Article published In: Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
Vol. 5:1 (2017) ► pp.30–56
Addressing women in the Greek parliament
Institutionalized confrontation or sexist aggression?
Published online: 16 October 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.5.1.02geo
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.5.1.02geo
Abstract
In accordance with numerous studies highlighting aspects of political and parliamentary discourse that concern the rhetoric of political combat, verbal attacks and offensive language choices are shown to be rather common in the context of a highly adversarial parliamentary system such as the Greek. In the present study, however, the analysis of excerpts of parliamentary discourse addressed to women reveals not just aspects of the organization of rival political encounters but, as far as female MPs are concerned, aggressive and derogatory forms of speech that directly attack the gender of the addressees. Drawing on data from video-recordings, the official proceedings of parliamentary sittings, and the media (2012–2015), the present study investigates aggressive/sexist discourse within this context. The theoretical issues addressed concern the impoliteness end of the politeness/politic speech/impoliteness continuum in the light of extreme cases of conflict in political/parliamentary discourse.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Im/politeness in the context of rival political encounters
- 3.Sexism as face threatening discourse
- 4.Sexist aggression and impoliteness: The analytical framework
- 5.The analysis of the data
- 5.1Sexist rival discourse: Female incompetence
- 5.2Sexist rival discourse: Female sexuality and irrationality
- 5.3Sexist aggressive responses to conflict
- 6.Discussion: Exceeding the limits of the expected
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (45)
Alvanoudi, Angeliki. 2014. Grammatical Gender in Interaction. Cultural and Cognitive Aspects. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2010. “The Study of Language and Space in Media Discourse.” In Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Volume I, edited by Peter Auer, and Jurgen E. Schmidt, 740–758. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Archakis, Argyris, and Villy Tsakona. 2010. “‘The Wolf Wakes up inside them, Grows Werewolf Hair and Reveals all their Bullying’: The Representation of Parliamentary Discourse in Greek Newspapers.” Journal of Pragmatics 421:912–923.
Arundale, Robert B. 2010. “Constituting Face in Conversation: Face, Facework and Interactional Achievement.” Journal of Pragmatics 421:2078–2105.
Atkinson, Maxwell J., and John Heritage. (eds). 1984. Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Attenborough, Frederick. 2014. “Rape is Rape (except when it’s not). The Media Recontextualisation and Violence against Women.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 2(2):183–203.
Bou-Franch, Patricia. 2013. “Domestic Violence and Public Participation in the Media: The Case of Citizen Journalism.” Gender and Language 7(3):275–302.
. 2014. “An Introduction to Language Aggression against Women.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 2(2):177–182.
Bou-Franch, Patricia, and Pilar Garcés-Conejos Blitvich. 2014. “Gender Ideology and Social Identity Processes in Online Language Aggression against Women.” Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 2(2):226–248.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson. [1978]1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chouliaraki, Lilie, and Norman Fairclough. 1999. Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Christie, Christine. 2005. “Politeness and the Linguistic Construction of Gender in Parliament: An Analysis of Transgressions and Apology Bebaviour”. Working Papers in the Web 31. [URL]
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2005. “Impoliteness and Entertainment in the Television Quiz Show: The Weakest Link
.” Journal of Politeness Research 11:35–72.
Dersley, Ian, and Antony J. Wootton. 2001. “In the Heat of a Sequence: Interactional Features Preceding Walkouts from Argumentative Talk.” Language in Society 301:611–638.
Galen, Britt Rachelle, and Marion K. Underwood. 1997. “A Developmental Investigation of Social Aggression among Children.” Developmental Psychology 331:589–600.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar. 2013. “Introduction: Face, Identity and Im/politeness. Looking Backward, Moving Forward: From Goffman to Practice Theory.” Journal of Politeness Research 9(1):1–33.
. 2015. “Globalization, Transnational Identities and Conflict Talk: The Complexity of the Latino Identity.” Paper presented in the 9th International Im/Politeness Conference “Im/politeness & Globalisation”, Athens 1–3 July, 2015.
Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. 2013. “Small Stories and Social Media: The Role of Narrative Stancetaking in the Circulation of a Greek News Story.” Working Papers in Urban Language and Literacies, Paper 1001. [URL]
Georgalidou, Marianthi. 2009. “Gender Differences in the Discourse of Greek Children Play-groups: The Negotiation of Control Acts in Single and Mixed-Gender Interactions.” Gender and Language 3(2):209–248.
. 2011. ““Stop Caressing the Ears of the Hooded”: Political Humor in times of Conflict”. In Studies in Political Humor, edited by Villy Tsakona, and Diana Popa, 83–108. Amsterdam/ Philadlphia: John Benjamins.
Georgalidou, Marianthi, and Sofia Lampropoulou. (2016). “Grammatical Gender and Language Sexism in the Documents of the Greek Public Administration.” Glossologia 241: 23–43. [in Greek]
Goodwin-Harness, Marjorie. 2006. The Hidden Life of Girls. Games of Stance, Status and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Harris, Sandra. 2000. “Being Politically Impolite: Extending Politeness Theory to Adversarial Political Discourse.” Discourse and Society 12(4): 451–472.
Ilie, Cornelia. 2001. “Unparliamentary Language: Insults as Cognitive Forms of Ideological Confrontation.” In Language and Ideology. Volume II: Descriptive Cognitive Approaches, edited by René Dirven, Roslyn M. Frank, and Cornelia Ilie, 235–263. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lambropoulou, Sofia, and Marianthi Georgalidou. (2017). “Sexist Language in Greek Public Discourse: When Gender Exclusive Forms Become a Matter of Grammatical Correctness.” Women Studies International Forum 601: 49–57.
Makri-Tsilipakou, Marianthi. 2014. “Practices of Sociolinguistic Categorization: Membership Categories”. In
11th International Conference on Greek Linguistics. Selected Papers, edited by George Kotzoglou et al., 19–45. Rhodes: Laboratory of Linguistics of the SE Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean. [in Greek]
Mills, Sara. 2003. “Third Wave Feminist Linguistics and the Analysis of Sexism.” DAOL: Third Wave Feminist Linguistics. [URL]
Nekvapil, Jiří, and Ivan Leudar,. 2002. “Sequential Structures in Media Dialogical Networks.” Czech Sociological Review 381: 483–500. [in Czech]
Pomerantz, Annita. 1984. “Agreeing and Disagreeing with Assessments: Some Features of Preferred/Dispreferred Turn Shapes”. In Structures of Social Action. Studies in Conversation Analysis, edited by Maxwell J. Atkinson and John Heritage, 57–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. 2007. Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Volume 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shantz, Carolyn Uhlinger, and Willard W. Hartup. 1992. Conflict in Child and Adolescent Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shaw, Sylvia. 2000. “Language, Gender and Floor Appointment in Debates.” Discourse and Society 11(3):401–418.
. 2009. “The Difference Women Make: A Critique of the Notion of a ‘Women’s Style’ of Language in Political Contexts.” Proceedings of the BAAL Annual Conference. Newcastle: Newcastle University.
Sifianou, Maria. 2008. “Parliamentary Discourse and Politeness.” In For Language. Festschrift for Professor George Babiniotis by the Department of Linguistics, edited by Amalia Mozer, Aikaterini Bakakou-Orfanou, Christoforos Charalambakis and Despina Chila-Markopoulou, 464–474. Athens: Ellinika Grammata. [in Greek]
Tsakona, Villy. 2011. “Irony beyond Criticism: Evidence from Greek Parliamentary Discourse.” Pragmatics and Society 2(1):57–86.
. 2013. “Parliamentary Punning: Is the Opposition More Humorous than the Ruling Party?” European Journal of Humor Research 1(2):101–111. EJHR: [URL]
Tsakona, Villy, and Diana Popa. (eds). 2011. Studies in Political Humor. Amsterdam/ Philadlphia: John Benjamins.
Cited by (8)
Cited by eight other publications
Silva, Daniel N.
Hatzidaki, Ourania
2024. “I’ll throw acid on your pretty little face […], so wrote a genteel fanatic antifeminist”. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
Georgalidou, Marianthi
Georgalidou, Marianthi
Krook, Mona Lena
Georgalidou, Marianthi, Katerina T. Frantzi & Giorgos Giakoumakis
2020. Aggression in media-sharing websites in the context of Greek political/parliamentary discourse in the years of the economic crisis. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 8:2 ► pp. 321 ff.
Och, Malliga
Nau, Charlotte & Craig O. Stewart
2018. Effects of gender and verbal aggression on perceptions of U.S. political speakers. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 6:1 ► pp. 127 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
