Cover not available

Article published In: Interaction Studies
Vol. 16:2 (2015) ► pp.141–172

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload PDF
authorization required

Individual differences predict sensitivity to the uncanny valley

 | Indiana University, USA |
 | Indiana University, USA |
Published online: 26 November 2015
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/is.16.2.01mac
It can be creepy to notice that something human-looking is not real. But can sensitivity to this phenomenon, known as the uncanny valley, be predicted from superficially unrelated traits? Based on results from at least 489 participants, this study examines the relation between nine theoretically motivated trait indices and uncanny valley sensitivity, operationalized as increased eerie ratings and decreased warmth ratings for androids presented in videos. Animal Reminder Sensitivity, Neuroticism, its Anxiety facet, and Religious Fundamentalism significantly predicted uncanny valley sensitivity. In addition, Concern over Mistakes and Personal Distress significantly predicted android eerie ratings but not warmth. The structural equation model indicated that Religious Fundamentalism operates indirectly, through robot-related attitudes, to heighten uncanny valley sensitivity, while Animal Reminder Sensitivity increases eerie ratings directly. These results suggest that the uncanny valley phenomenon may operate through both sociocultural constructions and biological adaptations for threat avoidance, such as the fear and disgust systems. Trait indices that predict uncanny valley sensitivity warrant investigation by experimental methods to explicate the processes underlying the uncanny valley phenomenon.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Theoretical perspective and hypotheses
    • 2.1.Perfectionism
    • 2.2.Neuroticism and Anxiety
    • 2.3.Personal Distress
    • 2.4.Animal Reminder Sensitivity
    • 2.5.Human–Robot and Android–Robot Uniqueness
    • 2.6.Religious Fundamentalism
    • 2.7.Negative Attitudes towards Robots
  • 3.Methods
    • 3.1.Participants
    • 3.2.Materials and procedure
  • 4.Results and discussion
    • 4.1.Perfectionism
    • 4.2.Neuroticism and Anxiety
    • 4.3.Personal Distress
    • 4.4.Animal Reminder Sensitivity
    • 4.5.Human–Robot and Android–Robot Uniqueness
    • 4.6.Religious Fundamentalism
    • 4.7.Negative Attitudes toward Robots
    • 4.8.Structural Equation Models
  • 5.General discussion and conclusion
    • 5.1.Limitations
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
References (104)
References
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (2003). Why do religious fundamentalists tend to be prejudiced? International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13(1), 17–28. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2004). A revised religious fundamentalism scale: The short and sweet of it. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47–54. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arrindell, W.A., Eisemann, M., Richter, J., Oei, T.P.S., Caballo, V.E., van der Ende, J.,… Hudson, B.L. (2003). Phobic anxiety in 11 nations Part I: Dimensional constancy of the five-factor model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(4), 461–479. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Baumgartner, H., & Hombur, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139–161. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Butler, M., & Joschko, L. (2009). Final Fantasy or The Incredibles: Ultra-realistic animation, aesthetic engagement and the uncanny valley. Animation Studies, 41, 55–63. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W.B., Hunter, S.B., Lickel, B., & Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 253–267. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Burleigh, T.J., Schoenherr, J.R., & Lacroix, G.L. (2013). Does the uncanny valley exist? An empirical test of the relationship between eeriness and the human likeness of digitally created faces. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 759–771. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheetham, M., Pavlovic, I., Jordan, N., Suter, P., & Jäncke, L. (2013). Category processing and the human likeness dimension of the uncanny valley hypothesis: Eye-tracking data. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 108. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cheetham, M., Suter, P., & Jäncke, L. (2011). The human likeness dimension of the “uncanny valley hypothesis”: Behavioral and functional MRI findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5(125), 1–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Constans, J.I., Penn, D.L., Ihen, G.H., & Hope, D.A. (1999). Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(7), 643–651. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cox, C.R., Goldenberg, J.L., Pyszczynski, T., & Weise, D. (2007). Disgust, creatureliness and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 494–507. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Curtis, V., Aunger, R., & Rabie, T. (2004). Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences , 271(Suppl. 4), S131–S133.
Davey, G.C.L., McDonald, A.S., Hirisave, U., Prabhu, G.G., Iwawaki, S., Jim, C.I., Merckelbach, H., de Jong, P.J., Leung, P.W.L., & Reimann, B.C. (1998). A cross-cultural study of animal fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(7–8), 735–750. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Davis, M.H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
DeLeeuw, J.L., Galen, L.W., Aebersold, C., & Stanton, V. (2007). Support for animal rights as a function of belief in evolution, religious fundamentalism, and religious domination. Society and Animals, 15(4), 353–363. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: How, when and why? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10), 435–441. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Digman, J.M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 411, 417–440. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Druschel, B.A., & Sherman, M.F. (1999). Disgust sensitivity as a function of the Big Five and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 739–748. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Duijsens, I.J., & Diekstra, R.F.W. (1995). The 23BB5: A new bipolar big five questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(5), 753–755. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Elliot, A.J., & Devine, P.G. (1994). On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 382–394. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Eysenck, M.W. (1992). Anxiety: The cognitive perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fessler, D.M.T., & Navarrete, D. (2005). The effect of age on death disgust: Challenges to terror management perspectives. Evolutionary Psychology, 31, 279–296. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J.C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77–83. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fiske, S.T., Xu, J., & Cuddy, A.C. (1999). (Dis)respecting vs (Dis)liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 473–489. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Freedman, Y. (2012). Is it real… or is it motion capture? The battle to redefine animation in the age of digital performance. The Velvet Light Trap, 691, 38–49. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Freeston, M.H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M.J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791–802. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Freud, S. (2003). The uncanny [Das Unheimliche] (D. McLintock, Trans.). New York: Penguin. (Original work published in 1919.)Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Frost, R.O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gawronski, B. & Strack, F. (2004). On the propositional nature of cognitive consistency: Dissonance changes explicit, but not implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), 535–542. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldberg, L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (vol. 71, pp. 7–28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldenberg, J.L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (2000). Fleeing the body: A terror management perspective on the problem of human corporeality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(3), 200–218. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Goldenberg, J.L., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Kluck, B., & Cornwell, R. (2001). I am not an animal: Mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(3), 427–435. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gray, K., & Wegner, D.M. (2012). Feeling robots and human zombies: Mind perception and the uncanny valley. Cognition, 125(1), 125–130. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(5), 701–713. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hanson, D. (2005). Expanding the aesthetic possibilities for humanoid robots. Proceedings of the Views of the Uncanny Valley Workshop. IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots . December 5. Tsukuba, Japan.
