Article published In: Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict
Vol. 12:2 (2024) ► pp.234–262
“The denigration of Korean men’s genitals”
Precision grip gestures and the multimodal construction of “taking offence” in media discourse surrounding anti-feminism in South Korea
Published online: 4 December 2023
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00088.bro
https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00088.bro
Abstract
This paper presents a critical discourse analysis of metapragmatic commentary in online news surrounding the
emergence of a new offensive gesture in South Korea. This new offensive hand shape is a “precision grip” gesture whereby the thumb
and index finger are pursed together to represent small size. In May 2021, male-dominated online communities started to take
offence at the prevalence of this gesture in advertising campaigns, viewing it as a misandrist emblem mocking them for the size of
their genitals. Conservative media sources ratified their stance of “taking offence”, which they treated as part of an ongoing
“gender conflict”. Although this view drew opposition from progressive sources, I argue that male communities backed by the
conservative media were able to utilise the stance of taking offence to redirect gender politics and further their misogynistic
agendas. The results advance our understanding of “taking offence” as a social action in populist, multimodal and post-digital
discourses.
Keywords: offence, impoliteness, gesture, multimodality, discourse analysis, Korean
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background
- 2.1Taking offence
- 2.2Precision grip and rude gestures
- 2.3Anti-feminism in South Korea
- 3.Current study
- 3.1The incident
- 3.2Data
- 3.3Analysis
- 4.Data presentation
- 4.1Overview of articles
- 4.2Critical discourse analysis
- 4.2.1Intentionality
- 4.2.2Misandry
- 4.2.3Bilateral gender conflict
- 4.2.4Businesses as victims
- 5.Discussion
- 6.Conclusion
- Notes
References
References (63)
Alam, Zainab. 2021. “Violence
against Women in Politics: The Case of Pakistani Women’s Activism.” Journal of Language
Aggression and
Conflict 9 (1): 21–46.
Barros, Amon, and Sergio Wanderley. 2020. “Brazilian
Businessmen Movements: Right-Wing Populism and the (Dis)Connection between Policy and
Politics.” Organization 27 (3): 394–404.
Bell, Victoria. 2019. “‘Tiny
Penis’ Hand Gesture Will Be One of 270 New Emojis Due to Be Released on All Phones Later This
Year’. Daily Mail
Australia, February 7. [URL]
Blommaert, Jan. 2020. “Political
Discourse in Post-Digital Societies.” Trabalhos Em Linguística
Aplicada 591: 390–403.
Bousfield, Derek. 2008. Impoliteness
in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Brown, Lucien, Iris Hübscher, and Andreas Jucker. 2023. “Multimodal
Im/Politeness: Introduction.” In Multimodal Im/Politeness: Signed,
Spoken, Written, edited by Andreas Jucker, Iris Hübscher, and Lucien Brown, 1–31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Brown, Lucien, and Pilar Prieto. 2017. “(Im)Politeness:
Prosody and Gesture.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Linguistic
(Im)Politeness, edited by Jonathan Culpeper, Michael Haugh, and Dániel Z. Kádár, 357–79. London: Palgrave.
. 2021. “Gesture
and Prosody in Multimodal Communication.” In The Cambridge Handbook
of Sociopragmatics, edited by Michael Haugh, Dániel Z. Kádár, and Marina Terkourafi, 430–453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Budd, Kate, Darren Kelsey, Frank Mueller, and Andrea Whittle. 2019. “Metaphor,
Morality and Legitimacy: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Media Framing of the Payday Loan
Industry.” Organization 26 (6): 802–829.
Calbris, Geneviève. 2011. Elements
of Meaning in Gesture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Chang, Wei-Lin Melody, and Michael Haugh. 2011. “Evaluations
of Im/Politeness of an Intercultural Apology.” Intercultural
Pragmatics 8 (3): 411–442.
Choi, Jin-Ho. 2023. “South
Korea.” Reuters Institute. [URL]
Choo, Jihyun. 2020. “The
Spread of Feminism and the Silence of Gendered Militarism in the Neoliberal
Era.” Journal of Asian
Sociology 49 (4): 477–500.
Culpeper, Jonathan. 2011. Impoliteness:
Using Language to Cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Guzman, Chad. 2023. “A
South Korean Broadcaster Censored Michelle Yeoh’s Oscar Award Speech Amid Rising Antifeminist
Backlash.” Time, March 15. [URL]
Dobberstein, Laura. 2021. “South
Korea Has a Huge Problem with Digital Sex Crimes against Women Says Human Rights Watch.” The
Register. [URL]
Eberwein, Tobias, Susanne Fengler, and Matthias Karmasin. 2019. Media
Accountability in the Era of Post-Truth Politics: European Challenges and
Perspectives. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Fairclough, Norman. 2013. Critical
Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, Pilar. 2022a. “Karen:
Stigmatized Social Identity and Face-Threat in the on/Offline Nexus.” Journal of
Pragmatics 1881: 14–30.
. 2022b. “Moral
Emotions, Good Moral Panics, Social Regulation, and Online Public Shaming.” Language &
Communication 841: 61–75.
Gee, James. 2007. Social
Linguistics and Literacies: Ideology in Discourses. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Gould, Carol C. 2021. “Patriarchy and Populism during
the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Frontiers in
Sociology 61:722393.
Graham, Sage Lambert. 2007. “Disagreeing to Agree:
Conflict, (Im)Politeness and Identity in a Computer-Mediated Community.” Journal of
Pragmatics 39 (4): 742–59.
Griebel, Tim, and Erik Vollmann. 2019. “We
Can(’t) Do This: A Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis of Migration in
Germany.” Journal of Language and
Politics 18 (5): 671–97.
“GS25 Namseng Hyemo
Nonlan [GS25 Mysandry
Controversy].” 2022. [URL]
Günthner, Susanne. 1995. “Exemplary
Stories: The Cooperative Construction of Moral
Indignation.” VS 70–711: 147–75.
Hassemer, Julius, and Bodo Winter. 2016. “Producing
and Perceiving Gestures Conveying Height or
Shape.” Gesture 15 (3): 404–24.
Haugh, Michael. 2010. “When
Is an Email Really Offensive?: Argumentativity and Variability in Evaluations of
Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness
Research 61: 7–31.
. 2015. “Impoliteness
and Taking Offence in Initial Interactions.” Journal of
Pragmatics 861: 36–42.
Haugh, Michael, and Valeria Sinkeviciute. 2019. “Offence
and Conflict Talk.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language in
Conflict, edited by Matthew Evans, Lesley Jeffries, and Jim O’Driscoll, 196–214. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hines, Spencer, and Jay Song. 2021. “How
Feminism Became a Dirty Word in South Korea.” The
Diplomat, July 30. [URL]
Jost, Timothy Stoltzfus. 2007. “The American Right-Wing
Policy Agenda.” Health Economics, Policy and
Law 2 (2): 233–39.
Kádár, Dániel Z., and Michael Haugh. 2013. Understanding
Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kádár, Dániel Z., Vahid Parvaresh, and Puyu Ning. 2019. “Morality,
Moral Order, and Language Conflict and Aggression: A Position Paper.” Journal of Language
Aggression and
Conflict 7 (1): 6–31.
Kim, Hannah June, and Chungjae Lee. 2022. “The
2022 South Korean Presidential Election and the Gender Divide among the Youth.” Pacific
Affairs 95 (2): 285–308.
Kim, Jinsook. 2017. “#
Iamafeminist as the ‘Mother Tag’: Feminist Identification and Activism against Misogyny on Twitter in South
Korea.” Feminist Media
Studies 17 (5): 804–20.
. 2018. “Misogyny
for Male Solidarity: Online Hate Discourse against Women in South
Korea.” In Mediating Misogyny, edited
by Jacqueline Ryan Vickery, and Tracy Everbach, 151–69. New York: Springer.
