Article published In: Approaches to learning, testing, and researching L2 vocabulary
Edited by Stuart Webb
[ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 169:1] 2018
► pp. 72–94
Re-examining the effects of word writing on vocabulary learning
Published online: 16 April 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.00007.web
https://doi.org/10.1075/itl.00007.web
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of word writing on vocabulary learning by comparing three conditions in which there was (a) limited time to write words, (b) unlimited time to write words, and (c) a non-writing word-picture pairs comparison. Non-native speakers studying English as a second language encountered 8 word-picture pairs in each condition and were administered a test measuring form recall and another measuring receptive knowledge of written form. The results indicated that there was little difference between scores on both tests when time on task was the same. However, when the participants had as much time as they needed to write and learn words they had higher scores on both dependent measures than when learning in the other two conditions. The findings suggest that an ecologically valid approach to word writing may facilitate vocabulary learning.
Keywords: word writing, vocabulary learning, ecological approach
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Background
- 3.The present study
- 3.1Research questions
- 4.Methodology
- 4.1Participants
- 4.2Target words
- 4.3Design
- 4.4Dependent measures
- 5.Results
- 6.Discussion
- 7.Conclusion
References
References (42)
Avila, E., & Sadoski, M. (1996). Exploring new applications of the keyword method to acquire English vocabulary. Language Learning, 46(3), 379–395.
Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1131, 1–37.
Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., & Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effect. Psychological Science, 4(5), 316–321.
Bahrick, H. P., & Phelps, E. (1987). Retention of Spanish vocabulary over 8 years. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 13(2), 344–349.
Barcroft, J. (2007). Effects of opportunities for word retrieval during second language vocabulary learning. Language Learning, 57(1), 35–56.
(2006). Can writing a new word detract from learning it? More negative effects of forced output during vocabulary learning. Second Language Research, 22(4), 487–497.
(2004). Effects of sentence writing in second language lexical acquisition. Second Language Research, 20(4), 303–334.
(2002). Semantic and structural elaboration in L2 lexical acquisition. Language Learning, 52(2), 323–363.
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354–380.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (Vol. 2nd1). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Crothers, E., & Suppes, P. (1967). Experiments in second language learning. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Ellis, N. C., & Beaton, A. (1993). Psycholinguistic determinants of foreign language vocabulary learning. Language Learning, 43(4), 559–617.
Griffin, G. F., & Harley, T. A. (1996). List learning of second language vocabulary. Applied Psycholinguistics, 171, 443–460.
Hays, M. J., Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2010). The costs and benefits of providing feedback during learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(6), 797–801.
Joe, A. (1998). What effects do text-based tasks promoting generation have on incidental vocabulary acquisition? Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 357–377.
(1995). Text-based tasks and incidental vocabulary learning. Second Language Research, 11(2), 149–158.
Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science, 319(5865), 966–968.
(2007). Repeated retrieval during learning is the key to long-term retention. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(2), 151–162.
Landauer, T. K., & Bjork, R. A. (1978). Optimum rehearsal patterns and name learning. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 625–632). London: Academic Press.
Laufer, B., & Shmueli, K. (1997). Memorizing new words: Does teaching have anything to do with it? RELC Journal, 28(1), 89–108.
Levin, J. R., McCormick, C. B., Miller, G. E., Berry, J. K., & Pressley, M. (1982). Mnemonic versus nonmnemonic vocabulary-learning strategies for children. American Educational Research Journal, 19(1), 121–136.
McNamara, D. S., & Healy, A. F. (1995). A generation advantage for multiplication skill training and nonword vocabulary acquisition. In A. F. Healy & J. L. E. Bourne (Eds.), Learning and memory of knowledge and skills: Durability and specificity (pp. 132–169). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mondria, J. -A. & Wiersma, B. (2004). Receptive, productive, and receptive + productive L2 vocabulary learning: what difference does it make? In P. Bogaards & B. Laufer (Eds.), Vocabulary in a second language: Selection, acquisition and testing (pp. 79–100). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 519–533.
Nakata, T. (2017). Does repeated practice make perfect? The effects of within-session repeated retrieval on second language vocabulary learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 391, 653–679.
(2015). Effects of expanding and equal spacing on second language vocabulary learning: Does gradually increasing spacing increase vocabulary learning? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 371, 677–711.
Nation, I. S. P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? The Canadian Modern Language Review, 631, 59–82.
Pressley, M., Levin, J. R., & Miller, G. E. (1982). The keyword method compared to alternative vocabulary learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 71, 50–60.
Prince, P. (1996). Second language vocabulary learning: The role of context versus translations as a function of proficiency. Modern Language Journal, 801, 478–493.
Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto. (2002a). E-Prime Reference Guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
Stoddard, G. D. (1929). An experiment in verbal learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 201, 452–457.
Thomas, M. H. & Dieter, J. N. (1987). The positive effects of writing practice on integration of foreign words in memory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(3), 249–53.
Waring, R. (1997). A study of receptive and productive learning from word cards. Studies in Foreign Languages and Literature (Notre Dame Seishin University, Okayama), 21(1): 94–114.
Webb, S. (2009a). The effects of receptive and productive learning of word pairs on vocabulary knowledge. RELC Journal, 40(3), 360–376.
(2009b). The effects of pre-learning vocabulary on reading comprehension and writing. Canadian Modern Language Review, 651, 441–470.
(2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single sentence on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 111, 63–81.
Cited by (17)
Cited by 17 other publications
Li, Qiang & Akbar Bahari
Zhang, Ruofei, Di Zou & Gary Cheng
Gao, Yonggang, Lu Gan & Kaiyuan Wang
Jin, Zhouhan & Stuart Webb
Jin, Zhouhan & Stuart Webb
Jin, Zhouhan & Stuart Webb
Komuro, Ryuya & Takumi Uchihara
Lai, Chun, Yang Liu & Yun Lin
Uchihara, Takumi, Masaki Eguchi & Jon Clenton
Ye, Shelly Xueting & Jia Shi
Bashori, Muzakki, Roeland van Hout, Helmer Strik & Catia Cucchiarini
Kakihana, Shinichiro
Lou, Lingling, Wei Xu & Ruijia Liu
Strong, Brian & Paul Leeming
Iwaizumi, Emi & Stuart Webb
2022. Vocabulary. In Research methods in instructed second language acquisition [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3], ► pp. 181 ff.
Vandenberghe, Bert, Maribel Montero Perez, Bert Reynvoet & Piet Desmet
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 30 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
