Article published In: Journal of Language and Politics
Vol. 19:5 (2020) ► pp.786–808
Language ideological debates about linguistic landscapes
The case of Chinese signage in Richmond, Canada
Published online: 16 June 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18030.ves
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18030.ves
Abstract
In 2013, Richmond city council was presented with a petition calling for the regulation of all language signs,
drawing national attention to the amount of Chinese-only signage. The signage debate has become well-known in Canada as a result
of the media, which has provided a platform for debate through online reader commentary. By applying concepts from linguistic
landscapes, language ideologies and nationalism in addition to analytical tools from SFL, we employ critical discourse studies to
examine how representations of and responses to language signage in online news commentary contribute to the construction of
in-groups and out-groups in the Canadian context. Findings show that stereotypical representations of ethnicity and culture are
represented as a threat to the Canadian status quo. Also, contradictory ideologies of Canadian official bilingualism are employed
to justify discrimination against Chinese language speakers. Findings suggest that language ideologies remain deeply tied to
understandings of Canadian nationhood and belonging.
Keywords: Canada, Chinese, English, online comments, language ideology, linguistic landscapes
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Canadian nationalism and languages
- 3.Language ideology and nationalism
- 4.Data and methods
- Method of analysis
- 5.Findings
- 6.Discussion
- Note
References
References (57)
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Angermeyer, Phillip S. 2017. “Controlling Roma refugees with ‘Google-Hungarian’: Indexing deviance, contempt, and belonging in Toronto’s linguistic landscape.” Language in Society 46 (2): 159–183.
Bazerman, Charles. 2004. “Intertextuality: How texts rely on other texts.” In What Writing Does and How it Does It: An Introduction to Analyzing Texts and Textual Practices, edited by Charles Bazerman and P. Prior, 83–96. New York: LEA.
Bloemraad, Irene. 2016. Understanding “Canadian Exceptionalism” in Immigration and Pluralism Policy. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Blommaert, Jan. 2013. Ethnography, Superdiversity and Linguistic Landscapes: Chronicles of Complexity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Bloor, Meriel and Thomas Bloor. 2017. “Systemic functional linguistics.” In Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, edited by John Flowerdew and John E. Richardson, 151–164. London: Routledge.
Britten, Liam. 2017. “Language restrictions proposed for Richmond’s new sign bylaw.” CBC News, June 7, 2017. [URL]
Charland, Maurice. 1986. “Technological nationalism.” Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 10 (1–2): 196–220.
Cummins, Jim and Marcel Danesi. 1990. Heritage Languages: The Development and Denial of Canada’s Linguistic Resources. Toronto: Garamond.
Duchêne, Alexandre and Monica Heller (eds). 2007. Discourses of Endangerment: Ideology and Interest in the Defence of Languages. London: Continuum.
Dunmire, Patricia. 1997. “Naturalizing the future in factual discourse: A critical linguistic analysis of a projected event.” Written Communication 12 (2): 221–264.
Eggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, 2nd ed. New York: Continuum.
Fiedler, Rob, Nadine Schuurman and Jennifer Hyndman. 2006. “Hidden homelessness: An indicator-based approach for examining the geographies of recent immigrants at-risk of homelessness in Greater Vancouver.” Cities 23 (3): 205–216.
Fowler, Roger, Gunther Kress, Robert Hodge and Tony Trew. (eds). 1979. Language and Control. London: Routledge.
Gibson, Anna. 2019. “Free speech and safe spaces: How moderation policies shape online discussion spaces.” Social Media + Society 5 (1): 1–15.
Guo, Yan. 2013. “Language policies and programs for adult immigrants in Canada: A critical analysis.” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal 45 (1–2): 23–41.
Hager, Mike. 2013. “New minority’ in Richmond fail in push for inclusion of English on signs.” Vancouver Sun, March 19, 2013. [URL]
Halliday, Michael A. K., and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2013. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar, 4th Ed. London: Arnold.
Haque, Eve. 2012. Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race, and Belonging in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Heller, Monica. 1999. “Heated language in a cold climate.” In Language ideological debates, edited by Jan Blommaert, 143–170. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Heller, Monica and Alexandre Duchêne. 2012. “Pride and profit: Changing discourses of language, capital and nation state.” In Language in Late Capitalism: Pride and profit, edited by Alexandre Duchêne and Monica Heller, 1–21. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Jaworski, Adam and Crispin Thurlow. 2010. “Introducing semiotic landscapes.” In Semiotic Landscapes, edited by Adam Jaworski and Crispin Thurlow, 1–40. London: Continuum.
Kurl, Shachi. 2016. What Makes Us Canadian? A study of Values, Beliefs, Priorities and Identity. Vancouver, BC: Angus Reid Institute, Public Interest Research.
Kymlicka, Will. 2004. “Marketing Canadian pluralism in the international arena.” International Journal 59 (4): 829–2.
Landry, Rodrigue and Richard Y. Bourhis. 1997. “Linguistic landscape and ethno-linguistic vitality: An empirical study.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16 (1): 23–49.
Li, Juan. 2011. “Collision of language in news discourse: A functional-cognitive perspective on transitivity.” Critical Discourse Studies 8 (3): 203–219.
Lou, Jackie J. 2010. “Chinese on the side: The marginalization of Chinese in the linguistic and social landscapes of Chinatown in Washington, DC.” In Linguistic Landscape and the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Monica Barni, 96–114. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Medeiros, Mike. 2019. National frenemies: Linguistic intergroup attitudes in Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies 42 (16): 3–22.
Mitchell, Thomas D. 2010. “‘A Latino community takes hold’: Reproducing semiotic landscapes in media discourse.” In Semiotic Landscapes, edited by Adam Jaworski and Crispin Thurlow, 168–186. London: Continuum.
Raboy, Marc. 1991. “Canadian broadcasting, Canadian nationhood: Two concepts, two solitudes and great expectations.” Electronic Journal of Communication 1 (2). Retrieved on 16 October 2017, from [URL]
Reyes, Antonio. 2013. “Don’t touch my language: Attitudes toward institutional language reforms.” Current Issues in Language Planning 14 (2): 337–357.
Richardson, John. 2007. Analysing Newspapers: An Approach From Critical Discourse Analysis. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richmond City Council. 2016. “Language Hot Facts.” Retrieved October 16, 2017. [URL]
Santana, Arthur D. 2011. “Online readers’ comments represent new opinion pipeline.” Newspaper Research Journal 32 (3): 66–81.
Sheyholislami, Jaffer. 2011. Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Silverstein, Michael. 1992. “The uses and utility of ideology: Some reflections.” Pragmatics 2 (3): 311–323.
Statistics Canada. 2016. “Census program.” 2016 Census of Population. [URL]
Taylor, Charles. 1993. Reconciling the Solitudes: Essays on Canadian Federalism and Nationalism. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press.
Teo, Peter. 2000. “Racism in the news: A Critical Discourse Analysis of news reporting in two Australian newspaper.” Discourse & Society 11(1): 7–49.
Todd, Douglas. 2012. Chinese-only sign debate: All Canadians benefit from common language. Vancouver Sun, January 14, 2012. [URL]
Trumper-Hecht, Nira. 2010. “Linguistic landscape in mixed cities in Israel from the perspective of ‘walkers’: The case of Arabic.” In Linguistic Landscape and the City, edited by Elana Shohamy, Eliezer Ben-Rafael and Monica Barni, 235–251. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Van Dijk, A. Teun. 2017. Socio-cognitive discourse studies. In Routledge Handook of Critical Discourse Studies, edited by John Flowerdew and John E. Richardson, 26–43. London: Routledge.
Vessey, Rachelle. 2016. Language and Canadian Media: Representations, Ideologies, Policies. London: Palgrave.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