Kim, Na-young. 2021. “Seoul
Women Spend Nearly Four Times More Hours on Housework than Men: Report.” Yonhap News
Agency.
Kita, Sotaro, and James Essegbey. 2001. “Pointing
Left in Ghana: How a Taboo on the Use of the Left Hand Influences Gestural
Practice.” Gesture 1 (1): 73–95.
Krikela, Sofia. 2022. “Disagreements
in a Feminist Digital Safe Space: The Relationship between Impoliteness, Identity and
Power.” Journal of Language Aggression and
Conflict 10 (1): 111–139.
Lægaard, Sune. 2007. “The
Cartoon Controversy: Offence, Identity, Oppression?” Political
Studies 55 (3): 481–498.
Lee, Wonyun. 2020. “Responding
to Misogyny, Reciprocating Hate Speech-South Korea’s Online Feminism Movement:
Megalia.” Master’s thesis, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.
Lempert, Michael. 2011. “Barack
Obama, Being Sharp: Indexical Order in the Pragmatics of Precision-Grip
Gesture.” Gesture 11 (3): 241–270.
Love, Nancy S. 2020. “Shield Maidens, Fashy Femmes,
and TradWives: Feminism, Patriarchy, and Right-Wing Populism.” Frontiers in
Sociology 51: 122.
Mitchell, Nathaniel, and Michael Haugh. 2015. “Agency,
Accountability and Evaluations of Impoliteness.” Journal of Politeness
Research 11 (2): 207–238.
Nassar, Rita. 2020. “Framing
Refugees: The Impact of Religious Frames on US Partisans and Consumers of Cable News
Media.” Political
Communication 37 (5): 593–611.
O’Driscoll, Jim. 2013. “Situational
Transformations: The Offensive-izing of an Email Message and the Public-ization of
Offensiveness.” Pragmatics and
Society 4 (3): 369–387.
Orie, Ọlanikẹ Ọla. 2009. “Pointing the Yoruba
Way.” Gesture 9 (2): 237–261.
Pan, Shiyu. 2022. “The
Gender Wage Gap in South Korea.” The Borgen Project. [URL]
Park, Nathan. 2021. “Why
So Many Young Men in South Korea Hate Feminism.” Foreign Policy. [URL]
Parvaresh, Vahid, and Tahmineh Tayebi. 2021. “Taking
Offence at the (Un)Said: Towards a More Radical Contextualist Approach.” Journal of Politeness
Research 17 (1): 111–131.
Pohlmann, Mali. 2005. “The
Symbolic Meaning of Body Parts in Images: The Case of Hands in
Advertisement.” In E – European Advances in Consumer Research Volume
7, edited by Karin M. Ekstrom, and Helene Brembeck, 352–359. Goteborg, Sweden: Association for Consumer Research.
Sagredos, Christos, and Evelin Nikolova. 2022. “‘Slut
I Hate You’: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Gendered Conflict on YouTube.” Journal of
Language Aggression and
Conflict 10 (1): 169–196.
Shin, Jaran. 2019. “The
Vortex of Multiculturalism in South Korea: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Characterization of ‘Multicultural Children’
in Three Newspapers.” Communication and Critical/Cultural
Studies 16 (1): 61–81.
Squires, Lauren. 2014. “From
TV Personality to Fans and beyond: Indexical Bleaching and the Diffusion of a Media
Innovation.” Journal of Linguistic
Anthropology 24 (1): 42–62.
Tagg, Caroline, Philip Seargeant, and Amy Aisha Brown. 2017. Taking
Offence on Social Media. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Thompson, Jay Daniel, and Rob Cover. 2022. “Digital
Hostility, Internet Pile-Ons and Shaming: A Case
Study.” Convergence 28 (6): 1770–1782.
Winter, Bodo, Marcus Perlman, and Teenie Matlock. 2013. “Using
Space to Talk and Gesture about Numbers: Evidence from the TV News
Archive.” Gesture 13 (3): 377–408.
