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Article published In: ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Vol. 168:1 (2017) ► pp.33–69

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The updated Vocabulary Levels Test

Developing and validating two new forms of the VLT

 | University of Western Ontario
 | Kyoto University
 | Victoria University of Wellington
Published online: 5 October 2017
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.168.1.02web
Abstract
The Vocabulary Levels Test (Nation, I. S. P. (1983). Testing and teaching vocabulary. Guidelines, 5(1), 12–25.; Schmitt, N., Schmitt, D., & Clapham, C. (2001). Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18(1), 55–88. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) indicates the word frequency level that should be used to select words for learning. The present study involves the development and validation of two new forms of the test. The new forms consist of five levels measuring knowledge of vocabulary at the 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 levels. Items for the tests were sourced from (2012). The BNC/COCA word family lists. Retrieved from <[URL]> BNC/COCA word lists. The research involved first identifying quality items using the data from 1,463 test takers to create two equivalent forms, and then evaluating the forms with the data from a further 250 test takers. This study also makes an initial attempt to validate the new forms using Messick’s (Messick, S. (1989). Validity. In R. L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd ed., pp. 13–103). New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar, (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons’ responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist, 50(9), 741–749. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar) validity framework.
Article outline
  • Introduction
    • Creating new forms of the Vocabulary Levels Test
  • Development of two equivalent forms
  • Evaluation of the two equivalent forms
    • Instrument
    • Participants
    • Equivalence of the two forms
    • Validation
      • Content aspect of construct validity
      • Substantive aspect of construct validity
      • Structural aspect of construct validity
      • Generalizability aspect of construct validity
        • (1)Item calibration invariance
        • (2)Person measure invariance
        • (3)Reliability
        • (4)Invariance across administrative contexts
      • External aspects of construct validity
  • Discussion
    • Interpreting scores
    • Limitations
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
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Zhou, Siyang & Nathan Thomas
2025. “Working out” the longitudinal development and factors that influence phrasal verb knowledge for study-abroad learners in the UK. Applied Linguistics Review 16:5 ► pp. 2247 ff. DOI logo
张, 檬萌
2025. Forty Years of Development of Study on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition in the Field of Second Language Acquisition: From 1984 to 2014. Modern Linguistics 13:06 ► pp. 183 ff. DOI logo
Al-Obaydi, Liqaa Habeb, D. R. Rahul & Marcel Pikhart
2024. The effect of online oral reading on reading comprehension, reading anxiety, and classroom anxiety among EFL learners. Education and Information Technologies 29:3 ► pp. 2841 ff. DOI logo
Altamimi, Abdulaziz
2024. The effects of cross-language overlap and semantic transparency on the processing of L2 collocations. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Arai, Yuya & Kotaro Takizawa
2024. Text and reading task variables in incidental L2 vocabulary learning from reading: A methodological synthesis. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:2 ► pp. 100110 ff. DOI logo
Ballance, Oliver J. & Averil Coxhead
2024. Corpus Analysis of Vocabulary. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Casaletto, Emily, Irina Kerimova & Ulugbek Nurmukhamedov
2024. English podcasts for schoolchildren and their vocabulary demands. Applied Corpus Linguistics 4:3 ► pp. 100107 ff. DOI logo
Chen, Zhuo & Nan Fang
2024. Chinese EFL learners’ processing of English binomials: the role of interlexical and intralexical factors. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen & Xu Long
2024. Online News as a Resource for Incidental Learning of Core Academic Words, Academic Formulas, and General Formulas. TESOL Quarterly 58:1 ► pp. 32 ff. DOI logo
De la Maya Retamar, Guadalupe, Magdalena López-Pérez & Ignacio Fernández-Portero
2024. Relación entre hábitos lectores y vocabulario en maestros de inglés en formación. Investigaciones Sobre Lectura 19:1 ► pp. 70 ff. DOI logo
Dudley, Amber, Emma Marsden & Giulia Bovolenta
2024. A Context-Aligned Two Thousand Test: Toward estimating high-frequency French vocabulary knowledge for beginner-to-low intermediate proficiency adolescent learners in England. Language Testing 41:4 ► pp. 759 ff. DOI logo
Durbahn, Marion, Michael Rodgers, Marijana Macis & Elke Peters
2024. Lexical coverage in L1 and L2 viewing comprehension. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:4 ► pp. 1045 ff. DOI logo
El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, Suhad Sonbul & Ahmed Masrai
2024. An Eye-Tracking Study on the Processing of L2 Collocations: The Effect of Congruency, Proficiency, and Transparency. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 53:2 DOI logo
Fang, Nan, Irina Elgort & Zhuo Chen
2024. Effects of retrieval schedules on the acquisition of explicit, automatized-explicit, and implicit knowledge of L2 collocations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:3 ► pp. 663 ff. DOI logo
Fang, Nan, Irina Elgort & Zhuo Chen
2025. Effects of retrieval formats on the acquisition and processing automaticity of L2 verb–noun collocations. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
González-Fernández, Beatriz & Stuart Webb
2024. How well are primary and secondary meanings of L2 words acquired?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:3 ► pp. 818 ff. DOI logo
Green, Clarence, Melania Pantelich, Michael Barrow, Daya Weerasinghe & Rachel Daniel
2024. Receptive vocabulary size estimates for general and academic vocabulary at a multi-campus Australian university. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 47:2 ► pp. 153 ff. DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Tim Stoeckel
2024. What is the best predictor of word difficulty? A case of data mining using random forest. Language Testing 41:4 ► pp. 828 ff. DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Tim Stoeckel
2025. A Comparison of Yen’s Q3 Coefficient and Rasch Testlet Modeling for Identifying Local Item Dependence: Evidence from Two Vocabulary Matching Tests. Language Assessment Quarterly 22:1 ► pp. 56 ff. DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Tim Stoeckel
2025. Investigating LID in four test conditions - Do instructions, test formats and item positioning matter?. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 4:3 ► pp. 100233 ff. DOI logo
Hamada, Yo & Kozo Yanagawa
2024. Aural vocabulary, orthographic vocabulary, and listening comprehension. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 62:2 ► pp. 953 ff. DOI logo
Kakihana, Shinichiro
2024. Does the word‐writing strategy in vocabulary learning increase learning outcomes or mislead learners into overestimation?. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34:3 ► pp. 936 ff. DOI logo
Kang, Eun Young
2024. Model‐based feedback for L2 writing revision: The role of vocabulary size and language aptitude. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34:1 ► pp. 103 ff. DOI logo
Kim, Su Kyung & Stuart Webb
2024. Assessing Vocabulary. In Reference Module in Social Sciences, DOI logo
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2024. Understanding L2-derived words in context: Is complete receptive morphological knowledge necessary?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 46:1 ► pp. 200 ff. DOI logo
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2025. Lexical Coverage. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Li, Zhiqing, Janis Zhiyou Li, Xiaofang Zhang & Barry Lee Reynolds
2024. Mastery of Listening and Reading Vocabulary Levels in Relation to CEFR: Insights into Student Admissions and English as a Medium of Instruction. Languages 9:7 ► pp. 239 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Yeu-Ting, Hossein Nassaji & Wen-Ta Tseng
2024. Effects of internal and external attentional manipulations and working memory on second language vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research 28:4 ► pp. 1701 ff. DOI logo
Mai, Nhi Hoa, Nam Nhat Lien & Nguyen Huynh Trang
2024. Lexical Demands and Features of English Textbooks for Vietnamese 10th Graders: An In-depth Comparison of Listening Sections. Sage Open 14:4 DOI logo
Mathieson, Paul, Francesco Bolstad & Yosuke Sasao
2024. Developing a Word Family-Based Depth of Academic Word Knowledge Test. European Journal of English Language Studies volume-4-2024:volume-4-issue-3-september-2024 ► pp. 137 ff. DOI logo
Mehdipour-Kolour, Danial & Mohamad Bilal Ali
2024. Examining the effects of two cognitive styles (field dependence vs. field independence) on learners’ mobile-assisted vocabulary acquisition. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning 4:2 ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Milliner, Brett, Kriss Lange, Joshua Matthews & Riko Umeki
2024. Examining EFL learners’ comprehension of derivational forms: The role of overlap with base word knowledge, word frequency, and contextual support. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
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2024. Measuring productive derivative knowledge of Vietnamese EFL learners: The role of headword scoring, vocabulary breadth, and headword familiarity. System 123 ► pp. 103322 ff. DOI logo
Nguyen, Ha T. V. & Kristin Javorsky
2024. Beyond Memorization. In Differentiated Instruction, Equity, and Inclusion in Language Education [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Qi, Shiwei, Mark Feng Teng & Ailan Fu
2024. LexCH: a quick and reliable receptive vocabulary size test for Chinese Learners. Applied Linguistics Review 15:2 ► pp. 643 ff. DOI logo
Robles-García, Pablo, Stuart McLean, Jeffrey Stewart, Ji-young Shin & Claudia Helena Sánchez-Gutiérrez
2024. The Development and Initial Validation of O-WSVLT, a Meaning-Recall Online L2 Spanish Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Assessment Quarterly 21:2 ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Shahiwala, Sofiya, D. R. Rahul & John R. Baker
2024. Incidental vocabulary learning: A scientometric review. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:3 ► pp. 100160 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad & Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs
2024. L2 knowledge of English prefixes: The effect of vocabulary breadth and exposure. Language Teaching Research 28:6 ► pp. 2111 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El‐Dakhs & Rezan Alharbi
2024. Rendering natural collocations in a translation task: The effect of direction, congruency, semantic transparency, and proficiency. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34:1 ► pp. 117 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Hung Tan Ha, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Christopher Nicklin
2024. Can an extended-matching second-language vocabulary test format bridge the gap between meaning-recognition and meaning-recall?. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:2 ► pp. 100109 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Stuart McLean, Young Ae Kim, Yukie Shinhara & Allie Spencer Patterson
2024. The role of context in the word family debate. System 126 ► pp. 103453 ff. DOI logo
Tan, Liang Ye, Stuart McLean, Young Ae Kim & Joseph P. Vitta
2024. Rasch modelling vs. item facility: implications on the validity of assessments of Asian EFL/ESL vocabulary knowledge and lexical sophistication modelling. Language Testing in Asia 14:1 DOI logo
Tangsakul, Sivakorn
2024. Relationship Between Vocabulary Size and TOEIC Reading Achievement Among Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews 4:4 ► pp. 305 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Yachong Cui
2024. Comparing incidental learning of single words and collocations from different captioning conditions: The role of vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 40:3 ► pp. 973 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Yachong Cui
2025. Second language collocation learning through captioned videos: how do learners’ vocabulary knowledge and working memory affect learning?. Computer Assisted Language Learning ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Yachong Cui
2025. Incidental vocabulary learning from captioned viewing: A forest plot of word- and learner-related factors. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Yachong Cui
2025. The contribution of vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness to reading comprehension in a foreign language. Journal of Research in Reading 48:2 ► pp. 131 ff. DOI logo
Van Gauwbergen, Yanou, Isabelle S. Robert & Iris Schrijver
2024. The effect of intralingual live subtitling on students’ performance and perception in EMI lectures in Flanders: A pilot study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 72 ► pp. 101445 ff. DOI logo
Wei, Minhui & Ernesto Macaro
2024. Vocabulary learning in EMI courses: A longitudinal study of Chinese university students over a term. System 126 ► pp. 103479 ff. DOI logo
Wi, Injung & Frank Boers
2024. Sequential Use of L1 and L2 Captions: Exploring the Benefits for Vocabulary Acquisition. TESOL Quarterly 58:1 ► pp. 511 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Haiwei, Peng Sun, Yaowaluk Bianglae & Winda Widiawati
2024. The development of a Chinese vocabulary proficiency test (CVPT) for learners of Chinese as a second/foreign language . Language Testing 41:2 ► pp. 412 ff. DOI logo
Özer, Mustafa & Erdem Akbaş
2024. Assembling a justified list of academic words in veterinary medicine: The veterinary medicine academic word list (VMAWL). English for Specific Purposes 74 ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
Alsahafi, Morad
2023. The Relationship Between Depth of Academic English Vocabulary Knowledge and Academic Success of Second Language University Students. Sage Open 13:1 DOI logo
Alshumrani, Hassan
2023. The Learning Potential of a TV Series in Promoting L2 Incidental Learning of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Phrasal Verbs. Journal of Language and Education 9:3 ► pp. 12 ff. DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan & Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen
2023. Using structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between receptive vocabulary knowledge and receptive language proficiency: A new light on an old issue. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 33:2 ► pp. 382 ff. DOI logo
Huynh Le, Nhu & Hung Tan Ha
2023. Lexical Demands of Academic Written English: From Students’ Assignments to Scholarly Publications. Sage Open 13:4 DOI logo
Kremmel, Benjamin, Bimali Indrarathne, Judit Kormos & Shungo Suzuki
2023. Unknown Vocabulary Density and Reading Comprehension: Replicating Hu and Nation (2000). Language Learning 73:4 ► pp. 1127 ff. DOI logo
Leontjev, Dmitri, Ari Huhta & Asko Tolvanen
2023. L2 English vocabulary breadth and knowledge of derivational morphology: One or two constructs?. Language Testing 40:2 ► pp. 300 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2023. Podcasts as a resource for learning academic English: A lexical perspective. English for Specific Purposes 71 ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2023. Suitability of TED-Ed animations for academic listening. English for Specific Purposes 72 ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2023. A corpus-based study of vocabulary in massive open online courses (MOOCs). English for Specific Purposes 72 ► pp. 40 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2025. TED-Ed animations as resources for learning academic formulas. English for Specific Purposes 78 ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2025. Academic formulas in TED talks and TED-Ed animations: Insights for academic vocabulary learning. English for Specific Purposes 80 ► pp. 16 ff. DOI logo
Reynolds, Barry Lee
2023. Introduction: A Scoping Review of Second Language Vocabulary Learning in the Wild. In Vocabulary Learning in the Wild, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Reynolds, Barry Lee
2025. Contextual Support. In Researching Second Language Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition through Reading [Springer Texts in Education, ], ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo
Robles-García, Pablo, Glen H. Wallace & Claudia Helena Sánchez-Gutiérrez
2023. 3K-LEx-MC. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 174:1 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Rød, Alison Jones & Raees Calafato
2023. Exploring the relationship between extramural English, self-efficacy, gender, and learning outcomes: A mixed-methods study in a Norwegian upper-secondary school. Studies in Educational Evaluation 79 ► pp. 101302 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Ahmed Masrai
2023. Second language productive knowledge of collocations: Does knowledge of individual words matter?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 45:2 ► pp. 480 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Tomoko Ishii, Young Ae Kim, Hung Tan Ha, Nam Thi Phuong Ho & Stuart McLean
2023. A comparison of contextualized and non-contextualized meaning-recall vocabulary test formats. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 2:3 ► pp. 100075 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2023. Incidental vocabulary learning from captioned videos: Learners' prior vocabulary knowledge and working memory. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 39:2 ► pp. 517 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2024. Working memory and prior vocabulary knowledge in incidental vocabulary learning from listening, reading, reading-while-listening, and viewing captioned videos. System 124 ► pp. 103381 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2025. Incidental vocabulary learning from listening, reading, and viewing captioned videos: frequency and prior vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics Review 16:1 ► pp. 477 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng & Atsushi Mizumoto
2023. The role of spoken vocabulary knowledge in language minority students’ incidental vocabulary learning from captioned television. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 46:2 ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Trang, Nguyen Huynh, Duyen Thi Bich Nguyen & Hung Tan Ha
2023. Vocabulary Demands of Academic Spoken English Revisited: A Case of University Lectures and TED Presentations. Sage Open 13:1 DOI logo
Warnby, Marcus
2023. Academic vocabulary knowledge among adolescents in university preparatory programmes. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 61 ► pp. 101203 ff. DOI logo
Warnby, Marcus, Hans Malmström & Kajsa Yang Hansen
2023. Linking scores from two written receptive English academic vocabulary tests—The VLT-Ac and the AVT. Language Testing 40:3 ► pp. 548 ff. DOI logo
Xodabande, Ismail, Vahid Asadi & Mohammadreza Valizadeh
2023. Teaching vocabulary items in corpus-based wordlists to university students: comparing the effectiveness of digital and paper-based flashcards. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning 2:2 ► pp. 257 ff. DOI logo
Yang, Yin & Yanjie Song
2023. Understanding primary students’ self-regulated vocabulary learning behaviours on a mobile app via learning analytics and their associated outcomes: a case study. Journal of Computers in Education 10:3 ► pp. 469 ff. DOI logo
Alshehri, Mona G. & Dongbo Zhang
2022. The Lexical Basis of Second Language Reading Comprehension: From (Sub)Lexical Knowledge to Processing Efficiency. Language Learning 72:2 ► pp. 325 ff. DOI logo
Balcı, Özgül
2022. Assessment of L2 English Vocabulary Needs of Turkish University Preparatory Class Students. EDU REVIEW. International Education and Learning Review / Revista Internacional de Educación y Aprendizaje 10:3 ► pp. 239 ff. DOI logo
Boers, Frank
2022. Glossing and vocabulary learning. Language Teaching 55:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Boers, Frank
2023. Vocabulary as a Pedagogical Target. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Chen, Aide
2022. “What Did I Gain From Graduate Studies Abroad?”. In Autoethnographic Perspectives on Multilingual Life Stories [Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, ], ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Dabbagh, Ali & Mostafa Janebi Enayat
2022. Comparing Two Measures of L2 Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge Using their Relationship with Vocabulary Size. Journal of Language and Education 8:3 ► pp. 52 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen, Cailing Lu & Stuart Webb
2022. Incidental Learning of Collocations in an Academic Lecture Through Different Input Modes. Language Learning 72:3 ► pp. 728 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen, Cailing Lu & Stuart Webb
2022. INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF SINGLE WORDS AND COLLOCATIONS THROUGH VIEWING AN ACADEMIC LECTURE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:3 ► pp. 708 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen, Stuart Webb & Averil Coxhead
2022. Evaluating lists of high-frequency words: Teachers’ and learners’ perspectives. Language Teaching Research 26:4 ► pp. 617 ff. DOI logo
Edmonds, Amanda, Jon Clenton & Hosam Elmetaher
2022. Exploring the construct validity of tests used to assess L2 productive vocabulary knowledge. System 108 ► pp. 102855 ff. DOI logo
El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, Suhad Sonbul & Rawan Alwazzan
2022. Learning phrasal verbs in the EFL classroom: the effect of prior vocabulary knowledge and opacity. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:4 ► pp. 1253 ff. DOI logo
El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, Suhad Sonbul & Rawan Alwazzan
2022. Learning phrasal verbs in the EFL classroom: the effect of prior vocabulary knowledge and opacity. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 60:4 ► pp. 1253 ff. DOI logo
GILANLIOGLU, Ilkay
2022. Influence of planning time and task type on lexis in L2 oral performance. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 11:3 ► pp. 559 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2022. Measuring L1 and L2 Productive Derivational Knowledge: How Many Derivatives Can L1 and L2 Learners with Differing Vocabulary Levels Produce?. TESOL Quarterly 56:1 ► pp. 100 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2022. Vocabulary. In Research methods in instructed second language acquisition [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3], ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2023. To What Extent Do Learner‐ and Word‐Related Variables Affect Production of Derivatives?. Language Learning 73:1 ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2024. The effect of test format on productive recall of derivatives. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 175:2 ► pp. 242 ff. DOI logo
