Cover not available

Article published In: Approaches to learning, testing, and researching L2 vocabulary
Edited by Stuart Webb
[ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 169:1] 2018
► pp. 142–168

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

The effect of out-of-class exposure to English language media on learners’ vocabulary knowledge

 | KU Leuven
Published online: 16 April 2018
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.00010.pet
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate (1) how often Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are exposed to English language media outside of the classroom, (2) whether current out-of-class exposure to English language media is related to learners’ vocabulary knowledge, and (3) whether length of instruction (three or six years), gender, and out-of-class exposure to English language media affect Flemish learners’ vocabulary. Data were collected with 79 English-as-a-foreign language learners. They were administered a frequency-based vocabulary test and a questionnaire. The findings of this study show that Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are frequently exposed to English language media. The results also indicate a positive relationship between learners’ vocabulary knowledge and exposure to non-subtitled TV programs and movies, the Internet, and written print (books, magazines). Finally, both length of instruction and current out-of-class exposure to English language media had an effect on learners’ vocabulary knowledge, but out-of-class exposure had a larger effect than length of instruction.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Reading
    • 2.2TV viewing
    • 2.3Playing computer games, the Internet, and social media
  • 3.Aim
  • 4.Method
    • 4.1Participants
    • 4.2Test instruments
      • 4.2.1Vocabulary test
      • 4.2.2Questionnaire
    • 4.3Data analysis
  • 5.Results
    • 5.1Vocabulary test
    • 5.2Research question 1
    • 5.3Research question 2
    • 5.4Research question 3
  • 6.Discussion
    • 6.1Learners’ exposure to English language input outside of the classroom
    • 6.2The relationship between out-of-class exposure and learners’ vocabulary knowledge
    • 6.3Factors affecting learners’ vocabulary knowledge
    • 6.4Limitations and suggestions for future research
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
References (45)
References
Briggs, J. G. (2015). Out-of-class language contact and vocabulary gain in a study abroad context. System, 531, 129–140. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brown, R., Waring, R., & Donkaewbua, S. (2008). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from reading, reading-while-listening, and listening to stories. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(2), 136–163.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cobb, T. (2000). One size fits all? Francophone learners and English vocabulary tests. The Canadian Modern Language Review / La Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes, 57(2), 295–324. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Coxhead, A., & Bytheway, J. (2015). Learning vocabulary using two massive online resources: You will not blink. In D. Nunan & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Language learning beyond the classroom (pp. 65–74). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davies, M. (2008). Corpus of Contemporary American English. Retrieved from <[URL]>
European Commission (2012). First European Survey on Language Competences.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
González Fernández, B., & Schmitt, N. (2015). How much collocation knowledge do L2 learners have? The effects of frequency and amount of exposure. ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 166(1), 94–126. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Horst, M. (2005). Learning L2 vocabulary through extensive reading: A measurement study. The Canadian Modern Language Review / La Revue Canadienne Des Langues Vivantes, 61(3), 355–382. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Housen, A. Janssens, & Pierrard, M. (2001). Frans en Engels als vreemde talen in Vlaamse scholen. Brussel: VUB Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kuppens, A. H. (2010). Incidental foreign language acquisition from media exposure. Learning, Media and Technology, 35(1), 65–85. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larson-Hall, J. (2010). A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laufer, B., & Levitzky-Aviad, T. (2018). Loanword proportion in vocabulary size tests: Does it make a difference? ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 168(2): 94–113.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laufer, B., & McLean, S. (2016). Loanwords and vocabulary size test scores: A case of different estimates for different L1 learners. Language Assessment Quarterly, 13(3), 202–217. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Laufer, B., & Ravenhorst-Kalovski, G. (2010). Lexical threshold revisited: Lexical text coverage, learners’ vocabulary size and reading comprehension. Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 15–30.