Transgression, Enjoyment, Critique.” Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society 19 (2): 179–189.
Glynos, Jason, and David Howarth. 2007. Logics of Critical Explanation in Social and Political theory. London: Routledge.
Glynos, Jason, David Howarth, Aletta Norval, and Ewen Speed. 2009. Discourse analysis: Varieties and methods. NCRM.
Glynos, Jason, David Howarth, Ryan Flitcroft, Craig Love, Kostis Roussos, and Jimena Vazquez. 2021. “Logics, Discourse Theory and Methods: Advances, Challenges and Ways Forward.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Glynos, Jason, and Aurelien Mondon. 2019. “The political logic of populist hype: The case of right wing’s populism’s ‘meteoric rise’ and its relation to the status quo.” In Populism and Passions: Democratic Legitimacy after Austerity, edited by Paolo Cossarini, and Fernando Vellaspin, 82–101. London: Routledge.
Goyvaerts, Jana, and Benjamin De Cleen. 2020. “Media, Anti-Populist Discourse and the Dynamics of the Populism Debate.” In Perspectives on Populism and the Media, edited by Benjamin Krämer, and Christina Holtz-Bacha, 83–108. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Hardy, Cynthia, and Robyn Thomas. 2015. “Discourse in a Material World.” Journal of Management Studies 52 (5): 680–696.
Hoedemaekers, Casper. 2018. “Creative Work and Affect: Social, Political and Fantasmatic Dynamics in the Labour of Musicians.” Human Relations 71 (10): 1348–70.
Howarth, David. 1998. “Discourse theory and political analysis.” In Research strategies in the social sciences, edited by Elinor Scarbrough, and Eric Tanenbaum, 268–293. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
. 2005. “Applying discourse theory: The method of articulation.” In Discourse Theory in European Politics, edited by David Howarth, and Jakob Torfing, 316–350. London: Palgrave.
Howarth, David, and Jakob Torfing, eds. 2005. Discourse Theory in European Politics. London: Palgrave.
Howarth, David, Aletta Norval, and Yannis Stavrakakis, eds. 2000. Discourse theory and political analysis. Identities, hegemonies and social change. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press.
Jacobs, Thomas, and Robin Tschötschel. 2019. “Topic models meet discourse analysis: a quantitative tool for a qualitative approach.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 22 (5): 469–485.
Jäger, Anton. 2017. “The semantic drift: Images of populism in post-war American historiography and their relevance for (European) political science.” Constellations 24 (3): 310–323.
Jørgensen, Marianne W., and Louise J. Phillips. 2002. Discourse analysis as theory and method. London: Sage.
Karakatsanis, Leonidas. 2014. Turkish-Greek relations: Rapprochement, civil society and the politics of friendship. New York: Routledge.
Karavasilis, Lazaros. 2017. “Perceptions of ‘Populism’ and ‘Anti-populism’ in Greek Public Discourse during the Crisis: The case of the website ‘Anti-news’.” Politik 20 (4): 58–70.
Katsambekis, Giorgos. 2017. “The Populist Surge in Post-Democratic Times: Theoretical and Political Challenges.” The Political Quarterly 88 (2): 202–210.
Laclau, Ernesto. 1999 [1989]. “Politics and the limits of modernity.” In: Postmodernism: a reader, edited by Thomas Docherty, 329–343. Harvester: Wheathsheaf.
. 1991. “Intellectual Strategies; Memorandum to PhD Students in the IDA Programme.” Essex University Downloaded from [URL]
. n.d. “The Philosophical Roots of Discourse Theory.” the University of Essex Centre for Theoretical Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Online Paper. Downloaded from [URL]
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mandelbaum, Moran. 2020. “Making Our Country Great Again: The Politics of Subjectivity in an Age of National-Populism”. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 331: 451–476.
Marchart, Oliver. 2018. Thinking Antagonism: Political Ontology After Laclau. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Martin, James. 2016. “Capturing Desire: Rhetorical Strategies and the Affectivity of Discourse.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18 (1): 143–160.
Mazzolini, Samuele. 2020. “Populism Is not Hegemony: Towards a Re-Gramscianization of Ernesto Laclau.” Theory & Event 23 (3): 765–786. [URL]
Moffitt, Benjamin. 2015. “How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism.” Government and Opposition 50 (2): 189–217.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nikisianis, Nikos, Thomas Siomos, Yannis Stavrakakis, Titika Dimitroulia, and Grigoris Markou. 2019. “Populism Versus Anti-populism in the Greek Press: Post-Structuralist Discourse Theory Meets Corpus Linguistics.” In Discourse, Culture and Organization: Inquiries into Relational Structures of Power, edited by Tomas Marttila, 267–295. London: Palgrave.
Nonhoff, Martin. 2007. “Hegemonic Analysis: on The Recent Development of Political Discourse Analysis in the Political Sciences.” Langage et société 120 (2): 77–90.
Norval, Aletta. 2000. “Trajectories of future research in discourse theory.” In Discourse Theory and Political Analysis. Identities, Hegemonies and Social Change, edited by David Howarth, Aletta Norval, and Yannis Stavrakakis, 219–236. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press.
Nymalm, Nicola. 2013. “The End of the ‘Liberal Theory of History’? Dissecting the US Congress’ Discourse on China’s Currency Policy.” International Political Sociology 7 (4): 388–405.
Ostiguy, Pierre. 2009. “The High-Low Political Divide. Rethinking Populism and Anti-Populism.” Kellogg Institute Committee on Concepts and Methods Working Paper Series 360. Downloaded from [URL]
Ronderos, Sebastian. 2020. “Hysteria in the Squares: Approaching Populism from a Perspective of Desire”. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society.
Roussos, Konstantinos. 2019. “Grassroots collective action within and beyond institutional and state solutions: the (re-)politicization of everyday life in crisis-ridden Greece.” Social Movements Studies 18 (3): 265–283.
Salter, Leon. 2016. “Populism as a fantasmatic rupture in the post-political order” Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 11 (2): 116–132.
Sjolander, Annika Egan and Jenny Gunnarsson Payne (eds.) 2011. Tracking Discourses: Politics, Identity and Social Change. Chicago: Nordic Academic Press.
Smith, Anna Marie. 1998. Laclau and Mouffe. The Radical Democratic Imaginary. London/New York: Routledge.
. 2004. “Antinomies of formalism: Laclau’s theory of populism and the lessons from religious populism in Greece.” Journal of Political Ideologies 9 (3): 253–267.
Stavrakakis, Yannis, Ioannis Andreadis, and Giorgos Katsambekis. 2017a. “A new populism index at work: identifying populist candidates and parties in the contemporary Greek context.” European Politics and Society 18 (4): 446–464.
Stavrakakis, Yannis, Giorgos Katsambekis, Nikos Nikisianis, Alexandros Kioupkiolis, and Thomas Siomos. 2017b. “Extreme right-wing populism in Europe: revisiting a reified association.” Critical Discourse Studies 14 (4): 420–439.
Thomassen, Lasse. 2008. “Methods and philosophy of social science for discourse theory.” Journal of Power 1 (2): 217–222.
Thompson, Mark, and Hugh Willmott. 2016. “The social potency of affect: Identification and power in the immanent structuring of practice.” Human Relations 69 (2): 483–506.
Tomanić Trivundža, Ilija, and Andreja Vezovnik. 2021. ““Symbolic Photographs” as Floating and Empty Signifiers: Iconic Transformation of News Photography.” Journal of Language and Politics 20 (1).
Topper, Keith. 2010. “Book in Review: Logics of Critical Explanation in Social and Political Theory.” Political Theory 38 (5): 731–738.
. 2005. “Discourse theory: Achievements, arguments, and challenges.” In Discourse Theory in European Politics, edited by David Howarth, and Jacob Torfing, 1–32. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Brussel, Leen. 2018. “The right to die: a Belgian case study combining reception studies and discourse theory.” Media, Culture and Society 40 (3): 381–96.
Van Brussel, Leen, Nico Carpentier, and Benjamin De Cleen, eds. 2019. Communication and Discourse Theory. Collected Works of the Brussels Discourse Theory Group. Bristol: Intellect.
West, Karen. 2011. “Articulating discursive and materialist conceptions of practice in the logics approach to critical policy analysis.” Critical Policy Studies 5 (4): 414–433.
Wodak, Ruth, and Michał Krzyżanowski. 2017. “Right-wing populism in Europe & USA: Contesting politics & discourse beyond ‘Orbanism’ and ‘Trumpism’.” Journal of Language and Politics 16 (4): 471–484.
Zicman de Barros, Thomas. 2019. “Identity, Enjoyment and the Democratic Potentialities of Populism”. In Une Nouvelle Lecture du Populisme: Psychanalyse et Politique, edited by Christian Hoffmann, and Joel Birman, 79–115. Paris: Langage.
. 2020. “Desire and collective Identities: Decomposing Ernesto Laclau’s notion of demand” Constellations 1–11.
Zienkowksi, Jan and Ruth Breeze. 2019. Imagining the Peoples of Europe: Populist Discourses Across the Political Spectrum. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Zienkowski, Jan. 2012. “Overcoming the post-structuralist methodological deficit: metapragmatic markers and interpretive logics in a critique of the Bologna process.” Pragmatics 22 (3): 501–534.
Cited by (27)
Cited by 27 other publications
Aiolfi, Théo
2025. When performance studies meet discourse theory. Journal of Language and Politics 24:1 ► pp. 115 ff.
Batool, Fizza
Brown, Katy & George Newth
De Cleen, Benjamin, Jason Glynos, Jana Goyvaerts & Yannis Stavrakakis
Finlayson, Alan
Schneider, Julius, Rebecca Warren & Jason Glynos
2025. Community organising and radical democracy. Journal of Language and Politics 24:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Steinkopf, Julie
Brown, Katy
Brown, Katy
Brown, Katy
McMillan, Chris
Trif, Dana S.
Xu, Yishu, Yuexing Tang & Luchen Zhang
Zienkowski, Jan
2024. Poststructuralist discourse theory. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 187 ff.
Bal, Matthijs, Andy Brookes, Dieu Hack-Polay, Maria Kordowicz & John Mendy
de Groot Heupner, Susan & Halim Rane
Ronderos, Sebastián & Jason Glynos
Sulehry, Rizwan Sarwar & Derek Wallace
2023. Identifying the discursive trajectory of social change – a systematic discourse theoretical framework. Journal of Language and Politics 22:2 ► pp. 245 ff.
de Groot Heupner, Susan
Malherbe, Nick
Malherbe, Nick & Josephine Cornell
Ostiguy, Pierre
Stavrakakis, Yannis & Antonis Galanopoulos
Stavrakakis, Yannis & Antonis Galanopoulos
Stavrakakis, Yannis & Antonis Galanopoulos
Sunnercrantz, Liv
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