Lei, Yuanying & Barry Lee Reynolds
2022. Learning English vocabulary from word cards: A research synthesis. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Lu, Cailing & Thi Ngoc Yen Dang
2022. Vocabulary in EAP learning materials: What can we learn from teachers, learners, and corpora?. System 106 ► pp. 102791 ff. DOI logo
Lu, Cailing & Thi Ngoc Yen Dang
2026. Effect of L2 exposure, length of study, and L2 proficiency on EFL learners’ receptive knowledge of form–meaning connection and collocations of high-frequency words. Language Teaching Research 30:3 ► pp. 1030 ff. DOI logo
Masrai, Ahmed, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Noorchaya Yahya
2022. What Predicts Academic Achievement in EMI Courses? Focus on Vocabulary Knowledge and Self-Perceptions of L2 Skills. Sage Open 12:2 DOI logo
Möhring, Jupp
2022. Sprachliche Studierfähigkeit im Spiegel produktiver und rezeptiver Wortschatzkompetenz. Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache 49:4 ► pp. 384 ff. DOI logo
Nall, Matthew, Ari Huhta & Behzad Mansouri
2022. Close‐Ended Vocabulary Assessments. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Pinchbeck, Geoffrey G., Dale Brown, Stuart Mclean & Brandon Kramer
2022. Validating word lists that represent learner knowledge in EFL contexts: The impact of the definition of word and the choice of source corpora. System 106 ► pp. 102771 ff. DOI logo
Reynolds, Barry Lee, Xiaowen (Serina) Xie & Quy Huynh Phu Pham
2022. Incidental vocabulary acquisition from listening to English teacher education lectures: A case study from Macau higher education. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Reynolds, Barry Lee, Xiaowen (Serina) Xie & Quy Huynh Phu Pham
2023. The potentials for incidental vocabulary acquisition from listening to computer science academic lectures: a higher education corpus-based case study from Macau. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Sadeghi, Karim
2022. Vocabulary Acquisition and Pedagogy in SLA: An Interview with Norbert Schmitt. In Talking About Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 89 ff. DOI logo
Snoder, Per & Batia Laufer
2022. EFL Learners' Receptive Knowledge of Derived Words: The Case of Swedish Adolescents. TESOL Quarterly 56:4 ► pp. 1242 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Hind Al-Otaibi
2022. Translation competence and collocation knowledge: Do congruency and word type have an effect on the accuracy of collocations in translation?. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 16:4 ► pp. 409 ff. DOI logo
Sonbul, Suhad, Dina Abdel Salam El-Dakhs & Hind Al-Otaibi
2020. Productive versus receptive L2 knowledge of polysemous phrasal verbs: A comparison of determining factors. System 95 ► pp. 102361 ff. DOI logo
Song, Tianjiao & Barry Lee Reynolds
2022. The Effects of Lexical Coverage and Topic Familiarity on the Comprehension of L2 Expository Texts. TESOL Quarterly 56:2 ► pp. 763 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi
2022. Is it possible to measure word-level comprehensibility and accentedness as independent constructs of pronunciation knowledge?. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1:2 ► pp. 100011 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb, Kazuya Saito & Pavel Trofimovich
2022. THE EFFECTS OF TALKER VARIABILITY AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SPOKEN WORD KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:2 ► pp. 357 ff. DOI logo
UCHIHARA, TAKUMI, STUART WEBB, KAZUYA SAITO & PAVEL TROFIMOVICH
2022. Does Mode of Input Affect How Second Language Learners Create Form–Meaning Connections and Pronounce Second Language Words?. The Modern Language Journal 106:2 ► pp. 351 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb, Kazuya Saito & Pavel Trofimovich
2023. Frequency of Exposure Influences Accentedness and Comprehensibility in Learners’ Pronunciation of Second Language Words. Language Learning 73:1 ► pp. 84 ff. DOI logo
VALİZADEH, Mohammadreza
2022. Investigating the Impacts of Mobile Assisted Reading on EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge Development. Sakarya University Journal of Education 12:3 ► pp. 573 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2022. Learning Vocabulary from Reading-only, Reading-while-listening, and Reading with Textual Input Enhancement: Insights from Vietnamese EFL Learners. RELC Journal 53:1 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2022. INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS FROM MEANINGFUL INPUT. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:3 ► pp. 685 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2023. A Longitudinal Study on the Effect of Mode of Reading on Incidental Collocation Learning and Predictors of Learning Gains. TESOL Quarterly 57:1 ► pp. 5 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2025. Incidental collocation learning from reading-only, reading-while-listening, and reading aloud: The roles of input mode, test modality, and prior vocabulary knowledge. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching DOI logo