Ho, C.-C., & MacDorman, K. (2010). Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: Developing and validating an alternative to the Godspeed indices. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1508–1518. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ho, C.-C., MacDorman, K., & Pramono, Z.A.D. (2008). Human emotion and the uncanny valley: A GLM, MDS, and ISOMAP analysis of robot video ratings. Proceedings of the Third ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human–Robot Interaction (pp. 169–176). New York: ACM.
Hodgins, J., Jörg, S., O’Sullivan, C., Park, S.I., & Mahler, M. (2010). The saliency of anomalies in animated human characters. ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, 7(4), 22. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jabbi, M., Bastiaansen, J., & Keysers, C. (2008). A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. PLoS ONE, 3(8), e2939. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jentsch, E. (1997). On the psychology of the uncanny (R. Sellars, Trans.). Angelaki, 2(1), 7–16. (Original work published in 1906). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kose-Bagci, H., Ferrari, E., Dautenhahn, K., Syrdal, D.S., & Nehaniv, C.L. (2009). Effects of embodiment and gestures on social interaction in drumming games with a humanoid robot. Advanced Robotics, 23(14), 1951–1996. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kulas, J.T., Stachowski, A.A., & Haynes, B.A. (2008). Middle response functioning in Likert-responses to personality norms. Journal of Business Psychology, 22(3), 251–259. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Larsen, R., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 132–140.b Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lewkowicz, D.J., & Ghazanfar A.A. (2012). The development of the uncanny valley in infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 54(2), 124–132. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Looser, C.E., & Wheatley, T. (2010). The tipping point of animacy: How, when, and where we perceive life in a face. Psychological Science, 21(12), 1854–1862. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacDorman, K.F. (2005). Mortality salience and the uncanny valley. Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (pp. 339–405). December 5–7. ­Tsukuba, Japan.
MacDorman, K.F., Green, R.D., Ho, C.-C., & Koch, C. (2009). Too real for comfort: Uncanny responses to computer generated faces. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 695–710. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacDorman, K.F., Srinivas, P., & Patel, H. (2013). The uncanny valley does not interfere with level 1 visual perspective taking. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1671–1685. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
MacDorman, K.F., Vasudevan, S.K., & Ho, C.-C. (2009). Does Japan really have robot mania? Comparing attitudes by implicit and explicit measures. AI & Society, 23(4), 485–510. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mangan, B. (2001). Sensation’s ghost: The non-sensory “fringe” of experience. Psyche 7(18).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matsui, D., Minato, T., MacDorman, K.F., & Ishiguro, H. (2005). Generating natural motion in an android by mapping human motion. Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International ­Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (pp. 1089–1096). August 2–6. Edmonton, Canada.
Mitchell, W.J., Ho, C.-C., Patel, H., & MacDorman, K.F. (2011). Does social desirability bias favor humans? Explicit–implicit evaluations of synthesized speech support a new HCI model of impression management. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 402–412. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mitchell, W.J., Szerszen, Sr., K.A., Lu, A.S., Schermerhorn, P.W., Scheutz, M., & MacDorman, K.F. (2011). A mismatch in the human realism of face and voice produces an uncanny valley. i-Perception, 2(1), 10–12. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCrae, R. (2002). The five-factor model of personality across cultures. New York: Plenum. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McLain, D.L. (1993). The MSTAT-I: A new measure of an individual’s tolerance for ambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1), 183–189. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Misselhorn, C. (2009). Empathy with inanimate objects and the uncanny valley. Minds and Machines, 19(1), 345–359. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moore, R.K. (2012). A Bayesian explanation of the ‘uncanny valley’ effect and related psychological phenomena. Scientific Reports, 2(864), 1–5. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moosa, M.M., & Ud-Dean, S.M.M. (2010). Danger avoidance: An evolutionary explanation of the uncanny valley. Biological Theory, 5(1), 12–14. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mori, M. (2012). The uncanny valley [ Bukimi no tani ] (K.F. MacDorman & Norri Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics and Automation, 19(2), 98–100. (Original work published in 1970). Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nomura, T., Kanda, T., & Suzuki, T. (2006). Experimental investigation into influence of negative attitudes toward robots on human–robot interaction. AI & Society, 20(2), 138–150. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Norton, R.W. (1975). Measurement of ambiguity tolerance. Journal of Personality Assessment, 39(6), 607–619. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 573–593). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Olatunji, B.O., Williams, N.L., Tolin, D.F., Abramowitz, J.S., Sawchuk, C.N., Lohr, J.M., & Elwood, L.S. (2007). The disgust scale: Item analysis, factor structure, and suggestions for refinement. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 281–297. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oshio, A. (2009). Development and validation of the dichotomous thinking inventory. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(6), 729–742. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T.F. & Tropp, L.R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-­analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pollick, F.E. (2010). In search of the uncanny valley. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 40(4), 69–78. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Preston, S., & de Waal, F. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–20. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). A dual process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts: An extension of terror management theory. Psychological Review, 106(4), 835–845. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ramey, C.H. (2005). The uncanny valley of similarities concerning abortion, baldness, heaps of sand, and humanlike robots. Proceedings of Views of the Uncanny Valley Workshop, IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots. December 5. Tsukuba, Japan.
Rank, O. (1998). Psychology and the soul (G.C. Richter & E.J. Lieberman, Trans.). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. (Original work published 1930).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rice, K.G., Bair, C.J., Castro, J.R., Cohen, B.N., & Hood, C.A. (2003). Meanings of perfectionism: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(1), 39–58. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rozin, P., & Fallon, A.E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94(1), 23–41. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C.R. (2008). Disgust. In M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones, & L.F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 757–776). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Samochowiec, J., & Florack, A. (2010). Intercultural contact under uncertainty: The impact of predictability and anxiety on the willingness to interact with a member from an unknown cultural group. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(5), 507–515. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Saygin, A.P., Chaminade, T., Ishiguro, H., Driver, J., & Frith, C. (2012). The thing that should not be: Predictive coding and the uncanny valley in perceiving human and humanoid robot actions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(4), 413–422. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seyama, J., & Nagayama, R.S. (2007). The uncanny valley: Effect of realism on the impression of artificial human faces. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 16(4), 337–351. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Steckenfinger, S.A., & Ghazanfar, A.A. (2009). Monkey visual behavior falls into the uncanny valley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106(43), 18362–18366.
Stöber, J. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(4), 481–491. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Syrdal, D., Dautenhahn, K., Koay, K., & Walters, M. (2009). The negative attitudes towards robots scale and reactions to robot behaviour in a live human–robot interaction study. Proceedings of the AISB Symposium on New Frontiers in Human–Robot Interaction (pp. 109–115). April 8–9. Edinburgh, UK.
Tajfel, H., Billig, M.G., Bundy, R.P., & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149–178. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tapus, A., Tapus, C., & Mataric, M.J. (2008). User–robot personality matching and assistive robot behavior adaptation for post-stroke rehabilitation therapy. Intelligent Service Robotics Journal, 1(2), 169–183. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tinwell, A., Abdel Nabi, D., & Charlton, J.P. (2013). Perception of psychopathy and the uncanny valley in virtual characters. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1617–1625. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., Nabi, D.A., & Williams, A. (2011). Facial expression of emotion and perception of the uncanny valley in virtual characters. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 741–749. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tinwell, A., Grimshaw, M., & Williams, A. (2011). Uncanny speech. In M. Grimshaw (Ed.), Game sound technology and player interaction: Concepts and developments (pp. 213–234). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tondu, B., & Bardou, N. (2011). A new interpretation of Mori’s uncanny valley for future humanoid robots. International Journal of Robotics and Automation, 26(3), 337–348. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tsui, K., Desai, M., Yanco, H., Cramer, H., & Kemper, N. (2011). Measuring the perceptions of autonomous and known human controlled robots. International Journal of Intelligent Control and Systems, 16(2), 1–16.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Turkle, S., Taggart, W., Kidd, C.D., & Dasté, O. (2006). Relational artifacts with children and elders: The complexities of cybercompanionship. Connection Science, 18(4), 347–361. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tybur, J.M., Bryan, A.D., Lieberman, D., Caldwell Hooper, A.E., & Merriman, L.A. (2011). Sex differences and sex similarities in disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 511, 343–348. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Uliaszek, A., Hauner, K., Zinbarg, R., Craske, M., Mineka, S., Griffith, J., & Rose, R. (2009). An examination of content overlap and disorder-specific predictions in the associations of neuroticism with anxiety and depression. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), ­785–794. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vail, K.E. III, Rothschild, Z.K., Weise, D.R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2010). A terror management analysis of the psychological functions of religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 84–94. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vess, M., Arndt, J., & Cox, C.R. (2012). Faith and nature: The effect of death-relevant cognitions on the relationship between religious fundamentalism and connectedness to nature. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(3), 333–340. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Walters, M.L., Syrdal, D.S., Dautenhahn, K., te Boekhorst, R., & Koay, K.L. (2008). Avoiding the uncanny valley: Robot appearance, personality and consistency of behavior in an ­attention-seeking home scenario for a robot companion. Autonomous Robots, 24(2), 159–178. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Waytz, A., Gray, K., Epley, N., & Wegner, D.M. (2010). Causes and consequences of mind perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(8), 383–388. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yamada, Y., Kawabe, T., & Ihaya, K. (2013). Categorization difficulty is associated with negative evaluation in the “uncanny valley” phenomenon. Japanese Psychological Research, 55(1), 20–32. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Yoon, K., & Zinbarg, R.E. (2007). Threat is in the eye of the beholder: Social anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous facial expressions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(4), 839–847. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zhong, C.-B., Phillips, K.W., Leonardelli, G.J., & Galinsky, A.D. (2008). Negational categorization and intergroup behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(6), 793–806. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (126)

Cited by 126 other publications

Naumann, Eva
2026. Realistic human-like avatar embodiment diminishes outcomes in digital emotion regulation interventions. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 21 ► pp. 100952 ff. DOI logo
Baek, Tae Hyun, Minseong Kim & Hyejin Bang
2025. Why AI robot chefs backfire: Consumer responses to robot-themed appeals. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 65 ► pp. 101358 ff. DOI logo
Bakan, Uğur, Turgay Han & Ufuk Bakan
2025. Exploring the impact of the uncanny valley effect on teenagers’ attitudes toward virtual characters and EFL reading comprehension skills. Intelligent Service Robotics 18:2 ► pp. 233 ff. DOI logo
Cihodaru-Ștefanache, Ștefania & Ioana R. Podina
2025. The uncanny valley effect in embodied conversational agents: a critical systematic review of attractiveness, anthropomorphism, and uncanniness. Frontiers in Psychology 16 DOI logo
Diel, Alexander, Tania Lalgi, Martin Teufel, Alexander Bäuerle & Karl MacDorman
2025. Eerie edibles: Realism and food neophobia predict an uncanny valley in AI-generated food images. Appetite 208 ► pp. 107926 ff. DOI logo
Herjanto, Halimin, Muslim Amin & Cihan Cobanoglu
2025. Should I Use ChatGPT Travel Insurance Recommendations? A Dual‐Process Theory Perspective. International Journal of Consumer Studies 49:2 DOI logo
Kim, WooJin, Yuhosua Ryoo & Yung Kyun Choi
2025. That uncanny valley of mind: when anthropomorphic AI agents disrupt personalized advertising. International Journal of Advertising 44:8 ► pp. 1684 ff. DOI logo
Lang, Fabian
2025. Erweiterte Realitäten und virtuelle Welten. In Einführung in das Metaverse, ► pp. 25 ff. DOI logo
Obrenovic, Bojan, Xiao Gu, Guoyu Wang, Danijela Godinic & Ilimdorjon Jakhongirov
2025. Generative AI and human–robot interaction: implications and future agenda for business, society and ethics. AI & SOCIETY 40:2 ► pp. 677 ff. DOI logo
Scaffidi Abbate, Costanza, Luca Taddeo & Santo Di Nuovo
2025. Humanoid interfaces in artificial intelligence-based language learning devices: Possible ‘Uncanny Valley’ effects?. Acta Psychologica 256 ► pp. 104997 ff. DOI logo
Schenk, Patrick & Vanessa A. Müller
2025. Earning Their Rights! Ontological Properties, Social Impact, and Moral Rights for Artificial Intelligence. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 11 DOI logo
Sestino, Andrea & Alfredo D'Angelo
2025. Designing AI-based interactive avatars in healthcare services: the impact of human-like similarity on emotional responses. Management Decision ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Yamaguchi, Motonori
2025. Item-level implicit affective measures reveal the uncanny valley of robot faces. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 196 ► pp. 103443 ff. DOI logo
Doğan Erdinç, Ece & Ayda Uzunçarşılı Soydaş
2024. Tekinsiz Vadi Teorisi Bağlamında Yapay Zeka Etkileyicileri. Selçuk İletişim 17:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Fan, Cong & Weiqi He
2024. A review of level-1 visual perspective-taking: potential relationship with the uncanny valley effect. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Giger, Jean-Christophe, Nuno Piçarra, Grzegorz Pochwatko, Nuno Almeida, Ana Susana Almeida, Neuza Costa & Mirko Duradoni
2024. Development of the Beliefs in Human Nature Uniqueness Scale and Its Associations With Perception of Social Robots. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2024:1 DOI logo
Grundke, Andrea, Markus Appel & Jan-Philipp Stein
2024. Aversion against machines with complex mental abilities: The role of individual differences. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2:2 ► pp. 100087 ff. DOI logo
Guingrich, Rose E. & Michael S. A. Graziano
2024. Ascribing consciousness to artificial intelligence: human-AI interaction and its carry-over effects on human-human interaction. Frontiers in Psychology 15 DOI logo
Guingrich, Rose E. & Michael S. A. Graziano
2025. P(doom) Versus AI Optimism: Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence and the Factors That Shape Them. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science 10:4 ► pp. 686 ff. DOI logo
Hancock, P.A.
2024. Tokens of Reality: On the Prospective Nature of Virtual Consciousness. PRESENCE: Virtual and Augmented Reality 33 ► pp. 469 ff. DOI logo
Hoorn, Johan F. & Ivy S. Huang
2024. The media inequality, uncanny mountain, and the singularity is far from near: Iwaa and Sophia robot versus a real human being. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 181 ► pp. 103142 ff. DOI logo
Lafortune, D., S. Dubé, V. Lapointe, J. Bonneau, C. Champoux & N. Sigouin
2024. Virtual Reality Could Help Assess Sexual Aversion Disorder. The Journal of Sex Research 61:4 ► pp. 588 ff. DOI logo
Markelius, Alva, Sofia Sjöberg, Martin Bergström, Bahram Salamat Ravandi, Ana B. Vivas, Imran Khan & Robert Lowe
2024. Differential Outcomes Training of Visuospatial Memory: A Gamified Approach Using a Socially Assistive Robot. International Journal of Social Robotics 16:2 ► pp. 363 ff. DOI logo
Mays, Katy
2024. Authentic Impediments: The Influence of Identity Threat, Cultivated Perceptions, and Personality on Robophobia. Human-Machine Communication 8 ► pp. 205 ff. DOI logo
Mouritzen, Simone Lykke Tranholm, Valeria Penttinen & Susanne Pedersen
2024. Virtual influencer marketing: the good, the bad and the unreal. European Journal of Marketing 58:2 ► pp. 410 ff. DOI logo
Ratajczyk, Dawid, Jakub Dakowski & Paweł Łupkowski
2024. The Importance of Beliefs in Human Nature Uniqueness for Uncanny Valley in Virtual Reality and On-Screen. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 40:12 ► pp. 3081 ff. DOI logo
Ratajczyk, Dawid Jaroslaw
2024. Proceedings of the 2024 4th International Conference on Human-Machine Interaction, ► pp. 8 ff. DOI logo
Sasaki, Kota, Fumiya Yonemitsu & Atsunori Ariga
2024. The uncanny valley phenomenon can be explained by categorization failure rather than categorization difficulty. Visual Cognition 32:5 ► pp. 388 ff. DOI logo
Shum, Cass, Hyun Jeong Kim, Jennifer R. Calhoun & Eka Diraksa Putra
2024. “I was so scared I quit”: Uncanny valley effects of robots’ human-likeness on employee fear and industry turnover intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management 120 ► pp. 103762 ff. DOI logo
Song, Y. Greg, Jeongmin Ham, Eunjoo Jin & Matthew S. Eastin
2024. Advertising Artificial Intelligence (AI) Agents: The Effects of Social Presence, Sincerity, and Social Benefit Appeals. Journal of Interactive Advertising 24:3 ► pp. 185 ff. DOI logo
Stein, Jan-Philipp, Tanja Messingschlager, Timo Gnambs, Fabian Hutmacher & Markus Appel
2024. Attitudes towards AI: measurement and associations with personality. Scientific Reports 14:1 DOI logo
Balla, Gianluca
2023. Adapting visual references in concept art for films and video games in design uncanny monsters. Journal of Adaptation in Film & Performance 16:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Benjamin, Rachele & Steven J. Heine
2023. From Freud to Android: Constructing a Scale of Uncanny Feelings. Journal of Personality Assessment 105:1 ► pp. 121 ff. DOI logo
Cohn, Michelle, Ashley Keaton, Jonas Beskow & Georgia Zellou
2023. Vocal accommodation to technology: the role of physical form. Language Sciences 99 ► pp. 101567 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander, Wataru Sato, Chun-Ting Hsu & Takashi Minato
2023. The inversion effect on the cubic humanness-uncanniness relation in humanlike agents. Frontiers in Psychology 14 DOI logo
Igaue, Takuya & Ryusuke Hayashi
2023. Signatures of the uncanny valley effect in an artificial neural network. Computers in Human Behavior 146 ► pp. 107811 ff. DOI logo
Krpan, Dario, Jonathan E. Booth & Andreea Damien
2023. The positive–negative–competence (PNC) model of psychological responses to representations of robots. Nature Human Behaviour 7:11 ► pp. 1933 ff. DOI logo
Mays, Kate K. & James J. Cummings
2023. The Power of Personal Ontologies: Individual Traits Prevail Over Robot Traits in Shaping Robot Humanization Perceptions. International Journal of Social Robotics 15:9-10 ► pp. 1665 ff. DOI logo
Motorina, L.E.
2023. HRI as a Phenomenon of Social Interaction. Social Psychology and Society 14:1 ► pp. 38 ff. DOI logo
Navarro-Estrella, Mario, Juan-Carlos Rojas, Fatima A. Hernandez & Jaime Alvarez
2023. 2023 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC), ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Roselli, Cecilia, Serena Marchesi, Davide De Tommaso & Agnieszka Wykowska
2023. The role of prior exposure in the likelihood of adopting the Intentional Stance toward a humanoid robot. Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 14:1 DOI logo
Spatola, Nicolas, Serena Marchesi & Agnieszka Wykowska
2023. The Phenotypes of Anthropomorphism and the Link to Personality Traits. International Journal of Social Robotics 15:1 ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Yin, Jun, Shiqi Wang, Wenjiao Guo & Meixuan Shao
2023. More than appearance: the uncanny valley effect changes with a robot’s mental capacity. Current Psychology 42:12 ► pp. 9867 ff. DOI logo
Abubshait, Abdulaziz, Yicen Xie, Jung-Kuan Lin, Marissa Toma & Eva Wiese
2022. Loneliness During COVID-19 Influences Mind and Likeability Ratings in the Uncanny Valley. In Social Robotics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13818], ► pp. 248 ff. DOI logo
Balkenius, Christian & Birger Johansson
2022. Almost Alive: Robots and Androids. Frontiers in Human Dynamics 4 DOI logo
Carp, Sarah B., Anthony C. Santistevan, Christopher J. Machado, Alexander M. Whitaker, Brittany L. Aguilar & Eliza Bliss-Moreau
2022. Monkey visual attention does not fall into the uncanny valley. Scientific Reports 12:1 DOI logo
Diel, Alexander & Michael Lewis
2022. Familiarity, orientation, and realism increase face uncanniness  by  sensitizing  to  facial distortions. Journal of Vision 22:4 ► pp. 14 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander & Michael Lewis
2022. The uncanniness of written text is explained by configural deviation and not by processing disfluency. Perception 51:10 ► pp. 729 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander & Michael Lewis
2022. Structural deviations drive an uncanny valley of physical places. Journal of Environmental Psychology 82 ► pp. 101844 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander & Michael Lewis
2024. Domain-general and -specific individual difference predictors of an uncanny valley and uncanniness effects. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2:1 ► pp. 100041 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander & Michael Lewis
2024. Deviation from typical organic voices best explains a vocal uncanny valley. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 14 ► pp. 100430 ff. DOI logo
Diel, Alexander, Sarah Weigelt & Karl F. Macdorman
2022. A Meta-analysis of the Uncanny Valley's Independent and Dependent Variables. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction 11:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Gahrn-Andersen, Rasmus
2022. Seeming autonomy, technology and the uncanny valley. AI & SOCIETY 37:2 ► pp. 595 ff. DOI logo
Jerrentrup, Maja Tabea
2022. I’m bad: The fascination of embodying the evil in a virtual world. Virtual Creativity 12:2 ► pp. 155 ff. DOI logo
Lafortune, David, Valerie A. Lapointe, Cloé Canivet, Natacha Godbout & Marie-Aude Boislard
2022. Validation of a virtual environment for sexual aversion. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy 32:2 ► pp. 85 ff. DOI logo
Navare, Uma P., Kyveli Kompatsiari, Francesca Ciardo & Agnieszka Wykowska
2022. 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Schreibelmayr, Simon & Martina Mara
2022. Robot Voices in Daily Life: Vocal Human-Likeness and Application Context as Determinants of User Acceptance. Frontiers in Psychology 13 DOI logo
Siri, Giulia, Abdulaziz Abubshait, Davide De Tommaso, Pasquale Cardellicchio, Alessandro D'Ausilio & Agnieszka Wykowska
2022. 2022 31st IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), ► pp. 1238 ff. DOI logo
Stein, Jan-Philipp, Paula Cimander & Markus Appel
2022. Power-Posing Robots: The Influence of a Humanoid Robot’s Posture and Size on its Perceived Dominance, Competence, Eeriness, and Threat. International Journal of Social Robotics 14:6 ► pp. 1413 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Jianning & Li Liu
2021. Robots are friends as well as foes: Ambivalent attitudes toward mindful and mindless AI robots in the United States and China. Computers in Human Behavior 115 ► pp. 106612 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Jianning & Li Liu
2022. A growth mindset about human minds promotes positive responses to intelligent technology. Cognition 220 ► pp. 104985 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Jianning & Li Liu
2025. Agentic and communal motivations underlying human–AI interactions. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 28:4 DOI logo
Di Natale, Anna Flavia, Stefano Triberti, Federica Sibilla, Chiara Imperato, Daniela Villani, Tiziana Mancini & Giuseppe Riva
2021. Behind a Digital Mask: Users’ Subjective Experience of Animated Characters and Its Effect on Source Credibility. Interacting with Computers 33:5 ► pp. 499 ff. DOI logo
Esterwood, Connor, Kyle Essenmacher, Han Yang, Fanpan Zeng & Lionel Peter Robert
2021. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Esterwood, Connor, Kyle Essenmacher, Han Yang, Fanpan Zeng & Lionel Robert
2021. A Meta-Analysis of Human Personality and Robot Acceptance in Human-Robot Interaction. SSRN Electronic Journal DOI logo
Higgins, Darragh, Donal Egan, Rebecca Fribourg, Benjamin Cowan & Rachel McDonnell
2021. ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2021, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Kljajevic, Vanja
2021. Self and the Virtual Other. In Consensual Illusion: The Mind in Virtual Reality [Cognitive Systems Monographs, 44], ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Mara, Martina & Benedikt Leichtmann
2021. Soziale Robotik und Roboterpsychologie. In Soziale Roboter, ► pp. 169 ff. DOI logo
Matthews, Gerald, Peter A. Hancock, Jinchao Lin, April Rose Panganiban, Lauren E. Reinerman-Jones, James L. Szalma & Ryan W. Wohleber
2021. Evolution and revolution: Personality research for the coming world of robots, artificial intelligence, and autonomous systems. Personality and Individual Differences 169 ► pp. 109969 ff. DOI logo
Müller, Barbara C. N., Xin Gao, Sari R. R. Nijssen & Tom G. E. Damen
2021. I, Robot: How Human Appearance and Mind Attribution Relate to the Perceived Danger of Robots. International Journal of Social Robotics 13:4 ► pp. 691 ff. DOI logo
