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Article published In: Journal of Historical Linguistics
Vol. 8:2 (2018) ► pp.230–272

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Re-evaluating the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut

 | University of Alaska Fairbanks
Published online: 27 December 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17017.ber
Abstract
The relationship between Unangam Tunuu (Aleut) and Eskimo was established in the early 19th century, and the 20th century especially saw a number of efforts on the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut (PEA). Reconstruction has supported assumptions of a largely genealogical relationship between the EA languages, assumptions which include a long history of independent development in isolation from other languages and language families. The reconstruction of PEA, however, is incomplete; many apparent cognates have irregular or imperfectly understood sound correspondences. Furthermore, advances in archaeology and genetics have called into question many assumptions about EA prehistory and about the isolation or lack thereof of Unangam Tunuu. In this study, I re-examine the proposed cognates and evaluate them based on the strength of their correspondences and their distribution within the lexicon, with reference to new findings regarding technological innovations and periods of cultural contact. Several patterns emerge, including a large group of proposed cognates with overly-specific semantic correlations relating to technologies or cultural practices post-dating the split of EA languages, a gender-based difference in the number of cognates relating to cultural activities, and a correlation between known borrowings and high levels of cognates in certain semantic domains. Results suggest extensive language contact, especially in the past millennium.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
  • 3.Methodology
  • 4.Analysis
    • 4.1Exact cognates
    • 4.2Cognates with regular sound changes and good semantic correlates
    • 4.3Cognates with irregular sound correspondences
    • 4.4Cognates with semantic irregularities
    • 4.5Summary of the findings
      • 4.5.1Patterns related to semantic coding
      • 4.5.2Borrowings
      • 4.5.3False cognates
      • 4.5.4Language-internal processes
      • 4.5.5Percentage of reliable vs. questionable cognates
  • 5.Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
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