Xodabande, Ismail, Asqar Pourhassan & Mohammadreza Valizadeh
2022. Self-directed learning of core vocabulary in English by EFL learners: comparing the outcomes from paper and mobile application flashcards. Journal of Computers in Education 9:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Yang, Lu & Averil Coxhead
2022. A Corpus-based Study of Vocabulary in the New Concept English Textbook Series. RELC Journal 53:3 ► pp. 597 ff. DOI logo
Ahrabi Fakhr, Masoud, Davood Borzabadi Farahani & Ali Akbar Khomeijani Farahani
2021. Incidental Vocabulary Learning and Retention from Audiovisual Input and Factors Affecting Them. English Teaching & Learning 45:2 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Behforouz, Behnam & Anca Daniela Frumuselu
2021. The Effect of Text Messaging on EFL Learners' Lexical Depth and Breadth. Journal of Language and Education 7:2 ► pp. 107 ff. DOI logo
Borràs, Judith & Àngels Llanes
2021. Investigating the impact of a semester-long study abroad program on L2 reading and vocabulary development. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 6:2 ► pp. 276 ff. DOI logo
Borràs, Judith & Àngels Llanes
2024. Traditional Study Abroad vs. ELFSA: Differences and Similarities in L2 Reading, Vocabulary, and Use. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 23:6 ► pp. 879 ff. DOI logo
Busby, Nicole Louise
2021. Words from where?. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 172:1 ► pp. 58 ff. DOI logo
Cobb, Tom & Batia Laufer
2021. The Nuclear Word Family List: A List of the Most Frequent Family Members, Including Base and Affixed Words. Language Learning 71:3 ► pp. 834 ff. DOI logo
De la Maya Retamar, Guadalupe & Magdalena López-Pérez
2021. Hábitos lectores y competencia léxica de futuros profesores de inglés em Educación Primaria. Educ. Form. 6:1 ► pp. e3504 ff. DOI logo
Gyllstad, Henrik, Stuart McLean & Jeffrey Stewart
2021. Using confidence intervals to determine adequate item sample sizes for vocabulary tests: An essential but overlooked practice. Language Testing 38:4 ► pp. 558 ff. DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan
2021. A Rasch-based validation of the Vietnamese version of the Listening Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing in Asia 11:1 DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan
2021. Exploring the relationships between various dimensions of receptive vocabulary knowledge and L2 listening and reading comprehension. Language Testing in Asia 11:1 DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan
2022. Lexical Profile of Newspapers Revisited: A Corpus-Based Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan
2022. Test Format and Local Dependence of Items Revisited: A Case of Two Vocabulary Levels Tests. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Ha, Hung Tan
2022. Issues in matching learners to their reading levels using receptive vocabulary knowledge – A closer look at the vocabulary levels tests and scoring methods. Heliyon 8:8 ► pp. e10244 ff. DOI logo
Janebi Enayat, Mostafa & Ali Derakhshan
2021. Vocabulary size and depth as predictors of second language speaking ability. System 99 ► pp. 102521 ff. DOI logo
Laufer, Batia, Stuart Webb, Su Kyung Kim & Beverley Yohanan
2021. How well do learners know derived words in a second language?. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 172:2 ► pp. 229 ff. DOI logo
Macis, Marijana, Suhad Sonbul & Rezan Alharbi
2021. The effect of spacing on incidental and deliberate learning of L2 collocations. System 103 ► pp. 102649 ff. DOI logo
Nation, I.S.P. & Averil Coxhead
2021. Measuring Native-Speaker Vocabulary Size, DOI logo
Nation, Paul
2021. Is it worth teaching vocabulary?. TESOL Journal 12:4 DOI logo
Nation, Paul
2024. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. In Reference Module in Social Sciences, DOI logo
Nguyen, Chi-Duc
2021. Lexical Features of Reading Passages in English-language Textbooks for Vietnamese High-school Students: Do they Foster both Content and Vocabulary Gain?. RELC Journal 52:3 ► pp. 509 ff. DOI logo
Read, John
2021. Second Language Vocabulary Assessment. In Research Questions in Language Education and Applied Linguistics [Springer Texts in Education, ], ► pp. 387 ff. DOI logo
Read, John
2023. Towards a new sophistication in vocabulary assessment. Language Testing 40:1 ► pp. 40 ff. DOI logo
Sompura, Rashmin T.
2021. NCERT CLASS 1 ENGLISH MARIGOLD: WORD LIST BY FREQUENCY. Towards Excellence ► pp. 1027 ff. DOI logo
Stewart, Jeffrey, Tim Stoeckel, Stuart McLean, Paul Nation & Geoffrey G. Pinchbeck
2021. WHAT THE RESEARCH SHOWS ABOUT WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY TESTING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:2 ► pp. 462 ff. DOI logo
Stoeckel, Tim, Stuart McLean & Paul Nation
2021. LIMITATIONS OF SIZE AND LEVELS TESTS OF WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:1 ► pp. 181 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. WORD FAMILIES AND LEMMAS, NOT A REAL DILEMMA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:5 ► pp. 973 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. THE LEMMA DILEMMA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:5 ► pp. 941 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2021. A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE LIMITATIONS OF SIZE AND LEVELS TESTS OF WRITTEN RECEPTIVE VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:2 ► pp. 454 ff. DOI logo
Akbarian, Is’haaq, Fatemeh Farajollahi & Rosa María Jiménez Catalán
2020. EFL learners’ lexical availability: Exploring frequency, exposure, and vocabulary level. System 91 ► pp. 102261 ff. DOI logo
Ballance, Oliver James & Averil Coxhead
2020. How much vocabulary is needed to use a concordance?. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 36 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen & Stuart Webb
2020. Vocabulary and Good Language Teachers. In Lessons from Good Language Teachers, ► pp. 203 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen & Stuart Webb
2025. Applications of word lists in second language learning and teaching. Language Teaching 58:3 ► pp. 291 ff. DOI logo
Durbahn, Marion, Michael Rodgers & Elke Peters
2020. The relationship between vocabulary and viewing comprehension. System 88 ► pp. 102166 ff. DOI logo
Feng, Yanxue & Stuart Webb
2020. LEARNING VOCABULARY THROUGH READING, LISTENING, AND VIEWING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:3 ► pp. 499 ff. DOI logo
Laufer, Batia & Tom Cobb
2020. How Much Knowledge of Derived Words Is Needed for Reading?. Applied Linguistics 41:6 ► pp. 971 ff. DOI logo
Mairano, Paolo & Fabian Santiago
2020. What vocabulary size tells us about pronunciation skills: Issues in assessing L2 learners. Journal of French Language Studies 30:2 ► pp. 141 ff. DOI logo
Papin, Kevin & Regina Kaplan-Rakowski
2020. A Study of Vocabulary Learning Using Annotated 360° Pictures. SSRN Electronic Journal DOI logo
Papin, Kevin & Regina Kaplan-Rakowski
2024. A study of vocabulary learning using annotated 360° pictures. Computer Assisted Language Learning 37:5-6 ► pp. 1108 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, Norbert, Paul Nation & Benjamin Kremmel
2020. Moving the field of vocabulary assessment forward: The need for more rigorous test development and validation. Language Teaching 53:1 ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, Norbert & Diane Schmitt
2020. Vocabulary in Language Teaching, DOI logo
Sun, Ye & Thi Ngoc Yen Dang
2020. Vocabulary in high-school EFL textbooks: Texts and learner knowledge. System 93 ► pp. 102279 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi & Jon Clenton
2020. Investigating the role of vocabulary size in second language speaking ability. Language Teaching Research 24:4 ► pp. 540 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi & Jon Clenton
2023. The role of spoken vocabulary knowledge in second language speaking proficiency. The Language Learning Journal 51:3 ► pp. 376 ff. DOI logo
Pecorari, Diane, Philip Shaw & Hans Malmström
2019. Developing a new academic vocabulary test. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 39 ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke, Tom Velghe & Tinne Van Rompaey
2019. The VocabLab tests. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 170:1 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Uchihara, Takumi, Stuart Webb & Akifumi Yanagisawa
2019. The Effects of Repetition on Incidental Vocabulary Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of Correlational Studies. Language Learning 69:3 ► pp. 559 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen
2018. The nature of vocabulary in academic speech of hard and soft-sciences. English for Specific Purposes 51 ► pp. 69 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen
2022. A corpus-based study of vocabulary in conference presentations. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 59 ► pp. 101144 ff. DOI logo
Janebi Enayat, Mostafa, Seyed Mohammad Reza Amirian, Gholamreza Zareian & Saeed Ghaniabadi
2018. Reliable Measure of Written Receptive Vocabulary Size: Using the L2 Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge as a Yardstick. Sage Open 8:1 DOI logo
Szabo, Csaba Z.
2018. Book review. System 74 ► pp. 220 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart & Paul Nation
2018. Teaching Vocabulary. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart A.
2018. Advanced Lexical Development. In The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 401 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Research Methods in Vocabulary Studies [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 2], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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