Paetzel-Prüsmann, Maike, Giulia Perugia & Ginevra Castellano
2021. The Influence of robot personality on the development of uncanny feelings. Computers in Human Behavior 120 ► pp. 106756 ff. DOI logo
Thepsoonthorn, Chidchanok, Ken-ichiro Ogawa & Yoshihiro Miyake
2021. The Exploration of the Uncanny Valley from the Viewpoint of the Robot’s Nonverbal Behaviour. International Journal of Social Robotics 13:6 ► pp. 1443 ff. DOI logo
Yonemitsu, Fumiya, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Akihiko Gobara, Yuki Yamada & Grzegorz Pochwatko
2021. The clone devaluation effect: A new uncanny phenomenon concerning facial identity. PLOS ONE 16:7 ► pp. e0254396 ff. DOI logo
Appel, Markus, David Izydorczyk, Silvana Weber, Martina Mara & Tanja Lischetzke
2020. The uncanny of mind in a machine: Humanoid robots as tools, agents, and experiencers. Computers in Human Behavior 102 ► pp. 274 ff. DOI logo
Ciardo, Francesca, Davide Ghiglino, Cecilia Roselli & Agnieszka Wykowska
2020. The Effect of Individual Differences and Repetitive Interactions on Explicit and Implicit Attitudes Towards Robots. In Social Robotics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12483], ► pp. 466 ff. DOI logo
Kühne, Katharina, Martin H. Fischer & Yuefang Zhou
2020. The Human Takes It All: Humanlike Synthesized Voices Are Perceived as Less Eerie and More Likable. Evidence From a Subjective Ratings Study. Frontiers in Neurorobotics 14 DOI logo
Löffler, Diana, Judith Dörrenbächer & Marc Hassenzahl
2020. Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, ► pp. 261 ff. DOI logo
Mathur, Maya B., David B. Reichling, Francesca Lunardini, Alice Geminiani, Alberto Antonietti, Peter A.M. Ruijten, Carmel A. Levitan, Gideon Nave, Dylan Manfredi, Brandy Bessette-Symons, Attila Szuts & Balazs Aczel
2020. Uncanny but not confusing: Multisite study of perceptual category confusion in the Uncanny Valley. Computers in Human Behavior 103 ► pp. 21 ff. DOI logo
Nieuważny, Jagna, Fumito Masui, Michal Ptaszynski, Rafal Rzepka & Karol Nowakowski
2020. How religion and morality correlate in age of society 5.0: Statistical analysis of emotional and moral associations with Buddhist religious terms appearing on Japanese blogs. Cognitive Systems Research 59 ► pp. 329 ff. DOI logo
Schweinberger, Stefan R., Maike Pohl & Paul Winkler
2020. Autistic traits, personality, and evaluations of humanoid robots by young and older adults. Computers in Human Behavior 106 ► pp. 106256 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Eliot R., Steven Sherrin, Marlena R. Fraune & Selma Šabanović
2020. Positive Emotions, More Than Anxiety or Other Negative Emotions, Predict Willingness to Interact With Robots. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46:8 ► pp. 1270 ff. DOI logo
Stein, Jan-Philipp, Markus Appel, Alexandra Jost & Peter Ohler
2020. Matter over mind? How the acceptance of digital entities depends on their appearance, mental prowess, and the interaction between both. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 142 ► pp. 102463 ff. DOI logo
Taylor, Jebediah, Staci Meredith Weiss & Peter J. Marshall
2020. “Alexa, how are you feeling today?”. Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 21:3 ► pp. 329 ff. DOI logo
Tu, Yun-Chen, Sung-En Chien & Su-Ling Yeh
2020. Age-Related Differences in the Uncanny Valley Effect. Gerontology 66:4 ► pp. 382 ff. DOI logo
Zemke, Dina Marie V., Jason Tang, Carola Raab & Jungsun Kim
2020. How To Build a Better Robot . . . for Quick-Service Restaurants. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 44:8 ► pp. 1235 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Jie, Shuo Li, Jing-Yu Zhang, Feng Du, Yue Qi & Xun Liu
2020. A Literature Review of the Research on the Uncanny Valley. In Cross-Cultural Design. User Experience of Products, Services, and Intelligent Environments [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12192], ► pp. 255 ff. DOI logo
Buckingham, Gavin, Johnny Parr, Greg Wood, Sarah Day, Alix Chadwell, John Head, Adam Galpin, Laurence Kenney, Peter Kyberd, Emma Gowen & Ellen Poliakoff
2019. Upper- and lower-limb amputees show reduced levels of eeriness for images of prosthetic hands. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26:4 ► pp. 1295 ff. DOI logo
Gnambs, Timo & Markus Appel
2019. Are robots becoming unpopular? Changes in attitudes towards autonomous robotic systems in Europe. Computers in Human Behavior 93 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
Hinz, Nina-Alisa, Francesca Ciardo & Agnieszka Wykowska
2019. Individual Differences in Attitude Toward Robots Predict Behavior in Human-Robot Interaction. In Social Robotics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11876], ► pp. 64 ff. DOI logo
MacDorman, Karl F.
2019. In the uncanny valley, transportation predicts narrative enjoyment more than empathy, but only for the tragic hero. Computers in Human Behavior 94 ► pp. 140 ff. DOI logo
MacDorman, Karl F.
2024. Does mind perception explain the uncanny valley? A meta-regression analysis and (de)humanization experiment. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2:1 ► pp. 100065 ff. DOI logo
MacDorman, Karl F.
2019. La Vallée de l’Étrange de Mori Masahiro. e-Phaïstos VII-2 DOI logo
McBride, James
2019. Robotic Bodies and the Kairos of Humanoid Theologies. Sophia 58:4 ► pp. 663 ff. DOI logo
Mende, Melinda A., Martin H. Fischer & Katharina Kühne
2019. The Use of Social Robots and the Uncanny Valley Phenomenon. In AI Love You, ► pp. 41 ff. DOI logo
Okanda, Mako, Kosuke Taniguchi & Shoji Itakura
2019. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Purzycki, Kristopher
2019. Book review: The Uncanny Valley in Games and Animation. Animation 14:1 ► pp. 70 ff. DOI logo
Shin, Mincheol, Se Jung Kim & Frank Biocca
2019. The uncanny valley: No need for any further judgments when an avatar looks eerie. Computers in Human Behavior 94 ► pp. 100 ff. DOI logo
Stein, Jan-Philipp, Benny Liebold & Peter Ohler
2019. Stay back, clever thing! Linking situational control and human uniqueness concerns to the aversion against autonomous technology. Computers in Human Behavior 95 ► pp. 73 ff. DOI logo
Strait, Megan, Heather L. Urry & Paul Muentener
2019. 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), ► pp. 506 ff. DOI logo
Łupkowski, Paweł & Marta Gierszewska
2019. Attitude Towards Humanoid Robots and the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 44:1 ► pp. 101 ff. DOI logo
Ivanov, Stanislav, Craig Webster & Aleksandra Garenko
2018. Young Russian adults' attitudes towards the potential use of robots in hotels. Technology in Society 55 ► pp. 24 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Bingjie & S. Shyam Sundar
2018. Should Machines Express Sympathy and Empathy? Experiments with a Health Advice Chatbot. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21:10 ► pp. 625 ff. DOI logo
Olivera-La Rosa, Antonio
2018. Wrong outside, wrong inside: A social functionalist approach to the uncanny feeling. New Ideas in Psychology 50 ► pp. 38 ff. DOI logo
Yamshchikov, Ivan P. & Alexey Tikhonov
2018.  [Electronic Workshops in Computing, ], DOI logo
Hetherington, Richard & Rachel McRae
2017. Make-Believing Animated Films Featuring Digital Humans: A Qualitative Inquiry Using Online Sources. Animation 12:2 ► pp. 156 ff. DOI logo
Ho, Chin-Chang & Karl F. MacDorman
2017. Measuring the Uncanny Valley Effect. International Journal of Social Robotics 9:1 ► pp. 129 ff. DOI logo
Leite, Iolanda, Marissa McCoy, Monika Lohani, Daniel Ullman, Nicole Salomons, Charlene Stokes, Susan Rivers & Brian Scassellati
2017. Narratives with Robots: The Impact of Interaction Context and Individual Differences on Story Recall and Emotional Understanding. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 4 DOI logo
Lischetzke, Tanja, David Izydorczyk, Christina Hüller & Markus Appel
2017. The topography of the uncanny valley and individuals’ need for structure: A nonlinear mixed effects analysis. Journal of Research in Personality 68 ► pp. 96 ff. DOI logo
Sasaki, Kyoshiro, Keiko Ihaya & Yuki Yamada
2017. Avoidance of Novelty Contributes to the Uncanny Valley. Frontiers in Psychology 8 DOI logo
Stein, Jan-Philipp & Peter Ohler
2017. Venturing into the uncanny valley of mind—The influence of mind attribution on the acceptance of human-like characters in a virtual reality setting. Cognition 160 ► pp. 43 ff. DOI logo
Turner, Phil
2017. Other Social Beings. In A Psychology of User Experience [Human–Computer Interaction Series, ], ► pp. 45 ff. DOI logo
Turner, Phil
2023. Affect. In A Psychology of User Experience [Human–Computer Interaction Series, ], ► pp. 109 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Shensheng & Philippe Rochat
2017. Human Perception of Animacy in Light of the Uncanny Valley Phenomenon. Perception 46:12 ► pp. 1386 ff. DOI logo
Bruk‐Lee, Valentina, Julie Lanz, Erica N. Drew, Chris Coughlin, Pamela Levine, Kathy Tuzinski & Kimberly Wrenn
2016. Examining Applicant Reactions to Different Media Types in Character‐based Simulations for Employee Selection. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 24:1 ► pp. 77 ff. DOI logo
Ferrari, Francesco & Friederike Eyssel
2016. Toward a Hybrid Society. In Social Robotics [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9979], ► pp. 909 ff. DOI logo
Ferrari, Francesco, Maria Paola Paladino & Jolanda Jetten
2016. Blurring Human–Machine Distinctions: Anthropomorphic Appearance in Social Robots as a Threat to Human Distinctiveness. International Journal of Social Robotics 8:2 ► pp. 287 ff. DOI logo
Lay, Stephanie, Nicola Brace, Graham Pike & Frank Pollick
2016. Circling Around the Uncanny Valley: Design Principles for Research Into the Relation Between Human Likeness and Eeriness. i-Perception 7:6 DOI logo
MacDorman, Karl F. & Debaleena Chattopadhyay
2016. Reducing consistency in human realism increases the uncanny valley effect; increasing category uncertainty does not. Cognition 146 ► pp. 190 ff. DOI logo
Mone, Gregory
2016. The edge of the uncanny. Communications of the ACM 59:9 ► pp. 17 ff. DOI logo
Quadflieg, Susanne, Israr Ul-Haq & Nikolaos Mavridis
2016. Now you feel it, now you don’t. Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 17:2 ► pp. 211 ff. DOI logo
Sagar, Mark & Elizabeth Broadbent
2016. Participatory medicine: model based tools for engaging and empowering the individual. Interface Focus 6:2 DOI logo
Sagar, Mark, Mike Seymour & Annette Henderson
2016. Creating connection with autonomous facial animation. Communications of the ACM 59:12 ► pp. 82 ff. DOI logo
Destephe, Matthieu, Martim Brandao, Tatsuhiro Kishi, Massimiliano Zecca, Kenji Hashimoto & Atsuo Takanishi
2015. Walking in the uncanny valley: importance of the attractiveness on the acceptance of a robot as a working partner. Frontiers in Psychology 6 DOI logo
Ferrey, Anne E., Tyler J. Burleigh & Mark J. Fenske
2015. Stimulus-category competition, inhibition, and affective devaluation: a novel account of the uncanny valley. Frontiers in Psychology 6 DOI logo
Rosenthal-von der Pütten, Astrid & Astrid Weiss
2015. The uncanny valley phenomenon. Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems 16:2 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Shensheng, Scott O. Lilienfeld & Philippe Rochat
2015. The Uncanny Valley: Existence and Explanations. Review of General Psychology 19:4 ► pp. 393 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue