Article published In: Journal of Language and Politics
Vol. 18:3 (2019) ► pp.371–392
“Leftie snowflakes” and other metaphtonymies in the British political discourse
Published online: 13 February 2019
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17073.pra
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17073.pra
Abstract
The present paper deals with the use of deliberate metaphors in the political discourse. The potential of dehumanising metaphors to create derogatory descriptions used to disparage one’s political opponents is analysed. Also, metaphorical descriptions prove to be very productive in creating polysemy in previously monosemous items which are used in a new capacity in order to create an effect of novelty and surprise. This function appears especially useful in the language of politics in general, and the language of British politics in particular. The paper is maintained within the methodological framework of cognitive linguistics, focusing on the theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Conceptual metaphor and metonymy
- 3.Dehumanizing metaphors
- 4.Methodology and data
- 5.+weak people are liquid substances+
- Case 1.Wet
- Case 2.Slug
- Case 3.Toad
- Case 4.Melt
- Case 5.Snowflake
- 6.Other examples
- 7.Summary and prospects of further research
- Note
Dictionaries Corpus References
References (42)
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (https://ahdictionary.com/)
Cambridge Dictionary (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/)
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. 2014. 12th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers
English Oxford Living Dictionaries (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/)
PWN Dictionary of Polish Language (https://sjp.pwn.pl/)
Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org)
NoW (News on the Web) corpus (https://corpus.byu.edu/now/)
Barcelona, Antonio. 2015. “Metonymy.” In Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Dąbrowska, Ewa; Divjak, Dagmar. (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 143–159.
Beger, Anke. 2011. “Deliberate metaphors? An exploration of the choice and functions of metaphors in US-American college lectures.” Metaphorik.de 201, 39–60.
Chakelian, Anoosh. 2017. “The absolute boy and the melts: how Corbynism created a new political language.” Accessed 29/10/2017. [URL]
Costello, Kimberly and Gordon Hodson. 2010. “Exploring the roots of dehumanization: The role of animal-human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 131, 3–22.
. 2012. “Explaining dehumanization among children: The interspecies model of prejudice.” British Journal of Social Psychology, 2014 Vol. 53(1), 175–197.
Dancygier, Barbara and Lieven Vandelanotte. 2017. “Internet memes as multimodal constructions.” Cognitive Linguistics 28 (3), 565–598.
Forceville, Charles. 2007. “A Course in Pictorial and Multimodal Metaphor.” Accessed 15/11/2017 [URL]
Geeraerts, Dirk. 2002. “The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in composite expressions.” In René Dirven and Ralf Pörings (red.), Metaphor and metonymy in comparison and contrast. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 435–465.
Gibbs, Raymond W. 2015. “Does deliberate metaphor theory have a future?” Journal of Pragmatics 901, 73–76.
Gibbs, Raymond. 2015. “Metaphor.” In Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Dąbrowska, Ewa; Divjak, Dagmar. (eds). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 167–189.
Goossens, Louis. 1990. “Metaphtonymy: the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in expressions for linguistic action.” Cognitive Linguistics 1–31 (1990), 323–340.
Hilpert, Martin. 2007. “Chained metonymies in lexicon and grammar. A cross-linguistic perspective on body-part terms.” In Radden, Günter, Klaus-Michael Köpcke, Thomas Berg and Peter Siemund (eds.). Aspects of Meaning Construction, 77–98. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hodson, Gordon, Cara MacInnis and Kimberly C. Costello. 2014. “(Over)valuing “humanness” as an aggravator of intergroup prejudices and discrimination.” In Paul G. Bain, Jeroen Vaes, and Jacques-Philippe Leyens (Eds.), Humanness and dehumanization New York: Psychology Press, 86–110.
Knoblock, Natalia. 2017. “Dehumanizing Metaphors in the Ukrainian Conflict.” Presentation at: ICLC-14, Tartu, Estonia.
Kövecses, Zoltán. 2015. Where Metaphors Come From. Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford University Press.
Krzeszowski, Tomasz P. 1997. Angels and Devils in Hell. Elements of Axiology in Semantics. Warszawa: Energeia.
Lakoff, George and Mark Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason. A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980a. “Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language.” The Journal of Philosophy Vol. 77, No. 8, 453–486.
Lakoff, George. 1991. “Metaphor and War. The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf.” Peace Research Vol. 23, No. 2/3, 25–32.
. 1993. “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” In Metaphor and Thought. 1993. Orthony, Andrew (ed.). Cambridge University Press, 202–251.
Littlemore, Jeanette. 2017. “Metonymy.” In Barbara Dancygier (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 407–422.
McDonald, Karl. 2017. “Slugs and melts: inside the language and culture of the Corbynite left.” Accessed 27/10/2017 [URL]
Musolff, Andreas. 2007. “What role do metaphors play in racial prejudice? The function of antisemitic imagery in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 41:1 (2007), 21–43.
. 2012. “Immigrants and Parasites: The History of a Bio-social Metaphor.” In Michi Messer, Renee Schroeder and Ruth Wodak (eds.). Migrations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives Springer, 249–258.
. 2014. “Metaphorical parasites and “parasitic” metaphors: Semantic exchanges between political and scientific vocabularies.” Journal of Language and Politics 13:2, 218–233.
. 2015. “Dehumanizing metaphors in UK immigrant debates in press and online media.” In Monika Kopytowska (ed.) Contemporary Discourses of Hate and Radicalism across Space and Genres [
Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3:1] 2015 41–56.
Nicholson, Rebecca. 2016. “‘Poor little snowflake’ – the defining insult of 2016.” Accessed 31/10/2017 [URL]
Pragglejaz Group. 2007. “MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.” Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco and Alicia Galera-Masegosa. 2011. “Going beyond metaphtonymy: Metaphoric and metonymic complexes in phrasal verb interpretation.” Language Value, Vol. 31 (2011) 1–29.
Steen, Gerard J. 2011. “From three dimensions to five steps: The value of deliberate metaphor.” Metaphorik.de 211, 83–110.
2014. “Deliberate Metaphor Affords Conscious Metaphorical Cognition.” Cognitive Semiotics, Volume 5, Issue 1–2, 179–197.
2015. “Developing, testing and interpreting deliberate metaphor theory.” Journal of Pragmatics 901, 67–72.
Steen, J. Gerard, Gudrun W. Reijnierse and Christian Burgers. 2014. “When Do Natural Language Metaphors Influence Reasoning? A Follow-Up Study to Thibodeau and Boroditsky (2013).” PLoS One. 9(12). Accessed 2/11/2017. [URL].
Sullivan, Karen. 2017. “Conceptual Metaphor.” In: Barbara Dancygier (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 385–406.
Thibodeau, Paul H. and Lera Boroditsky. 2011. “Metaphors we think with: The role of metaphor in reasoning.” PLoS One. 23;6(2). Accessed 2/11/2017 [URL].
Cited by (9)
Cited by nine other publications
Kippin, Sean
Kochman-Haładyj, Bożena & Robert Kiełtyka
Liang, Mei-Ya, Shiou-Ping John Pan & I-Ting Tsai
De Groeve, Ben, Brent Bleys & Liselot Hudders
Burch, Leah
Prażmo, Ewelina
Prażmo, Ewelina
2022. In dialogue with non-humans or how women are silenced in incels’ discourse. Language and Dialogue 12:3 ► pp. 383 ff.
Prażmo, Ewelina
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
