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Article published In: Journal of Historical Pragmatics
Vol. 20:1 (2019) ► pp.132–156

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Doing Power Threatening Acts (PTAs) in ancient China

An empirical study of Chinese jian discourse

 | Nanjing University
 | Nanjing University
Published online: 4 June 2019
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https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17002.she
Abstract
This study examines an unexplored type of speech act named jian, which took place uniquely in the context of ancient China. Taking it as a Power Threatening Act rather than a commonly studied Face Threatening Act, this study examined remonstrators’ strategic modulation of their jian, and the factors that might have influenced the choice of modulation strategies. The data come from Zizhi Tongjian. The major findings are as follows: first, the speech act of jian contained both ritualised and non-ritualised aspects; second, remonstrators would adopt different modulation strategies when performing jian, which can be generally divided into three modulation orientations of redress, aggravation, and a combination of redress and aggravation, with different degrees of rituality; third, the choices of modulation strategies reflected the game playing of the requirements of affiliational propriety and illocutionary effect within the jian act.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Literature review
    • 2.1Definition of jian
      • 2.1.1A social cultural account of the jian phenomenon in ancient China
      • 2.1.2Previous research on jian in neighbouring disciplines
    • 2.2Previous research on historical Chinese politeness
  • 3. Jian as a Power Threatening Act
  • 4.Methodology
    • 4.1Research questions
    • 4.2Data collection
    • 4.3Data analysis
  • 5.Results and discussion
    • 5.1Characteristics of the speech act of jian
    • 5.2Modulation orientations and strategies of jian used in the data
    • 5.3Possible rationale behind remonstrators’ choices of modulation strategies
  • 6.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
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