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lin, P. M. S. & Siyanova-Chanturia, A. (2015). Internet television for L2 vocabulary learning. In D. Nunan & J. C. Richards (Eds.), Language learning beyond the classroom (pp.149–158). London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lindgren, E., & Muñoz, C. (2013). The influence of exposure, parents, and linguistic distance on young European learners’ foreign language comprehension. International Journal of Multilingualism, 10(1), 105–129. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McNamara, T., & Roever, C. (2006). Psychometric approaches to fairness: Bias and DIF. Language Learning, 56(S2), 81–128. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Muñoz, C. (2008). Symmetries and asymmetries of age effects in naturalistic and instructed L2 learning. Applied Linguistics, 29(4), 578–596. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2011). Input and long-term effects of starting age in foreign language learning. IRAL – International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 49(2), 113–133. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nation, P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? The Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59–82. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2015). Principles guiding vocabulary learning through extensive reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 27(1), 136–145.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Noreillie, A. -S., Kestemont, B., Heylen, K., Desmet, P., & Peters, E. (2018). Vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension at an intermediate level in English and French as foreign languages: an approximate replication study of Stæhr (2009). ITL International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 168(2): 213–232.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pellicer-Sánchez, A., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from an authentic novel: Do Things Fall Apart? Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(1), 31–55.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Peters, E. & Webb, S. (2018). Incidental vocabulary acquisition through viewing L2 television and factors that affect learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Advance online publication. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Peters, E., Velghe, T., Van Rompaey, T. (2015, May). A post-entry English and French vocabulary size for Flemish learners. Paper presented at EALTA. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Pigada, M., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Vocabulary acquisition from extensive reading: A case study. Reading in a Foreign Language, 18(1), 1–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Plonsky, L. (2015). Statistical power, p values, descriptive statistics, and effect sizes. A “back-to-basics” approach to advancing quantitative methods in L2 research. In L. Plonsky (Ed.), Advancing quantitative methods in second language research (pp. 23–45). London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Plonsky, L., & Oswald, F. L. (2017). Multiple regression as a flexible alternative to anova in L2 research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodgers, M. P. H. (2013). English language learning through viewing television: An investigation of comprehension, incidental vocabulary acquisition, lexical coverage, attitudes, and captions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodgers, M. P. H., & Webb, S. (2011). Narrow viewing: The vocabulary in related television programs. TESOL Quarterly, 45(4), 689–717. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schmitt, N. & Redwood, S. (2011). Learner knowledge of phrasal verbs. A corpus-informed study. In F. Meunier, S. De Cock, G. Gilquin, & M. Paquot (Eds.), A taste for corpora: In honour of Sylviane Granger (pp. 173–209). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sockett, G. & Kusyk, M. (2015). Online informal learning of English: Frequency effects in the uptake of chunks of language from participation in web-based activities. In T. Cadierno & S. W. Eskildsen (Eds.), Usage-based perspectives on second language learning (pp. 153–177). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stæhr, L. S. (2009). Vocabulary knowledge and advanced listening comprehension in English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31(4), 577–607. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sundqvist, P., & Sylvén, L. K. (2014). Language-related computer use: Focus on young L2 English learners in Sweden. ReCALL, 26(1), 3–20. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sundqvist, P., & Wikström, P. (2015). Out-of-school digital gameplay and in-school L2 English vocabulary outcomes. System, 511, 65–76. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sylvén, L. K., & Sundqvist, P. (2012). Gaming as extramural English L2 learning and L2 proficiency among young learners. ReCALL, 24(3), 302–321. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
van Zeeland, H., & Schmitt, N. (2013). Lexical coverage in L1 and L2 listening comprehension: The same or different from reading comprehension? Applied Linguistics, 34(4), 457–479. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Verspoor, M. H., de Bot, K., & van Rein, E. (2011). English as a foreign language. The role of out-of-school language input. In A. De Houwer & A. Wilton (Eds.), English in Europe today. Sociocultural and educational perspectives (pp. 147–166). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Webb, S. (2015). Extensive viewing: language learning through watching television. In D. Nunan & J. C. Richards (Eds.) Language learning beyond the classroom (pp. 159–168). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Webb, S., & Chang, A. C. -S. (2015a). Second language vocabulary learning through extensive reading with audio support: How do frequency and distribution of occurrence affect learning? Language Teaching Research, 19(6), 667–686. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Webb, S., & Chang, A. C. S. (2015b). How does prior word knowledge affect vocabulary learning progress in an extensive reading program? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37(4), 651–675. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Webb, S., & Rodgers, M. P. H. (2009a). Vocabulary demands of television programs. Language Learning, 59(2), 335–366. [URL]
(2009b). The lexical coverage of movies. Applied Linguistics, 30(3), 407–427. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhang, X. (2013). The “I don’t Know” option in the Vocabulary Size Test. TESOL Quarterly, 47(4), 790–811. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (142)

Cited by 142 other publications

Arias‐Hermoso, Roberto, Ainara Imaz Agirre & Eneritz Garro Larrañaga
2026. Revisiting Age Effects and Extramural Exposure in EFL Writing. International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Fernández-Dobao, Ana & Rosa Alonso Alonso
2026. Assessing the relationship between extramural English and L2 writing. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Ilustrisimo, Francisco
2026. Learning English Language: Voices from the Learners. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 52:8 ► pp. 907 ff. DOI logo
Kaderoğlu, Kadir
2026. Aligning input and assessment: Pictorial measures in audiovisual vocabulary research. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 5:1 ► pp. 100288 ff. DOI logo
Khabbazbashi, Nahal, Parvaneh Tavakoli, Edgar Emmanuell García-Ponce & Gareth McCray
2026. Unequal trajectories? An examination of L2 development in a higher education context in Mexico. Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Kim, Taehyeong, Tove Larsson, Henrik Kaatari, Ying Wang & Pia Sundqvist
2026. The effects of extramural English reading on phraseology in L2 writing: A key phrase frames approach. System 136 ► pp. 103880 ff. DOI logo
Lu, Cailing & Thi Ngoc Yen Dang
2026. Effect of L2 exposure, length of study, and L2 proficiency on EFL learners’ receptive knowledge of form–meaning connection and collocations of high-frequency words. Language Teaching Research 30:3 ► pp. 1030 ff. DOI logo
Sinyashina, Ekaterina
2026. “That was a berry funny yolk”. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Sulis, Giulia & Sarah Mercer
2026. Engagement with English beyond the classroom: A qualitative study with middle school Austrian students. System 139 ► pp. 104034 ff. DOI logo
Suprapas, Iwarin & Beatriz González-Fernández
2026. Incidental vocabulary learning through gaming. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Sutton, Dru & Stuart Webb
2026. The effects of audiovisual input on second language learning: A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ulfat, Nasrin
2026. Vocabulary knowledge and reading proficiency in extramural L2 English among ESCAPERS in Norway and Flanders. Applied Linguistics DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van, Ann-Sophie Noreillie & Elke Peters
2026. Incidental collocation learning from reading-while-listening and captioned TV viewing and predictors of learning gains. Language Teaching Research 30:3 ► pp. 983 ff. DOI logo
Alonso, Rosa Alonso & Ana Fernández-Dobao
2025. Adolescents’ informal exposure to English as a second language in the context of Galicia. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 176:1 ► pp. 76 ff. DOI logo
Amano, Tatsuya, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, Violeta Berdejo-Espinola, Israel Borokini, Shawan Chowdhury, Marina Golivets, Juan David González-Trujillo, Flavia Montaño-Centellas, Kumar Paudel, Rachel L. White, Diogo Veríssimo & Ulrich Dirnagl
2025. Language, economic and gender disparities widen the scientific productivity gap. PLOS Biology 23:9 ► pp. e3003372 ff. DOI logo
Amrate, Moustafa
2025. Exposure to Target Language Media among Algerian Learners of English: Preferences and Gender Dynamics. Research on Education and Media 17:1 ► pp. 17 ff. DOI logo
Arvidsson, Klara, Fanny Forsberg Lundell, Marta Zakrzewska & Andreas Jemstedt
2025. What target language use characterizes high-performing L2 learners in a migration context?. International Journal of Bilingualism 29:6 ► pp. 1603 ff. DOI logo
Baranowska, Karolina
2025. What watching subtitled movies does to the learner: the impact of subtitles and modality on cognitive load and vocabulary learning. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching DOI logo
Bianchi, Francesca
2025. Learning English From Videogame Characters. In Exploration of the Intersection of Corpus Linguistics and Language Science, ► pp. 157 ff. DOI logo
Bobkina, Jelena, Svetlana Baluyan & Elena Dominguez Romero
2025. Tech-Enhanced Vocabulary Acquisition: Exploring the Use of Student-Created Video Learning Materials in the Tertiary-Level EFL (English as a Foreign Language) Flipped Classroom. Education Sciences 15:4 ► pp. 450 ff. DOI logo
Bogunović, Irena, Bojana Ćoso & Dražen Domijan
2025. Lexical access to unadapted English loanwords in Croatian: Evidence from Croatian speakers with different levels of proficiency in English. International Journal of Bilingualism 29:6 ► pp. 1819 ff. DOI logo
Bogunović, Irena, Bojana Ćoso, Marc Guasch, Eva Pavlinušić Vilus, Pilar Ferré & José Antonio Hinojosa
2025. How do we feel about borrowed words? Affective and lexico-semantic norms for most frequent unadapted English loanwords in Croatian (ENGRI CROWD). International Journal of Bilingualism 29:5 ► pp. 1309 ff. DOI logo
Davydova, Julia
2025. EFL Adolescents' Use of English in the Era of New Digital Media: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 35:2 ► pp. 617 ff. DOI logo
Guo, Jiaqi Feng & Pascual Pérez-Paredes
2025. The role of statistical learning in the L2 acquisition and use of nonadjacent predicate-argument constructions. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:5 ► pp. 1277 ff. DOI logo
Housen, Alex & Laurence Mettewie
2025. Belgium, English in. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of World Englishes, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Kusyk, Meryl, Henriette L. Arndt, Marlene Schwarz, Kossi Seto Yibokou, Mark Dressman, Geoffrey Sockett & Denyze Toffoli
2025. A scoping review of studies in informal second language learning: Trends in research published between 2000 and 2020. System 130 ► pp. 103541 ff. DOI logo
Kök, Muhammed
2025. An Investigation of Research Culture on Extramural English in ELT: Implications and Future Directions. Erzurum Teknik Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi :23 ► pp. 111 ff. DOI logo
Lai, Chun
2025. Learner Training. In The Cambridge Handbook of Technology in Language Teaching and Learning, ► pp. 299 ff. DOI logo
Lai, Chun, Yang Liu & Yun Lin
2025. Purpose and Strategic Engagement in Informal English Digital Activities and Aspects of Vocabulary Knowledge. Applied Linguistics 46:1 ► pp. 128 ff. DOI logo
Lázaro-Ibarrola, Amparo, María Luquin & Hanne Roothooft
2025. The reading rainbow of young multilingual learners: Reading comprehension in the majority (Spanish), regional (Basque) and foreign (English) language. System 131 ► pp. 103665 ff. DOI logo
Rusk, Brian V. & Johanne Paradis
2025. The impact of out-of-school L2 input and interaction on adolescent classroom immersion and community-L2 learners’ L2 vocabulary: opportunities for interaction are key. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 63:4 ► pp. 2513 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana, Marta Segura, Helena Roquet, Noelia Navarro & Yağmur Elif Met
2025. Third language English performance at the onset of schooling: effects of bilingualism and exposure in Catalan-Spanish bilingual children. International Journal of Multilingualism 22:1 ► pp. 98 ff. DOI logo
Tribushinina, Elena & Betül Boz
2025. The effects of heritage multilingualism on foreign language learning: a comparison of children with typical language development and developmental language disorder. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Tribushinina, Elena, Betül Boz, Vera Aalbers & Elma Blom
2025. Revisiting bilingual foreign language learning advantages: The role of extramural exposure. International Journal of Bilingualism 29:1 ► pp. 218 ff. DOI logo
Tribushinina, Elena, Jasmijn Stolvoort, Zoë op ten Berg, Betül Boz, Megan Mackaaij & Audrey Franssen
2025. Bringing home languages to the EFL classroom: a plurilingual metalinguistic intervention in special education. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Tsang, Art & Wai-Kan Lam
2025. De-foreignizing English Outside Class: Junior-Secondary-Level English-as-a-Foreign-Language Learners’ Extramural English Engagements and Listening and Reading Proficiency. RELC Journal 56:2 ► pp. 377 ff. DOI logo
Udry, Isabelle & Raphael Berthele
2025. A Case Study of Online and Paper Bilingual Dictionaries and their Impact on Vocabulary Learning through Meaning-Focused Reading. International Journal of Lexicography 38:3 ► pp. 219 ff. DOI logo
Uztosun, Mehmet Sercan & Pia Sundqvist
2025. Extramural English in Türkiye: Scale Development, Learner Engagement and L2 English Proficiency. Sage Open 15:4 DOI logo
Van Vu, Duy
2025. Learning Formulaic Sequences from Authentic Television: A Narrative Review. In Foreign Language Learning from Audiovisual Input [Educational Linguistics, 66], ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Ying, Henrik Kaatari, Tove Larsson, Hongping Xiong & Fei Liu
2025. Introducing the Chinese Learner English Corpus (CLEC). Studies in Second Language Acquisition 47:5 ► pp. 1469 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart
2025. Meaning‐Focused Vocabulary Learning. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Willoughby, Louisa, Satoshi Nambu & Barbara Pezzotti
2025. One cohort or two?. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 48:2 ► pp. 329 ff. DOI logo
Woo, Jonghee & Junkyu Lee
2025. Incidental Learning of Multi-Word Expressions Through Watching a Video in Different Captioning Modes. STEM Journal 26:4 ► pp. 24 ff. DOI logo
Alshumrani, Hassan A.
2024. Unveiling vocabulary teaching and learning beliefs of teachers and learners in an EFL context. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 9:1 DOI logo
Ameri, Saeed
2024. Review of Teng (2021): Language learning through captioned videos: Incidental vocabulary acquisition. Digital Translation 11:2 ► pp. 162 ff. DOI logo
Bogunović, Irena
2024. Shedding new light on English loanwords in Croatian: computational-linguistic and corpus linguistic perspectives. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 60:3 ► pp. 257 ff. DOI logo
Dubravac, Vildana, Amna Brdarević-Čeljo & Senad Bećirović
2024. English vocabulary development in the global south context. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Gerritsen, Marinel
2024. English in Dutch‐speaking Europe: Features, competence, domains and status. World Englishes 43:2 ► pp. 284 ff. DOI logo
Gesa, Ferran & Imma Miralpeix
2024. Extensive viewing and L2 vocabulary learning. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 175:2 ► pp. 187 ff. DOI logo
Jin, Qianxia
2024. The role of television viewing in gaining formulaic sequences through intentional and incidental learning. Discover Education 3:1 DOI logo
Kaatari, Henrik, Ying Wang & Tove Larsson
2024. Introducing the Swedish Learner English Corpus: a corpus that enables investigations of the impact of extramural activities on L2 writing. Corpora 19:1 ► pp. 17 ff. DOI logo
Lai, Chun, Qianshan Chen, Yabing Wang & Xuedan Qi
2024. Individual interest, self‐regulation, and self‐directed language learning with technology beyond the classroom. British Journal of Educational Technology 55:1 ► pp. 379 ff. DOI logo
Long, Yao & Yuting Ding
2024. Foregrounding learner voice: Chinese international students' interpretations of strategy use during oral discourse socialization in Germany. Foreign Language Annals 57:2 ► pp. 403 ff. DOI logo
Lázaro-Ibarrola, Amparo
2024. What factors contribute to the proficiency of young EFL learners in primary school? Assessing the role of CLIL intensity, extramural English, non-verbal intelligence and socioeconomic status. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Meyer, Jennifer, Johanna Fleckenstein, Maleika Krüger, Stefan Daniel Keller & Nicolas Hübner
2024. Read at home to do well at school: informal reading predicts achievement and motivation in English as a foreign language. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Nurmukhamedov, Ulugbek & Shoaziz Sharakhimov
2024. The potential for learning mid‐ and low‐frequency words through listening to podcasts. TESOL Journal 15:2 DOI logo
Shahiwala, Sofiya, D. R. Rahul & John R. Baker
2024. Incidental vocabulary learning: A scientometric review. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 3:3 ► pp. 100160 ff. DOI logo
Soto-Corominas, Adriana, Helena Roquet & Marta Segura
2024. The Effects of CLIL and Sources of Individual Differences on Receptive and Productive EFL Skills at the Onset of Primary School. Applied Linguistics 45:2 ► pp. 364 ff. DOI logo
Stolvoort, Jasmijn, Megan Mackaaij & Elena Tribushinina
2024. Age of onset, motivation, and anxiety as predictors of grammar and vocabulary outcomes in English as a foreign language learners with developmental language disorder. Journal of Communication Disorders 108 ► pp. 106407 ff. DOI logo
Sundqvist, Pia
2024. Extramural English as an individual difference variable in L2 research: Methodology matters. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 44 ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
Sundqvist, Pia & M. Sercan Uztosun
2024. Extramural English in Scandinavia and Asia: Scale Development, Learner Engagement, and Perceived Speaking Ability. TESOL Quarterly 58:4 ► pp. 1638 ff. DOI logo
Tang, Liang
2024. A Study on the Translation of English Network Terms in the Age of Social Media. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9:1 DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2024. Working memory and prior vocabulary knowledge in incidental vocabulary learning from listening, reading, reading-while-listening, and viewing captioned videos. System 124 ► pp. 103381 ff. DOI logo
Teng, Mark Feng
2025. Modality of input and factors affecting incidental vocabulary learning: reading, listening, and viewing with captions. Applied Linguistics Review 16:4 ► pp. 1607 ff. DOI logo
Tommerdahl, Jodi M., Chrystal Sapphire Dragonflame & Amanda A. Olsen
2024. A systematic review examining the efficacy of commercially available foreign language learning mobile apps. Computer Assisted Language Learning 37:3 ► pp. 333 ff. DOI logo
Tran, Linh & Imma Miralpeix
2024. Out-of-School Exposure to English in EFL Teenage Learners: Is It Related to Academic Performance?. Education Sciences 14:4 ► pp. 393 ff. DOI logo
Tribushinina, Elena, Angela Radić & Gordana Hržica
2024. Bilingual effects in foreign language learning. Nota Bene 1:2 ► pp. 208 ff. DOI logo
Tsang, Art & Daniel Fung
2024. Compulsory versus voluntary extensive reading: Investigating English learners' perceptions, proficiency and school banding. The Curriculum Journal 35:2 ► pp. 168 ff. DOI logo
Uztosun, Mehmet Sercan & Muhammed Kök
2024. L2 skill-specific anxiety and communication apprehension: the role of extramural English in the Turkish context. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 18:1 ► pp. 17 ff. DOI logo
Alonso Alonso, Rosa
2023. Out-of-school contact with L2 English across four educational levels. Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada 21:1 ► pp. 74 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa
2023. Lexical characteristics of young L2 English learners’ narrative writing at the start of formal instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing 59 ► pp. 100960 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa
2025. Adolescent learners’ L2 English vocabulary knowledge and contact with extramural English: Longitudinal development and relationships between L2 vocabulary and extramural English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa
2026. The auditory picture vocabulary test for English L2: A spoken receptive meaning-recognition test intended for Dutch-speaking L2 learners of English. Language Teaching Research 30:2 ► pp. 740 ff. DOI logo
Fievez, Isabeau, Maribel Montero Perez, Frederik Cornillie & Piet Desmet
2023. Promoting incidental vocabulary learning through watching a French Netflix series with glossed captions. Computer Assisted Language Learning 36:1-2 ► pp. 26 ff. DOI logo
Ghamarian-Krenn, Katharina & Marlene Schwarz
2023. Extramural engagement with English and vocabulary learning outcomes: A comparative account of research on Viennese teenagers and university students. In #YouthMediaLife & Friends, ► pp. 43 ff. DOI logo
Giménez García, Roser, Sheila Queralt & F. Xavier Vila
2023. Variation of deontic constructions in spoken Catalan. In Free Variation in Grammar [Studies in Language Companion Series, 234], ► pp. 315 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2023. To What Extent Do Learner‐ and Word‐Related Variables Affect Production of Derivatives?. Language Learning 73:1 ► pp. 301 ff. DOI logo
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2024. The effect of test format on productive recall of derivatives. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 175:2 ► pp. 242 ff. DOI logo
Kaatari, Henrik, Tove Larsson, Ying Wang, Seda Acikara-Eickhoff & Pia Sundqvist
2023. Exploring the effects of target-language extramural activities on students’ written production. Journal of Second Language Writing 62 ► pp. 101062 ff. DOI logo
Laufer, Batia & Esther Emma Vaisman
2023. Out‐of‐classroom L2 vocabulary acquisition: The effects of digital activities and school vocabulary. The Modern Language Journal 107:4 ► pp. 854 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Chen-Yu
2023. Are TED Talks Potential Materials for Learning Specialized Vocabulary? A Case of Medical Vocabulary. English Teaching & Learning 47:1 ► pp. 97 ff. DOI logo
Mettewie, Laurence & Luk Van Mensel
2023. Understanding foreign language education and bilingual education in Belgium: a (surreal) piece of cake. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 26:5 ► pp. 639 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke, Eva Puimège & Paweł Szudarski
2023. Repetition and Incidental Learning of Multiword Units: A Conceptual Multisite Replication Study of Webb, Newton, and Chang (2013). Language Learning 73:4 ► pp. 1211 ff. DOI logo
Rød, Alison Jones & Raees Calafato
2023. Exploring the relationship between extramural English, self-efficacy, gender, and learning outcomes: A mixed-methods study in a Norwegian upper-secondary school. Studies in Educational Evaluation 79 ► pp. 101302 ff. DOI logo
Tam, Ho I (Anna) & Barry Lee Reynolds
2023. The relationship between extramural English engagement and the vocabulary size of L1 Cantonese speakers in Macau. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 174:1 ► pp. 49 ff. DOI logo
Tribushinina, Elena & Megan Mackaaij
2023. Bilingual advantages in foreign language learning: evidence from primary-school pupils with developmental language disorder. Frontiers in Education 8 DOI logo
Tsang, Art
2023. The relationships between spoken and written input beyond the classroom and young EFL learners’ proficiency. Language Teaching Research DOI logo
Tsang, Art
2025.  Out‐of‐Class Listening: Multiple Channels and Modes for FL Learning and Teaching . In The Handbook of Second Language Listening, ► pp. 307 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Tiantian
2023. Effect of using 5G and cloud computing environment for independent college english vocabulary learning. Journal of Cloud Computing 12:1 DOI logo
Zhang, Zhicong, Heming Li & Jiaxian Zhou
2023. Teaching with social context in instructional video facilitates second language vocabulary learning. Heliyon 9:3 ► pp. e14540 ff. DOI logo
Ahmet, Çekiç
2022. Incidental l2 vocabulary learning through listening vs. viewing: the role of visual aid. i-manager's Journal of Educational Technology 19:3 ► pp. 63 ff. DOI logo
Feddermann, Maja, Jürgen Baumert & Jens Möller
2022. Just selection and preparation? CLIL effects on second language learning. Learning and Instruction 80 ► pp. 101578 ff. DOI logo
Schurz, Alexandra & Pia Sundqvist
2022. Connecting Extramural English with ELT: Teacher Reports from Austria, Finland, France, and Sweden. Applied Linguistics 43:5 ► pp. 934 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Shan & Shaoming Wang
2022. 基于华语流行歌曲的词汇附带习得研究. Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 57:1 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Warnby, Marcus
2022. Receptive academic vocabulary knowledge and extramural English involvement – is there a correlation?. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 173:1 ► pp. 120 ff. DOI logo
Webb, Stuart & Anna C.-S. Chang
2022. HOW DOES MODE OF INPUT AFFECT THE INCIDENTAL LEARNING OF COLLOCATIONS?. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Wu, Huizhen, Ping Yu, Shenshen Yang & Xuanyuan Chen
2022. Video Captioning Effects on EFL Listening Comprehension and Vocabulary Learning. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 12:2 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ahrabi Fakhr, Masoud, Davood Borzabadi Farahani & Ali Akbar Khomeijani Farahani
2021. Incidental Vocabulary Learning and Retention from Audiovisual Input and Factors Affecting Them. English Teaching & Learning 45:2 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Busby, Nicole Louise
2021. Words from where?. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 172:1 ► pp. 58 ff. DOI logo
Busby, Nicole Louise
2024. Exploring the Effects of Early Extramural English Exposure on the Vocabulary Size of University Students. Education Sciences 14:4 ► pp. 372 ff. DOI logo
Leona, Nihayra L., Margreet J.H. van Koert, Maurits W. van der Molen, Judith E. Rispens, Jurgen Tijms & Patrick Snellings
2021. Explaining individual differences in young English language learners’ vocabulary knowledge: The role of Extramural English Exposure and motivation. System 96 ► pp. 102402 ff. DOI logo
Majuddin, Elvenna, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia & Frank Boers
2021. INCIDENTAL ACQUISITION OF MULTIWORD EXPRESSIONS THROUGH AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 43:5 ► pp. 985 ff. DOI logo
Sigurjónsdóttir, Sigríður & Iris Nowenstein
2021. Language acquisition in the digital age: L2 English input effects on children’s L1 Icelandic. Second Language Research 37:4 ► pp. 697 ff. DOI logo
Tantoun, Adel. E., Eman A. Elmagasabi & Karima J. Makhluf
2021. The Impact of Language Exposure on Vocabulary Acquisition. مجلة البحوث الأكاديمية 19 ► pp. 14 ff. DOI logo
Vu, Duy Van & Elke Peters
2021. Vocabulary in English Language Learning, Teaching, and Testing in Vietnam: A Review. Education Sciences 11:9 ► pp. 563 ff. DOI logo
Zenner, Eline, Laura Rosseel & Dirk Speelman
2021. Starman or Sterrenman: An acquisitional perspective on the social meaning of English in Flanders. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 568 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Ruofei, Di Zou, Gary Cheng, Haoran Xie, Fu Lee Wang, Oliver Tat Sheung Au & Zhaoqing Pan
2021. Target languages, types of activities, engagement, and effectiveness of extramural language learning. PLOS ONE 16:6 ► pp. e0253431 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen
2020. The Potential for Learning Specialized Vocabulary of University Lectures and Seminars Through Watching Discipline‐Related TV Programs: Insights From Medical Corpora. TESOL Quarterly 54:2 ► pp. 436 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa, Marc Brysbaert & June Eyckmans
2020. Learning English through out-of-school exposure. Which levels of language proficiency are attained and which types of input are important?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa, Marc Brysbaert & June Eyckmans
2021. Young learners’ L2 English after the onset of instruction: longitudinal development of L2 proficiency and the role of individual differences. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 439 ff. DOI logo
De Wilde, Vanessa, Marc Brysbaert & June Eyckmans
2022. FORMAL VERSUS INFORMAL L2 LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 44:1 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Feng, Yanxue & Stuart Webb
2020. LEARNING VOCABULARY THROUGH READING, LISTENING, AND VIEWING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:3 ► pp. 499 ff. DOI logo
González Ortega, Bianca & Iban Mañas Navarrete
2020. Efectos de los subtítulos intralingüísticos y los subtítulos bilingües aumentados sobre el aprendizaje incidental de vocabulario en español como lengua extranjera. RILEX. Revista sobre investigaciones léxicas 3:2 ► pp. 125 ff. DOI logo
Jurkovič, Violeta
2020. Use of Smartphones for Self-Regulated Foreign Language Learning Activities. In Examining the Roles of Teachers and Students in Mastering New Technologies [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ], ► pp. 204 ff. DOI logo
Lyu, Boning & Chun Lai
2020. Interacting with native speakers of Chinese through online learning communities: A case study with East Asian learners. Global Chinese 6:2 ► pp. 215 ff. DOI logo
Masrai, Ahmed
2020. Can L2 Phonological Vocabulary Knowledge and Listening Comprehension be Developed Through Extensive Movie Viewing? the Case of Arab EFL Learners. International Journal of Listening 34:1 ► pp. 54 ff. DOI logo
Muñoz, Carmen
2020. Boys like games and girls like movies. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 33:1 ► pp. 171 ff. DOI logo
Niitemaa, Marja-Leena
2020. Informal acquisition of L2 English vocabulary. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy 15:2 ► pp. 86 ff. DOI logo
Niitemaa, Marja-Leena
2022. Cohesion in Finnish EFL essays. EduLingua 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Rodgers, Michael P. H. & Stuart Webb
2020. Incidental vocabulary learning through viewing television. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 171:2 ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Schmitt, Norbert & Diane Schmitt
2020. Vocabulary in Language Teaching, DOI logo
GÖKCAN, Mustafa & Derya ÇOBANOĞLU AKTAN
2019. Development of Exposure to English Scale and Investigation of Exposure Effect to Achievement. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education 6:1 ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
Montero Perez, Maribel
2019. Pre-learning vocabulary before viewing captioned video: an eye-tracking study. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 460 ff. DOI logo
Montero Perez, Maribel
2020. MULTIMODAL INPUT IN SLA RESEARCH. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:3 ► pp. 653 ff. DOI logo
Montero Perez, Maribel
2020. INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY LEARNING THROUGH VIEWING VIDEO. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:4 ► pp. 749 ff. DOI logo
Montero Perez, Maribel
2022. Second or foreign language learning through watching audio-visual input and the role of on-screen text. Language Teaching 55:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Montero-Pérez, Maribel
2025. The impact of multimodal input tools in instructed second language acquisition (and beyond). In Technology and Instructed Second Language Acquisition [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 63], ► pp. 139 ff. DOI logo
Pellicer-Sánchez, Ana
2019. Examining second language vocabulary growth: Replications of Schmitt (1998) and Webb & Chang (2012). Language Teaching 52:4 ► pp. 512 ff. DOI logo
Perez, Maribel Montero & Michael P. H. Rodgers
2019. Video and language learning. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 403 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke
2019. The Effect of Imagery and On‐Screen Text on Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning From Audiovisual Input. TESOL Quarterly 53:4 ► pp. 1008 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke, Ann‐Sophie Noreillie, Kris Heylen, Bram Bulté & Piet Desmet
2019. The Impact of Instruction and Out‐of‐School Exposure to Foreign Language Input on Learners’ Vocabulary Knowledge in Two Languages. Language Learning 69:3 ► pp. 747 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke, Tom Velghe & Tinne Van Rompaey
2019. The VocabLab tests. ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 170:1 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Puimège, Eva & Elke Peters
2019. Learning L2 vocabulary from audiovisual input: an exploratory study into incidental learning of single words and formulaic sequences. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 424 ff. DOI logo
Puimège, Eva & Elke Peters
2019. Learners’ English Vocabulary Knowledge Prior to Formal Instruction: The Role of Learner‐Related and Word‐Related Variables. Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 943 ff. DOI logo
Puimège, Eva & Elke Peters
2020. LEARNING FORMULAIC SEQUENCES THROUGH VIEWING L2 TELEVISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:3 ► pp. 525 ff. DOI logo
Pujadas, Geòrgia & Carmen Muñoz
2019. Extensive viewing of captioned and subtitled TV series: a study of L2 vocabulary learning by adolescents. The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 479 ff. DOI logo
Sierocka, Halina, Violeta Jurković & Mirna Varga
2019. The Role of Smartphones for Online Language Use in the Context of Polish and Croatian Students of Different Disciplines. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 58:1 ► pp. 173 ff. DOI logo
Peters, Elke & Stuart Webb
2018. INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY ACQUISITION THROUGH VIEWING L2 TELEVISION AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT LEARNING. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40:3 ► pp. 551 ff. DOI logo
Varga, Mirna, Violeta Jurkovič & Halina Sierocka
2018. English communicative competence and predominant language for online use through smartphones in Croatia as compared to Slovenia. ExELL 6:2 ► pp. 130 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2020. INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42:3 ► pp. 489 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. The effect of the British National Corpus' Frequency Lists What’s App Group Discussion on L2 Learners' Receptive Vocabulary Size. Central European Management Journal DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2025. Practice. In The Cambridge Handbook of Technology in Language Teaching and Learning, ► pp. 297 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue