Cover not available

Article published In: ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Vol. 91/92 (1991) ► pp.1–48

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Is Spelling Acquired or Learned? A Re-analysis of Rice (1897) and Cornman (1902)

 | University of Southern California
 | Saniku Gakuin College
Published online: 1 January 1991
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.91-92.01kra
References (41)
References
APPLEBEE, A., LANGER, J., & MULLIS, I. (1987): Grammar, punctuation, and spelling: Controlling the conventions of written English at ages 9, 13, and 17. Princeton: Educational Testing Service.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
BRANDENBURG, G. C. (1919): Some possibly secondary factors in spelling ability. School and Society, 91, 632–636.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CLARKE, L. (1988): Invented versus traditional spelling in first graders’ writings: Effects on learning to spell and read. Research in the Teaching of English, 221, 281–310.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CONNERS, R. & LUNSFORD, A. (1988): Frequency of formal errors in current college writing, or Ma and Pa Kettle do research. College Composition and Communication, 41, 395–409. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CORNMAN, O. (1902): Spelling in the elementary school. Boston: Ginn.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CURTISS, H. & DOLCH, E. (1939): Do spelling-books teach spelling? Elementary School Journal, 391, 584–592. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
FERGUSON, G. (1971): Statistical analysis in psychology and education. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
FTTZSIMMONS, R. & LOOMER, B. (1982): Excerpts from Spelling: Learning and instruction - research and practice. In W. Barbe, A. Francis, and L. Braun (Eds.), Spelling: Basic skills for effective communication (pp. 61–79). Columbus, Ohio: Zaner-Bloser, Inc.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
FOX, W. & EATON, M. (1946): Analysis of spelling proficiency in 82, 833 pupils in grades 2 through 8 in 3, 547 teaching units of the city schools in Indiana. Bulletin of the School of Education, Indiana University, 221, 9–45.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
GILBERT, L. C. (1934a): Effect of spelling on reading in the ninth grade. School Review, 421, 197–204. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1934b): Effects of reading on spelling in the secondary schools. California Quarterly of Secondary Education, 91, 269–75.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
GILBERT, L.C. (1935): Study of the effect of reading on spelling. Journal of Educational Research, 281, 570–576. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
GOODMAN, K. & GOODMAN, Y. (1982): Spelling ability of a self-taught reader. In F. Gollasch (Ed.), Language and literacy The selected writings of Kenneth S. Goodman, vol. 21. (pp. 221–226). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
GUILES, R. (1943): Effect of formal spelling on spelling accuracy. Journal of Educational Research, 371, 284–289. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
HAMMILL, D., LARSEN, S., & MCNUTT, G. (1977): The effect of spelling instruction: A preliminary study. Elementary School Journal, 781, 67–72. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
HASWELL, R. (1988): Error and change in college student writing. Written Communication, 51, 479–499. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
HILDERBRANT, E. (1924): Can high school students spell? The School Review, 321, 779–781. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
JOHNSON, R. (1917): The persistency of error in English composition. School Review, 251, 555–580. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
KRASHEN, S. (1981): Second language acquisition and second language learning. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1982): Principles and practice in second language acqusition. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1985a): The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. White Plains, New York: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1985b): Inquiries and insights. Menlo Park, Ca.: Alemany Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1990): The input hypothesis and some competing hypotheses. In R. Courchene and J. St. John (Eds.), Comprehension-based language teaching: Current trends. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
KYTE, G. (1948): When spelling has been mastered in the elementary school. Journal of Educational Research, 421, 47–53. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
LANGE, P. (1948): A sampling of composition errors of college freshmen in a course other than English. Journal of Educational Research, 421, 191–200. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
LESTER, J. (1922): A study of high school spelling material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 21, 65–74; 152–159. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
NAGY, W., HERMAN, P., & ANDERSON, R. (1985): Learning words from context. Reading Research Quarterly 201, 233–253. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
NELL, V. (1988). The psychology of reading for pleasure: Needs and gratifications. Reading Research Quarterly 231, 6–50. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
NISBET, S. (1941): The scientific investigation of spelling instruction: Two preliminary problems. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 111, 150. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ORMROD, J. (1986): Learning to spell: Three studies at the university level. Research in the Teaching of English, 201, 160–173.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
PETERS, M. (1985): Spelling: Caught or taught? London: Routledge and Kagen Paul. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
PITTS, S. & HIRSCHFIELD, G. (1987): Three spelling measures as correlates of reading ability in underprepared college freshmen. Reading Horizons, 271, 103–110.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
RICE, J. M. (1897): The futility of the spelling grind. Forum, 231, 163–172, 409419.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
RICHARDS, A. (1920): Spelling and the individual system. School and Society, 101, 647–650.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
SMITH, F. (1981): Reading: What is basic? In M. Douglas (Ed.), Claremont Reading Conference, 45th Yearbook (pp. 1–20). Claremont, California: Claremont Graduate School of Education.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
TATE, M. (1965): Statistics in education and psychology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
THOMPSON, R. (1930): The effectiveness of modern spelling instruction. Con-tributions to Education, No. 436. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
TIDYMAN, W.F. (1915): A critical study of Rice’s investigation of spelling efficiency. Pedagogical Seminary, 221, 391–400. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
TYLER, I. K. (1939): Spelling as a secondary learning. Contributions to Education, No. 781. Teachers College, Columbia University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
WALLIN, J.E.W. (1910): Has the drill become obsolescent? Journal of Educational Psychology, 11, 200–213. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
WILDE, S. (1988): Learning to spell and punctuate: A study of eight- and nine-year-old children. Language and Education, 21, 35–59. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (3)

Cited by three other publications

Pérez Cañado, María Luisa
2005. English and Spanish Spelling: Are They Really Different?. The Reading Teacher 58:6 ► pp. 522 ff. DOI logo
Pérez Cañado, María Luisa
2006. The Effects of Explicit Spelling Instruction in the Spanish EFL Classroom: Diagnosis, Development and Durability. Language Awareness 15:1 ► pp. 20 ff. DOI logo
Mings, Robert C.
1993. Changing Perspectives on the Utility of Error Correction in Second Language Acquisition. Foreign Language Annals 26:2 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 31 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue