Cover not available

Article published In: Recent Advances in Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification
Edited by Thomas François and Delphine Bernhard
[ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 165:2] 2014
► pp. 259–298

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

A survey of research on text simplification

 | Department of Computing Science, University of Aberdeen
Published online: 23 January 2015
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.165.2.06sid
Text simplification, defined narrowly, is the process of reducing the linguistic complexity of a text, while still retaining the original information and meaning. More broadly, text simplification encompasses other operations; for example, conceptual simplification to simplify content as well as form, elaborative modification, where redundancy and explicitness are used to emphasise key points, and text summarisation to omit peripheral or inappropriate information. There is substantial evidence that manual text simplification is an effective intervention for many readers, but automatic simplification has only recently become an established research field. There have been several recent papers on the topic, however, which bring to the table a multitude of methodologies, each with their strengths and weaknesses. The goal of this paper is to summarise the large interdisciplinary body of work on text simplification and highlight the most promising research directions to move the field forward.
References (154)
Abrahamsson, E., Forni, T., Skeppstedt, M., & Kvist, M. (2014). Medical text simplification using synonym replacement: Adapting assessment of word difficulty to a compounding language. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations .
Aluísio, S.M., Specia, L., Pardo, T.A., Maziero, E.G., & Fortes, R.P. (2008). Towards Brazilian Portuguese automatic text simplification systems. Proceedings of the Eighth ACM Symposium on Document Engineering .
Angrosh, M., Nomoto, T., & Siddharthan, A. (2014). Lexico-syntactic text simplification and compression with typed dependencies. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2014) .
Anderson, R. (1981). A proposal to continue a center for the study of reading. Technical Report 487, University of Illinois, Center for the Study of Reading, Urbana-Champaign.
Anderson, R., & Freebody, P. (1981). Vocabulary knowledge. In John Guthrie (Ed.), Comprehension and teaching: Research reviews (pp. 77–117). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anderson, R.C., & Davison, A. (1988). Conceptual and empirical bases of readability formulas. In Alice Davison & G.M. Green (Eds.), Linguistic complexity and text comprehension: Readability issues reconsidered. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aranzabe, M.J., Daz de Ilarraza, A., &Gonzalez-Dios, I. (2012). First approach to automatic text simplification in Basque. Proceedings of the Natural Language Processing for Improving Textual Accessibility (NLP4ITA) Workshop (LREC 2012) , Istanbul, Turkey.
Baldwin, B. (1997). CogNIAC: High precision coreference with limited knowledge and linguistic resources. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Operational Factors in Practical, Robust Anaphora resolution for Unrestricted Texts .
Bangalore, S., & Joshi, A.K. (1999). Supertagging: An approach to almost parsing. Computational Linguistics, 25(2), 237–265.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bard, E., Robertson, D., & Sorace, A. (1996). Magnitude estimation for linguistic acceptability. Language, 72(1), 32–68. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Barlacchi, G., & Tonelli, S. (2013). ERNESTA: A sentence simplification tool for children’s stories in Italian. Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, (pp. 476–487). Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beck, I.L., McKeown, M.G., Omanson, R.C., & Pople, M.T. (1984). Improving the comprehensibility of stories: The effects of revisions that improve coherence. Reading Research Quarterly, 19(3), 263–277. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Beck, I.L., McKeown, M.G., Sinatra, G.M., & Loxterman, J.A. (1991). Revising social studies text from a text-processing perspective: Evidence of improved comprehensibility. Reading Research Quarterly, 251–276. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Behaghel, O. (1930). Von deutscher Wortstellung [On German word order]. Zeitschrift für Deutschkunde, Jargang 44 der Zeitschrift für deutschen Unterricht, 81(9).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bernth, A. (1998). EasyEnglish: Preprocessing for MT. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications .
Biran, O., Brody, S., & Elhadad, N. (2011). Putting it simply: A context-aware approach to lexical simplification. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies .
Bott, S., Saggion, H., & Mille, S. (2012). Text simplification tools for Spanish. LREC .
Briscoe, T., & Carroll, J. (1995). Developing and evaluating a probabilistic LR parser of part-of-speech and punctuation labels. Proceedings of the ACL/SIGPARSE 4th International Workshop on Parsing Technologies .
Brodsky, P., Waterfall, H., & Edelman, S. (2007). Characterizing motherese: On the computational structure of child-directed language. Proceedings of the 29th Cognitive Science Society Conference , ed.DS McNamara & JG Trafton.
Brouwers, L., Bernhard, D., Ligozat, A.-L., & François, T. (2014). Syntactic sentence simplification for French. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations .
Candido Jr, A., Maziero, E., Gasperin, C., Pardo, T.A., Specia, L., & Aluísio, S.M. (2009). Supporting the adaptation of texts for poor literacy readers: A text simplification editor for Brazilian Portuguese. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications .
Canning, Y (2002). Syntactic simplification of Text. Ph. D. thesis, University of Sunderland, UK.
Canning, Y., Tait, J., Archibald, J., & Crawley, R. (2000). Replacing Anaphora for Readers with Acquired Dyslexia. Proceedings of the 4th Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC’00) .
Caplan, D. (1992). Language: Structure, processing, and disorders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carpenter, P., Miyake, A., & Just, M.A. (1994). Working memory constraints in comprehension: Evidence from individual differences, aphasia, and aging. In Morton Ann Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 1075–1122). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carroll, J., Minnen, G., Canning, Y., Devlin, S., & Tait, J. (1998). Practical simplification of English newspaper text to assist aphasic readers. Proceedings of AAAI98 Workshop on Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Assistive Technology .
Chandrasekar, R., Doran, C., & Srinivas, B. (1996). Motivations and methods for text simplification. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING ’96) .
Chandrasekar, R., & Srinivas, B. (1997). Automatic induction of rules for text simplification. Knowledge-Based Systems, 101, 183–190. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chung, J.-W., Min, H.-J., Kim, J., & Park, J.C. (2013). Enhancing readability of web documents by text augmentation for deaf people. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics .
Clark, H., & Clark, E. (1968). Semantic distinctions and memory for complex sentences. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(2), 129–138. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cohn, T., & Lapata, M. (2009). Sentence compression as tree transduction. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 34(1), 637–674. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Conroy, J.M., & Schlesinger, J.D. (2004). Left-brain/Right-brain multi-document summarization. Proceedings of the 4th Document Understanding Conference (DUC 2004) at HLT/NAACL 2004 , Boston, MA.
Coster, W., & Kauchak, D. (2011). Learning to simplify sentences using wikipedia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation .
Cross, T.G. (1977). Mothers’ speech adjustments: The contribution of selected child listener variables. Talking to children: Language input and acquisition, 151–188.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crossley, S.A., Louwerse, M.M., McCarthy, P.M., & McNamara, D.S. (2007). A linguistic analysis of simplified and authentic texts. The Modern Language Journal, 91(1), 15–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Daelemans, W., Höthker, A., & Sang, E.F.T.K. (2004). Automatic sentence simplification for subtitling in Dutch and English. LREC .
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 191, 450–466. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, A., & Widdowson, H. (1974). The teaching of reading and writing. In J. P. B. Alen and S. P. Corder (Eds.), Techniques in Applied Linguistics (Vol. 3). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davison, A., & Kantor, R.N. (1982). On the failure of readability formulas to define readable texts: A case study from adaptations. Reading Research Quarterly, 17(2), 187–209. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
De Belder, J., & Moens, M.-F. (2010). Text simplification for children. Proceedings of the SIGIR Workshop on Accessible Search Systems .
Deléger, L., Cartoni, B., & Zweigenbaum, P. (2013). Paraphrase detection in monolingual specialized/lay comparable corpora. Building and Using Comparable Corpora, (pp. 223–241). Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Deléger, L., & Zweigenbaum, P. (2009). Extracting lay paraphrases of specialized expressions from monolingual comparable medical corpora. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora: From Parallel to Non-parallel Corpora .
. (2010). Identifying paraphrases between technical and lay Corpora. LREC .
Devlin, S., & Tait, J. (1998). The use of a psycholinguistic database in the simplification of text for aphasic readers. In J. Nerbonne (Ed.), Linguistic Databases (pp. 161–173). Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dras, M. (1999). Tree adjoining grammar and the reluctant paraphrasing of text. Ph. D. thesis, Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia.
Duchowski, A.T. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice, Vol. 3731. Springer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elhadad, N. (2006). Comprehending technical texts: Predicting and defining unfamiliar terms. Proceedings AMIA Annual Symposium , 20061.
Evans, R., Orasan, C., & Dornescu, I. (2014). An evaluation of syntactic simplification rules for people with autism. Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations .
Flesch, R. (1951). How to test readability. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Friederici, A.D. (1995). The time course of syntactic activation during language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. Brain and Language, 50(3), 259–281. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Galley, M., & McKeown, K. (2007). Lexicalized Markov Grammars for Sentence Compression. Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference .
Gardner, D., & Hansen, E.C. (2007). Effects of lexical simplification during unaided reading of English informational texts. TESL Reporter, 40(2), 27–59.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Giles, H., Taylor, D.M., & Bourhis, R. (1973). Towards a theory of interpersonal accommodation through language: Some Canadian data. Language in Society, 2(2), 177–192. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gleitman, L.R., Newport, E.L., & Gleitman, H. (1984). The current status of the motherese hypothesis. Journal of Child Language, 11(01), 43–79. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Green, G.M., & Olsen, M.S. (1986). Preferences for and comprehension of original and readability-adapted materials. Technical report, Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Center for the Study of Reading.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grosz, B., Joshi, A., & Weinstein, S. (1995). Centering: A framework for modelling the local coherence of discourse. Computational Linguistics, 21(2), 203–226.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hayes, D.P., & Ahrens, M. (1988). Vocabulary simplification for children: A special case of motherese. Journal of Child Language, 15(2), 395–410. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heilman, M., & Smith, N.A. (2010). Extracting simplified statements for factual question generation. Proceedings of QG2010: The Third Workshop on Question Generation .
Honeyfield, J. (1977). Simplification. TESOL Quarterly, 431–440. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Inui, K., Fujita, A., Takahashi, T., Iida, R., & Iwakura, T. (2003). Text simplification for reading assistance: A project note. Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Paraphrasing-Volume 16 .
Irwin, J. (1980). The effects of explicitness and clause order on the comprehension of reversible causal relationships. Reading Research Quarterly, 15(4), 477–488. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jauhar, S.K., & Specia, L. (2012). UOW-SHEF: SimpLex–lexical simplicity ranking based on contextual and psycholinguistic features. Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics-Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation .
Jonnalagadda, S., Tari, L., Hakenberg, J., Baral, C., & Gonzalez, G. (2009). Towards effective sentence simplification for automatic processing of biomedical text. Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Companion Volume: Short Papers .
Kaji, N., Kawahara, D., Kurohash, S., & Sato, S. (2002). Verb paraphrase based on case frame alignment. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL’02) .
Kamalski, J., Sanders, T., & Lentz, L. (2008). Coherence marking, prior knowledge, and comprehension of informative and persuasive texts: Sorting things out. Discourse Processes, 45(4), 323–345. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kandula, S., Curtis, D., & Zeng-Treitler, Q. (2010). A semantic and syntactic text simplification tool for health content. Proceedings of AMIA Annual Symposium , 20101.
Katz, E., & Brent, S. (1968). Understanding connectives. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 7(2), 501–509. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Keenan, J.M., Baillet, S.D., & Brown, P. (1984). The effects of causal cohesion on comprehension and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(2), 115–126. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kelly, L. (1996). The interaction of syntactic competence and vocabulary during reading by deaf students. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 1(1), 75–90. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Klebanov, B.B., Knight, K., & Marcu, D. (2004). Text simplification for information-seeking applications. On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2004: CoopIS, DOA, and ODBASE, (pp. 735–747). Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Klein, D., & Manning, C. (2003). Accurate unlexicalized parsing. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics-Volume 1 .
Klerke, S., & Søgaard, A. (2013). Simple, readable sub-sentences. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop .
Knight, K., & Marcu, D. (2000). Statistics-based summarization — step one: Sentence compression. Proceedings of The American Association for Artificial Intelligence Conference (AAAI-2000) .
Koehn, P., Hoang, H., Birch, A., Callison-Burch, C., Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cowan, B., Shen, W., Moran, C., Zens, R., et al. (2007). Moses: Open source toolkit for statistical machine translation. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the ACL on Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions .
Krashen, S.D. (1985). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications, Vol. 11. London: Longman.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
L’Allier, J. (1980). An evaluation study of a computer-based lesson that adjusts reading level by monitoring on task reader characteristics. Ph. D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Langkilde-Geary, I. (2002). An empirical verification of coverage and correctness for a general-purpose sentence generator. Proceedings of the 12th International Natural Language Generation Workshop .
Lappin, S., & Leass, H. (1994). An algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution. Computational Linguistics, 20(4), 535–561.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Leikin, M. (2002). Processing syntactic functions of words in normal and dyslexic readers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 31(2), 145–163. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Levy, E.T. (2003). The roots of coherence in discourse. Human Development, 169–88. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 5–55.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lillo-Martin, D., Hanson, V., & Smith, S. (1991). Deaf readers’ comprehension of complex syntactic structure. Advances in Cognition, Education, and Deafness, 146–151.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Linderholm, T., Everson, M., van den Broek, P., Mischinski, M., Crittenden, A., & Samuels, J. (2000). Effects of causal text revisions on more-and less-skilled readers’ comprehension of easy and difficult texts. Cognition and Instruction, 18(4), 525–556. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lombardi, L., & Potter, M. (1992). The regeneration of syntax in short term memory* 1. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(6), 713–733. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Long, M.H., & Ross, S. (1993). Modifications that preserve language and content. Technical report, ERIC.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Louis, A., & Nenkova, A. (2013). What makes writing great? First experiments on article quality prediction in the Science Journalism Domain. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 11, 341–352. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lozanova, S., Stoyanova, I., Leseva, S., Koeva, S., & Savtchev, B. (2013). Text modification for Bulgarian sign language users. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for Target Reader Populations .
Luckner, J.L., & Handley, C.M. (2008). A summary of the reading comprehension research undertaken with students who are deaf or hard of hearing. American Annals of the Deaf, 153(1), 6–36. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mann, W.C., & Thompson, S.A. (1988). Rhetorical structure theory: Towards a functional theory of text organization. Text, 8(3), 243–281. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marschark, M., & Harris, M. (1996). Success and failure in learning to read: The special case of deaf children. Reading comprehension difficulties: Processes and intervention, 279–300.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Marschark, M., & Spencer, P.E. (2010). The Oxford handbook of deaf studies, language, and education, Vol. 21. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mason, J., & Kendall, J. (1979). Facilitating reading comprehension through text structure manipulation. Alberta Journal of Medical Psychology, 241, 68–76.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mason, R.A., & Just, M.A. (2004). How the brain processes causal inferences in text: A theoretical account of generation and integration component processes utilizing both cerebral hemispheres. Psychological Science, 15(1), 1–7. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNamara, D., Kintsch, E., Songer, N., & Kintsch, W. (1996). Are good texts always better? Interactions of text coherence, background knowledge, and levels of understanding in learning from text. Cognition and Instruction, 14(1), 1–43. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miller, G.A., Beckwith, R., Fellbaum, C.D., Gross, D., & Miller, K. (1993). Five papers on wordnet. Technical report. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Miwa, M., Saetre, R., Miyao, Y., & Tsujii, J. (2010). Entity-focused sentence simplification for relation extraction. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics .
Myers, J.L., Shinjo, M., & Duffy, S.A. (1987). Degree of causal relatedness and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(4), 453–465. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Narayan, S., & Gardent, C. (2014). Hybrid simplification using deep semantics and machine translation. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL’14) .
Noordman, L.G.M., & Vonk, W. (1992). Reader’s knowledge and the control of inferences in reading. Language and Cognitive Processes, 71, 373–391. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Brien, S. (2003). Controlling controlled English. An analysis of several controlled language rule sets. Proceedings of EAMT-CLAW , 31, 105–114.
Oh, S.-Y. (2001). Two types of input modification and EFL reading comprehension: Simplification versus elaboration. TESOL Quarterly, 35(1), 69–96. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ong, E., Damay, J., Lojico, G., Lu, K., & Tarantan, D. (2007). Simplifying text in medical literature. Journal of Research in Science Computing and English, 4(1), 37–47.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Papoušek, M., Papoušek, H., & Haekel, M. (1987). Didactic adjustments in fathers’ and mothers’ speech to their 3-month-old infants. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 16(5), 491–516. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Parr, S. (1993). Aphasia and literacy. Ph. D. thesis, University of Central England.
Peng, Y., Tudor, C.O., Torii, M., Wu, C.H., & Vijay-Shanker, K. (2012). iSimp: A sentence simplification system for biomedical text. Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), 2012 IEEE International Conference on .
Petersen, S. (2007). Natural language processing tools for reading level assessment and text simplification for bilingual education. Ph. D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Pitler, E., & Nenkova, A. (2008). Revisiting readability: A unified framework for predicting text quality. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing .
Potter, M., & Lombardi, L. (1990). Regeneration in the short-term recall of sentences* 1. Journal of Memory and Language, 29(6), 633–654. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Power, R. (2012). OWL simplified English: A finite-state language for ontology editing. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Controlled Natural Language .
Quigley, S.P., & Paul, P.V. (1984). Language and deafness. San Diego, California: College-Hill Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Quigley, S.P., Power, D., & Steinkamp, M. (1977). The language structure of deaf children. The Volta Review, 79(2), 73–84.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Quinlan, P. (1992). The Oxford psycholinguistic database. U. K: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ramus, F. (2003). Developmental dyslexia: Specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 13(2), 212–218. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rello, L., Baeza-Yates, R., Dempere, L., & Saggion, H. (2013a). Frequent words improve readability and short words improve understandability for people with dyslexia. Proceedings of INTERACT , Vol. 131.
Rello, L., Bayarri, C., Gòrriz, A., Baeza-Yates, R., Gupta, S., Kanvinde, G., Saggion, H., Bott, S., Carlini, R., & Topac, V. (2013b). DysWebxia 2.0!: More accessible text for people with dyslexia. Proceedings of the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility .
Riezler, S., King, T.H., Crouch, R., & Zaenen, A. (2003). Statistical sentence condensation using ambiguity packing and stochastic disambiguation methods for lexical-functional grammar. Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and the 3rd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (HLT-NAACL’03) .
Robbins, N.L., & Hatcher, C. (1981). The effects of syntax on the reading comprehension of hearing-impaired children. The Volta Review : journal of the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, 831, 105–115.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Robertson, E.K., & Joanisse, M.F. (2010). Spoken sentence comprehension in children with dyslexia and language impairment: The roles of syntax and working memory. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31(1), 141–165. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seretan, V. (2012). Acquisition of syntactic simplification rules for French. LREC .
Shewan, C., & Canter, G. (1971). Effects of vocabulary, syntax and sentence length on auditory comprehension in aphasic patients. Cortex, 71, 209–226. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Siddharthan, A. (2003a). Syntactic simplification and text cohesion. Ph. D. thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
. (2010). Complex lexico-syntactic reformulation of sentences using typed dependency representations. Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference (INLG 2010) .
. (2003b). Preserving discourse structure when simplifying text. Proceedings of the European Natural Language Generation Workshop (ENLG), 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL’03) .
. (2003c). Resolving pronouns robustly: Plumbing the depths of shallowness. Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Treatments of Anaphora, 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL’03) .
. (2006). Syntactic simplification and text cohesion. Research on Language and Computation, 4(1), 77–109. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (2011). Text simplification using typed dependencies: A comparison of the robustness of different generation strategies. Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation .
Siddharthan, A., & Angrosh, M. (2014). Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules. Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL’14) .
Siddharthan, A., & Katsos, N. (2012). Offline sentence processing measures for testing readability with users. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Predicting and Improving Text Readability for target reader populations .
Siddharthan, A., Nenkova, A., & McKeown, K. (2011). Information status distinctions and referring expressions: An empirical study of references to people in news summaries. Computational Linguistics, 37(4), 811–842. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Smith, C., & Jönsson, A. (2011). Automatic summarization as means of simplifying texts, an evaluation for swedish. Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa-2010) , Riga, Latvia.
Smith, D.A., & Eisner, J. (2006). Quasi-synchronous grammars: Alignment by soft projection of syntactic dependencies. Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation .
Specia, L. (2010). Translating from complex to simplified sentences. Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language .
Specia, L., Jauhar, S.K., & Mihalcea, R. (2012). Semeval-2012 task 1: English lexical simplification. Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics-Volume 1: Proceedings of the main conference and the shared task, and Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation .
Srinivas, B. (1997). Complexity of lexical descriptions and its relevance to partial parsing. Ph. D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Sripada, S., Reiter, E., & Davy, I. (2003). SumTime-Mousam: Configurable marine weather forecast generator. Expert Update, 6(3), 4–10.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Taylor, W.L. (1953). “Cloze procedure”: A new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly, 301(Fall), 415–433. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tweissi, A.I. (1998). The effects of the amount and type of simplification on foreign language reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11(2), 191–204.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vanderwende, L., Suzuki, H., Brockett, C., & Nenkova, A. (2007). Beyond SumBasic: Task-focused summarization with sentence simplification and lexical expansion. Information Processing & Management, 43(6), 1606–1618. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vellutino, F.R., Fletcher, J.M., Snowling, M.J., & Scanlon, D.M. (2004). Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 2–40. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vogel, S.A. (1974). Syntactic abilities in normal and dyslexic children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7(2), 103–109. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Walker, A., Siddharthan, A., & Starkey, A. (2011). Investigation into human preference between common and unambiguous lexical substitutions. Proceedings of the 13th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation .
Wasow, T. (1997). Remarks on grammatical weight. Language Variation and Change, 9(1), 81–105. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Watanabe, W.M., Junior, A.C., Uzêda, V.R., Fortes, R. P. d. M, Pardo, T.A.S., & Aluísio, S.M. (2009). Facilita: Reading assistance for low-literacy readers. Proceedings of the 27th ACM international conference on Design of communication .
Williams, S., Reiter, E., & Osman, L. (2003). Experiments with discourse-level choices and readability. Proceedings of the European Natural Language Generation Workshop (ENLG), 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL’03) .
Wojcik, R., & Hoard, J. (1996). Controlled languages in industry. In Ronald Cole (Ed.), Survey of the state of the art in Human Language Technology (pp. 274–276). [URL].
Wojcik, R., Hoard, J., & Holzhauser, K. (1990). The boeing simplified English checker. Proceedings of the International Conference in Human Machine Interaction and Artificial Intelligence in Aeronautics and Space .
Woodsend, K., & Lapata, M. (2011). Learning to simplify sentences with quasi-synchronous grammar and integer programming. Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing .
Wubben, S., vanden Bosch, A., & Krahmer, E. (2012). Sentence simplification by monolingual machine translation. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Long Papers-Volume 1 .
Yamada, K., & Knight, K. (2001). A syntax-based statistical translation model. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics .
Yano, Y., Long, M.H., & Ross, S. (1994). The effects of simplified and elaborated texts on foreign language reading comprehension. Language Learning, 44(2), 189–219. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yatskar, M., Pang, B., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Lee, L. (2010). For the sake of simplicity: Unsupervised extraction of lexical simplifications from Wikipedia. Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics .
Zeng-Treitler, Q., Goryachev, S., Kim, H., Keselman, A., & Rosendale, D. (2007). Making texts in electronic health records comprehensible to consumers: A prototype translator. Proceedings of AMIA Annual Symposium , Vol. 20071.
Zeng-Treitler, Q., Goryachev, S., Tse, T., Keselman, A., & Boxwala, A. (2008). Estimating consumer familiarity with health terminology: A context-based approach. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 15(3), 349–356. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhu, Z., Bernhard, D., & Gurevych, I. (2010). A monolingual tree-based translation model for sentence simplification. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics .
Cited by (97)

Cited by 97 other publications

Heuer, Hendrik, Sven Goller & Daniel Buschek
2026. Writing support tools for making text understandable: a socio-technical perspective on stakeholder-centered writing. i-com DOI logo
Rafiee, Marzieh, Abbas Razzaq Hameed Al-Thabhawee, Mary Imran Mahdi Mahdi, Salam Hasan Makki Mutleb Al-Asadi & Salman Abbasian-Naghneh
2026. Exploring the application of artificial intelligence in English literary criticism: a Delphi and AHP-based thematic analysis. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities DOI logo
Zhang, Zhenzhen
2026. An Ideational Analysis of Different Versions of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. In Explorations in Systemic Functional Linguistics [The M.A.K. Halliday Library Functional Linguistics Series, ], ► pp. 325 ff. DOI logo
Chuquizuta Silvera, Lidia Mercedes
2025. La représentation de la simplification linguistique dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères : étude de cas des enseignants des centres de langues universitaires en Finlande. Moderna Språk 119:3 ► pp. 78 ff. DOI logo
Das, Soma, Dipan Basak & Abir Bhattacharjee
2025. 2025 8th International Conference on Electronics, Materials Engineering & Nano-Technology (IEMENTech), ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Elek-BenMoshe, Frida & Sheizaf Rafaeli
2025. Readability of online government information about welfare rights and benefits: the Israeli case. Universal Access in the Information Society 24:2 ► pp. 1659 ff. DOI logo
Hasebe, Yoichiro & Jae-Ho Lee
2025. Divergent strategies in text simplification: A comparative analysis of AI and human approaches in language processing. Intercultural Pragmatics 22:2 ► pp. 203 ff. DOI logo
Jhajj, Gaganpreet & Fuhua Lin
2025. 2025 IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC), ► pp. 275 ff. DOI logo
Litvishko, Olga Mikhailovna & Tatyana Aleksandrovna Shiryaeva
2025. Simplification as a trend in English-language legal discourse: a theoretical review of foreign research. Philology. Theory & Practice 18:12 ► pp. 5401 ff. DOI logo
Pan, Wenjing, Xia Li, Xiaoyin Chen & Rui Xu
2025. Textual form features for text readability assessment. Natural Language Processing 31:3 ► pp. 800 ff. DOI logo
Peach, Harry, Nicolay Rusnachenko, Mayank Baraskar & Huizhi Liang
2025. Using Sentence Embedding Techniques for Enhancing Terms-of-Service Text Summarization. In Bio-Inspired Computing [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1230], ► pp. 55 ff. DOI logo
Pérez-Rojas, Nelson, Saul Calderon-Ramirez, Martín Solís, Mario Alberto Romero-Sandoval, Monica Arias-Monge & Horacio Saggion
2025. A Novel Spanish Dataset for Financial Education Text Simplification Targeting Visually Impaired Individuals. IEEE Access 13 ► pp. 87472 ff. DOI logo
Reis, Marizelia Alves dos, David Nadler Prata , Daniela Mascarenhas de Queiroz Trevisan & Diego de Castro Rodrigues
2025. Textual Simplification with Artificial Intelligence for Students with Reading Difficulties: A Systematic Review. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 19:10 ► pp. e013612 ff. DOI logo
Rodrigues, José Frederico, Henrique Lopes Cardoso & Carla Teixeira Lopes
2025. Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025, ► pp. 1273 ff. DOI logo
Smirnova, Anastasia, Kyu beom Chun, Wil Louis Rothman & Siyona Sarma
2025. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Souza, Vitor Amadeu
2025. Proceedings of the 31st Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web (WebMedia 2025), ► pp. 526 ff. DOI logo
Tsourakis, Nikos
2025. Towards Robust Synthetic Data Generation for Simplification of Text in French. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 7:3 ► pp. 68 ff. DOI logo
Vendeville, Benjamin, Liana Ermakova & Pierre De Loor
2025. Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, ► pp. 3723 ff. DOI logo
Verma, Deepika, Daison Darlan & Rammohan Mallipeddi
2025. 2025 16th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), ► pp. 213 ff. DOI logo
Voshaar, Johannes, Janik Ole Wecks, Benedikt J. Plate & Jochen Zimmermann
2025. Tackling Professorial Expert Bias: The Role of ChatGPT in Simplifying Financial Accounting Exam Texts. Issues in Accounting Education 40:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Śleszyńska, Monika
2025. Language Simplification in Scientific Writing. In Integrating Plain English into Writing Activities in the PhD Language Programme [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 59 ff. DOI logo
Alonzo, Oliver, Sooyeon Lee, Akhter Al Amin, Mounica Maddela, Wei Xu & Matt Huenerfauth
2024. The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Canut, Emmanuelle, Julia Fuchs, Juliette Delahaie, Magali Husianycia & Olivier Torres
2024. ‘Easy Language’ for migrants in France. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 175:2 ► pp. 221 ff. DOI logo
Correia, Cláudia, Vanessa Veis Ribeiro, Priscila Oliveira Costa Silva & Mara Behlau
2024. Adaptação transcultural do Instrumento de Rastreio para a Disfonia (IRD-Br) para o Português Europeu (PE). CoDAS 36:2 DOI logo
Correia, Cláudia, Vanessa Veis Ribeiro, Priscila Oliveira Costa Silva & Mara Behlau
2024. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Dysphonia Screening Tool (DST-Br) for European Portuguese (EP). CoDAS 36:2 DOI logo
Jiang, Xiaotong, Peiwen You, Chen Chen, Zhongqing Wang & Guodong Zhou
2024. Exploring Scope Detection for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 32 ► pp. 83 ff. DOI logo
Li Gang, 李纲, 刘科 Liu Ke, 马洪超 Ma Hongchao, 张良 Zhang Liang & 元佳林 Yuan Jialin
2024.  基于多层级最小外包矩形规则建筑物轮廓线提取. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 61:8 ► pp. 0837013 ff. DOI logo
McTeague, Chris & Anna Chatzimichali
2024. An approach for enhancing and measuring information comprehensibility for engineering designers: applied to patent documents. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 38 DOI logo
Wu, Guande, Jing Qian, Sonia Castelo Quispe, Shaoyu Chen, João Rulff & Claudio Silva
2024. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems , ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Wu, Yonghui
2024. Large Language Model and Text Generation. In Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine [Cognitive Informatics in Biomedicine and Healthcare, ], ► pp. 265 ff. DOI logo
Zaman, Farooq, Faisal Kamiran, Matthew Shardlow, Saeed-Ul Hassan, Asim Karim & Naif Radi Aljohani
2024. SATS: simplification aware text summarization of scientific documents. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 7 DOI logo
Dmitrieva, Anna
2023. The role of language technology in accessible communication research. In Emerging Fields in Easy Language and Accessible Communication Research [Easy – Plain – Accessible, 14], ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Gill, Jaskaran, Madhu Chetty, Suryani Lim & Jennifer Hallinan
2023. Knowledge-Based Intelligent Text Simplification for Biological Relation Extraction. Informatics 10:4 ► pp. 89 ff. DOI logo
Heuer, Hendrik & Elena Leah Glassman
2023. Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Heuer, Hendrik & Elena Leah Glassman
2023. Mensch und Computer 2023, ► pp. 250 ff. DOI logo
Sridhar, Advaith, Roshni Poddar, Mohit Jain & Pratyush Kumar
2023. Challenges Faced by the Employed Indian DHH Community. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2023 [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 14142], ► pp. 201 ff. DOI logo
Wu, Guande, Jing Qian, Sonia Castelo, Shaoyu Chen, Joao Rulff & Claudio Silva
2023. 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), ► pp. 585 ff. DOI logo
Al-Thanyyan, Suha S. & Aqil M. Azmi
2022. Automated Text Simplification. ACM Computing Surveys 54:2 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Alonzo, Oliver, Lisa Elliot, Becca Dingman, Sooyeon Lee, Akhter Al Amin & Matt Huenerfauth
2022. Reading-Assistance Tools Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Computing Professionals in the U.S.: Their Reading Experiences, Interests and Perceptions of Social Accessibility. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing 15:2 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Alonzo, Oliver, Jessica Trussell, Matthew Watkins, Sooyeon Lee & Matt Huenerfauth
2022. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Buzaid, Faisal, Fawzi Albalooshi & Wael Elmedany
2022. 2022 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT), ► pp. 285 ff. DOI logo
Cherukuri, Himaja, Alessio Ferrari & Paola Spoletini
2022. Towards Explainable Formal Methods: From LTL to Natural Language with Neural Machine Translation. In Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13216], ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
Dolan, Robert P. & Kim Ducharme
2022. Adaptivity in the Wild: Individualizing Reading Supports in Open Learning Scenarios. In Innovations in Learning and Technology for the Workplace and Higher Education [Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 349], ► pp. 352 ff. DOI logo
Ilgen, Bahar & Chris Biemann
2022. Proceedings of the 2022 6th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval, ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Javourey-Drevet, Ludivine, Stéphane Dufau, Thomas François, Núria Gala, Jacques Ginestié & Johannes C. Ziegler
2022. Simplification of literary and scientific texts to improve reading fluency and comprehension in beginning readers of French. Applied Psycholinguistics 43:2 ► pp. 485 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Jun, Zhengxiong Li, Yuanyu Fang & Luxuan Zhuang
2022. 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Educational Technology (ICET), ► pp. 208 ff. DOI logo
Romero, Mario, Saul Calderon-Ramirez, Martin Solis, Nelson Perez-Rojas, Mario Chacon-Rivas & Horacio Saggion
2022. 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on BioInspired Processing (BIP), ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Rossetti, Alessandra & Luuk Van Waes
2022. Accessible Communication of Corporate Social Responsibility: Development and Preliminary Evaluation of an Online Module. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly 85:1 ► pp. 52 ff. DOI logo
Shardlow, Matthew, Sam Sellar & David Rousell
2022. Collaborative augmentation and simplification of text (CoAST): pedagogical applications of natural language processing in digital learning environments. Learning Environments Research 25:2 ► pp. 399 ff. DOI logo
Sukiman, Safura Adeela & Nor Azura Husin
2022. 2022 IEEE 12th Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), ► pp. 128 ff. DOI logo
Uziel-Karl, Sigal
2022. Editorial: Simple and Simplified Languages. Frontiers in Communication 7 DOI logo
Vecchiato, Sara
2022. Clear, easy, plain, and simple as keywords for text simplification. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 5 DOI logo
Meghdad Zahedi & Batoul Sabzalipour
2022. The Impact of Lexical and Syntactic Simplification of Materials on Listening Comprehension of Intermediate EFL Learners. International Journal of Research in English Education 7:1 ► pp. 37 ff. DOI logo
Alonzo, Oliver, Jessica Trussell, Becca Dingman & Matt Huenerfauth
2021. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Bernabé, Rocío & Piero Cavallo
2021. Easy-to-Understand Access Services: Easy Subtitles. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Media, Learning and Assistive Environments [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12769], ► pp. 241 ff. DOI logo
Dmitrieva, Anna & Jörg Tiedemann
2021. A Multi-task Learning Approach to Text Simplification. In Recent Trends in Analysis of Images, Social Networks and Texts [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1357], ► pp. 78 ff. DOI logo
Dziubaniuk, Olga, Wilhelm Barner-Rasmussen, Nikolina Koporcic, Maria Ivanova-Gongne, Tibor Mandják & Stefan Markovic
2021. Business-to-business marketing research: Assessing readability and discussing relevance to practitioners. Industrial Marketing Management 92 ► pp. 217 ff. DOI logo
Gove, Robert
2021. 2021 IEEE Symposium on Visualization for Cyber Security (VizSec), ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Gove, Robert
2022. Automatic Narrative Summarization for Visualizing Cyber Security Logs and Incident Reports. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 28:1 ► pp. 1182 ff. DOI logo
Omar, Salehah, Juhaida Abu Bakar, Maslinda Mohd Nadzir, Nor Hazlyna Harun & Nooraini Yusoff
2021. 2021 International Conference on Computer & Information Sciences (ICCOINS), ► pp. 345 ff. DOI logo
Sarkar, Sandip, Dipankar Das, Partha Pakray & David Pinto
2021. A Hybrid Sequential Model for Text Simplification. In Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management [Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 690], ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
Williams, Spencer & Gary Hsieh
2021. The Effects of User Comments on Science News Engagement. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5:CSCW1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Xie, Wenxiu, Christine Ji, Tianyong Hao & Chi-Yin Chow
2021. Predicting the Easiness and Complexity of English Health Materials for International Tertiary Students With Linguistically Enhanced Machine Learning Algorithms: Development and Validation Study. JMIR Medical Informatics 9:10 ► pp. e25110 ff. DOI logo
Alva-Manchego, Fernando, Carolina Scarton & Lucia Specia
2020. Data-Driven Sentence Simplification: Survey and Benchmark. Computational Linguistics 46:1 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Canut, Emmanuelle, Juliette Delahaie & Magali Husianycia
2020. Vous avez dit FALC ? Pour une adaptation linguistique des textes destinés aux migrants nouvellement arrivés. Langage et société N° 171:3 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Dhar, Aryan & Ambuja Salgaonkar
2020. Rule-Based Approach to Sentence Simplification of Factual Articles. In ICT Systems and Sustainability [Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1077], ► pp. 197 ff. DOI logo
Gala, Núria & Ludivine Javourey-Drevet
2020. Mots « faciles » et mots « difficiles » dans ReSyf : un outil pour la didactique du lexique mobilisant polysémie, synonymie et complexité. Lidil 62 DOI logo
Janfada, Behrooz & Behrouz Minaei-Bidgoli
2020. 2020 6th International Conference on Web Research (ICWR), ► pp. 271 ff. DOI logo
Kumar, Ashutosh, Kabir Ahuja, Raghuram Vadapalli & Partha Talukdar
2020. Syntax-Guided Controlled Generation of Paraphrases. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 ► pp. 330 ff. DOI logo
Pecout, Anaïs, Thi Mai Tran & Natalia Grabar
2020. Améliorer la diffusion de l’information sur la maladie d’Alzheimer : étude pilote sur la simplification de textes médicaux. Éla. Études de linguistique appliquée N° 195:3 ► pp. 325 ff. DOI logo
Sauvan, Lauren, Natacha Stolowy, Carlos Aguilar, Thomas François, Núria Gala, Frédéric Matonti, Eric Castet & Aurélie Calabrèse
2020. The inhibitory effect of word neighborhood size when reading with central field loss is modulated by word predictability and reading proficiency. Scientific Reports 10:1 DOI logo
Schicchi, Daniele, Giovanni Pilato & Giosue Lo Bosco
2020. 2020 IEEE 20th Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference ( MELECON), ► pp. 221 ff. DOI logo
Schicchi, Daniele, Giovanni Pilato & Giosue Lo Bosco
2020. 2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), ► pp. 253 ff. DOI logo
Vale, Rafaella, Rafael Dueire Lins & Rafael Ferreira
2020. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Document Engineering 2020, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Zaman, Farooq, Matthew Shardlow, Saeed-Ul Hassan, Naif Radi Aljohani & Raheel Nawaz
2020. HTSS: A novel hybrid text summarisation and simplification architecture. Information Processing & Management 57:6 ► pp. 102351 ff. DOI logo
Cuzzocrea, Alfredo, Giosué Lo Bosco, Giovanni Pilato & Daniele Schicchi
2019. Multi-class Text Complexity Evaluation via Deep Neural Networks. In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2019 [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11872], ► pp. 313 ff. DOI logo
Di Caro, Luigi & Alice Ruggeri
2019. Proceedings of the 34th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, ► pp. 1035 ff. DOI logo
Rebello, Beatriz Meira, Giovanna Lima dos Santos, Clara Regina Brandão de Ávila & Adriana de Souza Batista Kida
2019. Efeito da simplificação sintática sobre a compreensão de leitura de crianças do ensino fundamental. Audiology - Communication Research 24 DOI logo
Stolowy, Natacha, Aurélie Calabrèse, Lauren Sauvan, Carlos Aguilar, Thomas François, Núria Gala, Frédéric Matonti & Eric Castet
2019. The influence of word frequency on word reading speed when individuals with macular diseases read text. Vision Research 155 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Sun, Kun & Wenxin Xiong
2019. A computational model for measuring discourse complexity. Discourse Studies 21:6 ► pp. 690 ff. DOI logo
Bosco, Giosué Lo, Giovanni Pilato & Daniele Schicchi
2018. A Neural Network model for the Evaluation of Text Complexity in Italian Language: a Representation Point of View. Procedia Computer Science 145 ► pp. 464 ff. DOI logo
Gala, Nuria, Thomas François, Ludivine Javourey-Drevet & Johannes Christoph Ziegler
2018. La simplification de textes, une aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture. Langue française N° 199:3 ► pp. 123 ff. DOI logo
Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar, María Jesús Aranzabe & Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza
2018. The corpus of Basque simplified texts (CBST). Language Resources and Evaluation 52:1 ► pp. 217 ff. DOI logo
Kang, Jeongwoo, Achille Souili & Denis Cavallucci
2018. Text Simplification of Patent Documents. In Automated Invention for Smart Industries [IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 541], ► pp. 225 ff. DOI logo
Kushalnagar, Poorna, Scott Smith, Melinda Hopper, Claire Ryan, Micah Rinkevich & Raja Kushalnagar
2018. Making Cancer Health Text on the Internet Easier to Read for Deaf People Who Use American Sign Language. Journal of Cancer Education 33:1 ► pp. 134 ff. DOI logo
Tanaka, Hideki, Tadashi Kumano, Isao Goto & Hideya Mino
2018. Rewrite Support System for Simplifying Japanese News Scripts. Journal of Natural Language Processing 25:1 ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Vale, Rafaella, Rafael Lins & Rafael Ferreira
2018. 2018 7th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
Aguilar, Carlos, Eric Castet & José M. González-Méijome
2017. Evaluation of a gaze-controlled vision enhancement system for reading in visually impaired people. PLOS ONE 12:4 ► pp. e0174910 ff. DOI logo
Pires, Carla, Afonso Cavaco & Marina Vigário
2017. Towards the Definition of Linguistic Metrics for Evaluating Text Readability. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Segura-Bedmar, Isabel & Paloma Martínez
2017. Simplifying drug package leaflets written in Spanish by using word embedding. Journal of Biomedical Semantics 8:1 DOI logo
Sevens, Leen, Vincent Vandeghinste, Ineke Schuurman & Frank Van Eynde
2017. Simplified Text-to-Pictograph Translation for People with Intellectual Disabilities. In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10260], ► pp. 185 ff. DOI logo
Bokharaeian, Behrouz, Alberto Diaz, Hamidreza Chitsaz & Francisco M Couto
2016. Enhancing Extraction of Drug-Drug Interaction from Literature Using Neutral Candidates, Negation, and Clause Dependency. PLOS ONE 11:10 ► pp. e0163480 ff. DOI logo
Moritz, Maria, Barbara Pavlek, Greta Franzini & Gregory Crane
2016. Sentence Shortening via Morpho-Syntactic Annotated Data in Historical Language Learning. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 9:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Barbu, Eduard, M. Teresa Martín-Valdivia, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara & L. Alfonso Ureña-López
2015. Language technologies applied to document simplification for helping autistic people. Expert Systems with Applications 42:12 ► pp. 5076 ff. DOI logo
Bokharaeian, Behrouz & Alberto Diaz
2015. 2015 Signal Processing and Intelligent Systems Conference (SPIS), ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Romadhony, Ade, Dwi H. Widyantoro & Ayu Purwarianti
2015. 2015 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems (ICACSIS), ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2020. Deep Learning Approaches to Text Production [Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, ], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue