Article published In: Envisioning Social Robotics: Current challenges and new interdisciplinary methodologies
Edited by Glenda Hannibal and Astrid Weiss
[Interaction Studies 21:1] 2020
► pp. 7–23
No evidence for enhanced likeability and social motivation towards robots after synchrony experience
Published online: 24 January 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/is.19004.hen
https://doi.org/10.1075/is.19004.hen
Abstract
A wealth of social psychology studies suggests that moving in synchrony with another person can positively
influence their likeability and prosocial behavior towards them. Recently, human-robot interaction (HRI) researchers have started
to develop real-time, adaptive synchronous movement algorithms for social robots. However, little is known how socially beneficial
synchronous movements with a robot actually are. We predicted that moving in synchrony with a robot would improve its likeability
and participants’ social motivation towards the robot, as measured by the number of questions asked during a free interaction
period. Using a between-subjects design, we implemented the synchrony manipulation via a drawing task. Contrary to predictions, we
found no evidence that participants who moved in synchrony with the robot rated it as more likeable or asked it more questions. By
including validated behavioral and neural measures, future studies can generate a better and more objective estimation of
synchrony’s effects on rapport with social robots.
Article outline
- Introduction
- Methods
- Data statement
- Participants
- Robotic platform
- Dependent measures
- Experimental procedure
- Data analysis
- Results
- Original group split
- Perceived groups
- Discussion
- The Pepper robot as an experimental confederate: Lessons learned
- Acknowledgements
References
References (32)
Bartneck, C., Kuli, D., & Croft, E. (2009). Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots, 71–81.
Berniere, F., Reznick, S., & Rosenthal, R. (1988). Synchrony, Pseudosynchrony and Dissynchrony Measuring the Entrainment Process in Mother Infant Interactions.
Broadbent, E. (2017). Interactions With Robots: The Truths We Reveal About Ourselves. Annu. Rev. Psychol, 68(9), 1–926.
Chevallier, C., Kohls, G., Troiani, V., Brodkin, E. S., & Schultz, R. T. (2012). The social motivation theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231–238.
Cross, L., Wilson, A. D., & Golonka, S. (2016). How moving together brings us together: When coordinated rhythmic movement affects cooperation. Frontiers in Psychology, 71(DEC), 1–13.
Duffy, B. R., & Joue, G. (2005). The Paradox of Social Robotics : A Discussion. AAAI Fall 2005 Symposium on Machine Ethics, Hyatt Regency.
Duffy, B. R., Rooney, C. F. B., Hare, G. M. P. O., & Donoghue, R. P. S. O. (1999). What is a Social Robot ? Computer, 1–3.
Eriksson, J., Matarić, M. J., & Winstein, C. J. (2005). Hands-off assistive robotics for post-stroke arm rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 9th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, 2005, 21–24.
Fasola, J., & Matarić, M. J. (2012). Using socially assistive human-robot interaction to motivate physical exercise for older adults. Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(8), 2512–2526.
Feil-Seifer, D., & Matarić, M. J. (2011). Socially assistive robotics. Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE, 18(1), 24–31.
Hove, M. J., & Risen, J. L. (2009). It’s All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation. Social Cognition, 27(6), 949–960.
Irfan, B., Kennedy, J., Senft, E., & Belpaeme, T. (2018). Social psychology and Human-Robot Interaction : an Uneasy Marriage.
Kasparov, G. (2017). Deep thinking: where machine intelligence ends and human creativity begins. PublicAffairs.
Kokal, I., Engel, A., Kirschner, S., & Keysers, C. (2011). Synchronized drumming enhances activity in the caudate and facilitates prosocial commitment-if the rhythm comes easily. PLoS One, 6(11), e27272.
Lehmann, H., Saez-Pons, J., Syrdal, D. S., & Dautenhahn, K. (2015). In good company? Perception of movement synchrony of a non-anthropomorphic robot. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1–16.
Lorenz, T., Weiss, A., & Hirche, S. (2016). Synchrony and Reciprocity: Key Mechanisms for Social Companion Robots in Therapy and Care. International Journal of Social Robotics, 8(1), 125–143.
Mogan, R., Fischer, R., & Bulbulia, J. A. (2017). To be in synchrony or not? A meta-analysis of synchrony’s effects on behavior, perception, cognition and affect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 721, 13–20.
Mörtl, A., Lorenz, T., & Hirche, S. (2014). Rhythm patterns interaction – Synchronization behavior for human-robot joint action. PLoS ONE, 9(4).
Müller, B. C. N., Brass, M., Kühn, S., Tsai, C. C., Nieuwboer, W., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Baaren, R. B. (2011). When Pinocchio acts like a human, a wooden hand becomes embodied. Action co-representation for non-biological agents. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 1373–1377.
Nomura, T., Kanda, T., & Suzuki, T. (2006). Experimental investigation into influence of negative attitudes toward robots on human–robot interaction. Ai & Society, 20(2), 138–150.
Prescott, T. J., Epton, T., Evers, V., Mckee, K., Webb, T., Benyon, D., … Dario, P. (2012). Robot Companions For Citizens: Roadmapping The Potential For Future Robots In Empowering Older People. Proceedings of the Conference on Bridging Research in Ageing and ICT Development (BRAID), (May). Retrieved from [URL]
Rennung, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2016). Prosocial consequences of interpersonal synchrony: A Meta-Analysis. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 224(3), 168–189.
Riek, L. D. (2014). The social co-robotics problem space: Six key challenges. Robotics Challenges and Vision (RCV2013).
Robins, B., Dautenhahn, K., Boekhorst, R., & Billard, A. (2005). Robotic Assistants in Therapy and Education of Children with Autism: Can a Small Humanoid Robot Help Encourage Social Interaction Skills? Universal Access in the Information Society, 4(2), 105–120.
Sandini, G., Mohan, V., Sciutti, A., & Morasso, P. (2018). Social Cognition for Human-Robot Symbiosis-Challenges and Building Blocks. Frontiers in neurorobotics, 121, 34.
Shen, Q., Dautenhahn, K., Saunders, J., & Kose, H. (2015). Can real-time, adaptive human–robot motor coordination improve humans’ overall perception of a robot?. IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 7(1), 52–64.
Syrdal, D. S., Dautenhahn, K., Koay, K. L., & Walters, M. L. (2009). The negative attitudes towards robots scale and reactions to robot behaviour in a live human-robot interaction study. Adaptive and Emergent Behaviour and Complex Systems.
Wheatley, T., Kang, O., Parkinson, C., & Looser, C. E. (2012). From Mind Perception to Mental Connection Synchrony as a Mechanism for Social Understanding. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(8), 589–606.
Cited by (5)
Cited by five other publications
Moffat, Ryssa, Leonie Roos, Courtney Casale & Emily S. Cross
Stoeva, Darja, Andreas Kriegler & Margrit Gelautz
Riddoch, Katie A. & Emily S. Cross
Lomas, James Derek, Albert Lin, Suzanne Dikker, Deborah Forster, Maria Luce Lupetti, Gijs Huisman, Julika Habekost, Caiseal Beardow, Pankaj Pandey, Nashra Ahmad, Krishna Miyapuram, Tim Mullen, Patrick Cooper, Willem van der Maden & Emily S. Cross
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 17 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
