Article published In: Strategic Communication: Beyond nation cultural adaption, images and identity
Edited by Hassan Abu Bakar and Bahtiar Bin Mohamad
[Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 28:1] 2018
► pp. 61–82
Advertising appeals and Malaysian culture norms
Scale content validation
Published online: 19 January 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.00004.raz
https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.00004.raz
Abstract
The ongoing development of the strategic communication research in the area of the advertising calls for the development and validation of the measurement instruments that can address the indulgence of the advertising appeals in a specific cultural context. Therefore, the present study examines and validate advertising appeals by considering the norms based on the GLOBE nine cultural dimensions in Malaysian context. The analysis involved data from 10 advertising expert for content validation, followed by 10 advertising expert rating and ranking of the scale of its relevance and clarity to assess the item-level content validation. The results provided to support the impact of cultural norms are substantial for Malaysian advertising, which are identified from content validation procedure.
Article outline
- Review of literature
- Advertising appeal
- GLOBE cultural dimensions and Malaysia cultural context
- Content validity assessment
- Participants
- Item adoption procedure
- Data analysis
- Discussion
- Theoretical implications
- Practical implications
- Limitations and directions for future research
References
References (63)
Aaker, D. a., Stayman, D. M., & Hagerty, M. R. (1986). Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(4), 365.
Ayalla, R., Aviv, S., & Maja, M. B. ˇ. (2008). Consumers’ need for uniqueness: short-form scale development and cross-cultural validation. International Marketing Review, 25(1), 33–53.
Barone, M. J., & Jewell, R. D. (2012). How category advertising norms and consumer counter-conformity influence comparative advertising effectiveness. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(4), 496–506.
Batra, R. (1987). Assessing the Role of Emotions as Mediators of Responses to Consumer Advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 404–420.
Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2014). The ecological fallacy in national culture research. Organization Studies, 351, 1–24.
Burke, M. C., & Edell, J. a. (1989). The Impact of Feelings on Ad-Based Affect and Cognition. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(1), 69–83.
Burton, S., & Lichtenstein, D. R. (1988). The Effect of Ad Claims and Ad Context on Attitude Toward the Advertisement. Journal of Advertising, 17(1), 3–11.
Bush, A. J., Smith, R., & Martin, C. (1999). The Influence of Consumer Socialization Variables on Attitude toward Advertising: A Comparison of African-Americans and Caucasians. Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 13–24.
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. a., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 197–253.
Cane, J., O’Connor, D., & Michie, S. (2012). Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implementation Science, 71, 37.
Chan, K., Li, L., Diehl, S., & Terlutter, R. (2007). Consumers’ response to offensive advertising: a cross cultural study. International Marketing Review, 24(5), 606–628.
Cheong, Y., Kim, K., & Zheng, L. (2010). Advertising appeals as a reflection of culture: a cross-cultural analysis of food advertising appeals in China and the US. Asian Journal of Communication, 20(1), 1–16.
Chun, K. Y., Song, J. H., Hollenbeck, C. R., & Lee, J. H. (2014). Are contextual advertisements effective? The moderating role of complexity in banner advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 33(2), 351–371.
Cui, G., Yang, X., Wang, H., & Liu, H. (2012). Culturally incongruent messages in international advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 31(3), 37–41.
Dens, N., & Pelsmacker, P. De. (2010). Consumer response to different advertising appeals for new products : The moderating infl uence of branding strategy and product. Journal of Brand Management, 18(1), 50–65.
Dorfman, P., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dastmalchian, A., & House, R. (2012). GLOBE: A twenty year journey into the intriguing world of culture and leadership. Journal of World Business, 47(4), 504–518.
Ducoffe, R. H. (1995). How Consumers Assess the Value of Advertising. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 17(1), 1–18.
Edell, J. a, & Burke, M. C. (1987). Power of Feelings Effects in Understanding Advertising Effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 421–433.
Flynn, D., Eddy, E. R., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (2006). The Impact of National Culture on the Continuous Learning Environment : Exploratory Findings from Multiple Countries. Journal of East-West Business, 12(2–3), 39–59.
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994). The People Persuasion Cope with Knowledge Persuasion Model : How Attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 1–31.
Griffith, D. A., & Rubera, G. (2014). A Cross-Cultural Investigation of New Product Strategies for Technological and Design Innovations. Journal of International Marketing, 22(1), 5–21.
Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., Ruler, B. Van, Verčič, D., & Hallahan, K. (2016). Defining Strategic Communication Defining Strategic Communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 1(1), 3–35.
Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967–988.
(1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121.
Horgas, A. L., Yoon, S. L., Nichols, A. L., & Marsiske, M. (2008). The relationship between pain and functional disability in Black and White older adults. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(4), 341–354.
Hornikx, J., & O’Keefe, D. J. (2009). Adapting Consumer Advertising Appeals to Cultural Values. Communication Yearbook.
(2011). Conducting Research on International Advertising: The Roles of Cultural Knowledge and International Research Teams. Journal of Global Marketing, 24(2), 152–166.
House, R. J., Quigley, N. R., & de Luque, M. S. (2010). Insights from project globe: Extending global advertising research through a contemporary framework. International Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 111–139.
House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3–10.
Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2002). Leadership and cultures around the world: Findings from GLOBE. An introduction to the special issue. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 1–2.
Jian, G., Shi, X., & Dalisay, F. (2014). Leader-member conversational quality: Scale development and validation through three studies. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(3), 375–403.
Jun, S., Sung, J., Gentry, J. W., & Phillip, L. (2014). Effects of underdog ( vs . top dog ) positioning advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 34(3), 495–514.
Kuppelwieser, V. G., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). International Journal of Advertising : The Review of Marketing Communications Applying the future time perspective scale to advertising research. International Journal of Advertising, 33(1), 113–136.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A Quantitative Approach To Content Validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575.
Lee, J., & Lee, H. (2012). Canonical correlation analysis of online video advertising viewing motivations and access characteristics. New Media & Society, 14(8), 1358–1374.
Li, H., Edwards, S. M., Lee, J., Li, H., Edwards, S. M., & Lee, J. (2002). Measuring the Intrusiveness of Advertisements : Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Advertising, 31(2ember 2014), 37–41.
Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43–72.
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 36(6), 382–386.
Mackenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 293–334.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
Martin, I. M., & Eroglu, S. (1993). Measuring a multi-dimensional construct: Country image. Journal of Business Research, 28(3), 191–210.
Moon, Y. S., & Chan, K. (2005). Advertising appeals and cultural values in television commercialsA comparison of Hong Kong and Korea. International Marketing Review, 22(1), 48–66.
Neese, W. T., & Haynie, J. J. (2015). The Influence of Comparative Advertising on Consumer Ethnocentrism in the American Automobile Market. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 23(3), 321–337.
Nguyen, H. (2014). Advertising Appeals and Cultural Values in Social Media Commercials in UK , Brasil and India : Case Study of Nokia and Samsung. International Journal of Social, Education, Ecnomics and Management Engineering, 8(8), 2369–2377.
Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a Scale to Measure Consumer Skepticism Toward Advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 159–186.
Okazaki, S., & Mueller, B. (2007). Cross-cultural advertising research: where we have been and where we need to go. International Marketing Review, 24(5), 499–518.
Okazaki, S., Mueller, B., & Taylor, C. R. (2010). Global Consumer Culture Positioning: Testing Perceptions of Soft-Sell and Hard-Sell Advertising Appeals Between U.S. and Japanese Consumers. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2), 20–34.
Petrovici, D., & Marinov, M. (2010). Determinants and antecedents of general attitudes towards advertising – A study of two EU accession countries. European Journal of Marketing, 41(3), 307–326.
Pollay, R. W. (1983). Measuring the Cultural Values Manifest in Advertising. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 6(1), 71–92.
See, C. (2013). Intention to purchase on social commerce websites across cultures: A cross-regional study. Information and Management, 50(8), 609–620.
Shi, X., & Wang, J. (2011). Interpreting Hofstede Model and GLOBE Model: Which Way to Go for Cross-Cultural Research? International Journal of Business and Management, 6(5), 93–99.
Singh, N., Zhao, H., & Hu, X. (2006). Analyzing the cultural content of web sites A cross-national comparision of China, India, Japan, and US. International Marketing Review, 22(2), 129–146.
Stafford, M. R., & Day, E. (1995). Retail Services Advertising: The Effects of Appeal, Medium, and Service. Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 57–71.
Stout, P. a., & Leckenby, J. D. (1986). Measuring emotional response to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 15(4), 35–42.
Terlutter, R., Diehl, S., & Mueller, B. (2006). The GLOBE study – applicability of a new typology of cultural dimensions for cross-cultural marketing and advertising research. International Advertising and Communication, 419–438.
Waller, D. S. (2005). A Proposed Response Model for Controversial Advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 111, 3–15.
Walsh, G., Shiu, E., & Hassan, L. M. (2014). Cross-National Advertising and Behavioral Intentions: A Multilevel Analysis. Journal of International Marketing, 22(1), 77–98.
Westjohn, S. a, Singh, N., & Magnusson, P. (2012). Responsiveness to Global and Local Consumer Culture Positioning: A Personality and Collective Identity Perspective. Journal of International Marketing, 20(1), 58–73.
Yaakop, A., & Hemsley-Brown, J. (2014). Attitudes toward specific advertising media (AM): Informative or manipulative? Asian Social Science, 10(7), 200–212.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The Personal Involvement Inventory: Reduction, Revision and Application to Advertising, 23(4), 59–70.
Cited by (13)
Cited by 13 other publications
Askarifar, Kazem, Maryam Nekooeezadeh & Pegah Jahanbakhsh Tehrani
Djatmika, Bahtiar Mohamad, Riyadi Santosa & Agus Hari Wibowo
Dalib, Syarizan, Bahtiar Mohamad, Muhammad Umar Nadeem, Haslina Halim & Sayang Nurshahrizleen Ramlan
Abbas, Mazhar, Syed Hassan Raza, Basheer M. Al‐Ghazali & Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Alaghbari
Yousaf, Muhammad, Muneeb Ahmad, Deqiang Ji, Dianlin Huang & Syed Hassan Raza
Halim, Haslina, Bahtiar Mohamad, Shamsu Abdu Dauda, Farah Lina Azizan, Muslim Diekola Akanmu & Guangchao Charles Feng
Jin, Qiang, Syed Hassan Raza, Muhammad Yousaf, Umer Zaman & Jenny Marisa Lim Dao Siang
Raza, Syed Hassan & Umer Zaman
Raza, Syed Hassan, Umer Zaman, Moneeba Iftikhar & Owais Shafique
Raza, Syed Hassan, Hassan Abu Bakar & Bahtiar Mohamad
Raza, Syed Hassan, Adamu Abbas Adamu, Emenyeonu C. Ogadimma & Amna Hasnain
Tahir Mahmood, Urwah Iftikhar & Muhammad Ahsan Bhatti
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 november 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
