Article published In: Internet Pragmatics
Vol. 1:1 (2018) ► pp.113–133
Identity-related issues in meme communication
Published online: 28 May 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00006.yus
https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00006.yus
Abstract
Internet memes are an example of the trend of replicability and spread of discourses through the Net within today’s participatory culture. On paper, memes are instances of humorous discourse that abound on the internet, are replicated or altered, and then transmitted to other users. However, in this paper the focus is not on its humorous side, but on how every single stage of meme communication entails a greater or lesser impact on the user’s self-concept, self-awareness and overall identity. The paper addresses five stages of meme communication and possible ways in which these stages influence the user’s identity.
Keywords: memes, meme communication, online identity, cyberpragmatics, image macros
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Memes and internet memes
- 3.Broadening the role of humor and of identity-shaping strategies and effects
- 4.User’s identity throughout meme interpretation and transference
- 4.1Decoding
- 4.2Inferring
- 4.3Sharing
- 4.4Strengthening
- 4.5Spreading
- 5.Concluding remarks
- Acknowledgements
References
References (50)
Ballesteros Doncel, Esmeralda. 2016. “Circulación de memes en WhatsApp: Ambivalencias del humor desde la perspectiva de género.” Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales 351: 21–45.
Blackmore, Susan. 1998. “Imitation and the definition of a meme.” Journal of Memetics 2(2). Available at [URL].
. 2001. “Evolution and memes: The human brain as a selective imitation device.” Cybernetics and Systems 32(1): 225–255.
du Preez, Amanda, and Elanie Lombard. 2014. “The role of memes in the construction of Facebook personae” Communicatio 40(3): 253–270.
Dynel, Marta. 2016. “‘I has seen image macros!’ Advice animal memes as visual-verbal jokes.” International Journal of Communication 101: 660–688.
Forceville, Charles. 2014. “Relevance Theory as model for analyzing visual and multimodal communication.” In Visual Communication, ed. by David Machin, 51–70. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Forceville, Charles, and Billy Clark. 2014. “Can pictures have explicatures?” Linguagem em (Dis)curso (special issue on relevance theory) 14(3): 451–472.
Gal, Noam, Limor Shifman, and Zohar Kampf. 2015. “‘It Gets Better’: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity.” New Media & Society 18(8): 1698–1714.
Guadagno, Rosanna E., Daniel M. Rempala, Shannon Murphy, and Bradley M. Okdie. 2013. “What makes a video go viral? An analysis of emotional contagion and Internet memes.” Computers in Human Behavior 291: 2312–2319.
Hempelmann, Christian F., and Andrea C. Samson. 2008. “Cartoons: Drawn jokes?” In The Primer of Humor Research, ed. by Victor Raskin, 609–640. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Kanai, Akane. 2016. “Sociality and classification: Reading gender, race, and class in a humorous meme.” Social Media + Society October-December: 1–12.
Knobel, Michele, and Colin Lankshear. 2007. “Online memes, affinities, and cultural production.” In A New Literacies Sampler, ed. by Michele Knobel, and Colin Lankshear, 199–227. Berlin: Peter Lang.
Konstantineas, Charalambos, and George Vlachos. 2012. “Internet Memes: Humor in late modernity and encroachment upon the mainstream.” Inter-disciplinary.net.
Laineste, Liisi, and Piret Voolaid. 2016. “Laughing across borders: Intertextuality of internet memes.” European Journal of Humour Research 4(4): 26–49.
Milner, Ryan M. 2012. The World Made Meme: Discourse and Identity in Participatory Media. PhD Thesis. University of Kansas.
Miltner, Kate M. 2014. “‘There’s no place for lulz on LOLCats’: The role of genre, gender, and group identity in the interpretation and enjoyment of an Internet meme.” First Monday 19(8).
Naughton, John. 2012. From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg: What You Really Need to Know about the Internet. London: Quercus.
Nissenbaum, Asaf, and Limor Shifman. 2017. “Internet memes as contested cultural capital: The case of 4chan’s /b/ board.” New Media & Society 19(4): 483–501.
Postmes, Tom, and Nancy Baym. 2005. “Intergroup dimensions of the internet.” In Intergroup Communication: Multiple Perspectives, ed. by Jake Harwood, and Howard Giles, 213–238. New York: Peter Lang.
Segev, Elad, Asaf Nissenbaum, Nathan Stolero, and Limor Shifman. 2015. “Families and networks of Internet memes: The relationship between cohesiveness, uniqueness, and quiddity concreteness.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 201: 417–433.
Shophocleous, Andry, and Christiana Themistocleus. 2014. “Projecting social and discursive identities through code-switching on Facebook: The case of Greek Cypriots.” Language@Internet 111.
Sperber, Dan. 1984. “Anthropology and psychology: Towards an epidemiology of representations.” Man 201: 73–89.
Taecharungroj, Viriya, and Pitchganut Nueangjamnong. 2014. “The effect of humour on virality: The study of Internet memes on social media.” Paper presented at
7th International Forum on Public Relations and Advertising Media Impacts on Culture and Social Communication
. Bangkok, August.
Tsakona, Villy. 2009. “Language and image interaction in cartoons: Towards a multimodal theory of humor.” Journal of Pragmatics 411: 1171–1188.
Wiggins, Bradley E., and G. Bret Bowers. 2015. “Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape.” New Media & Society 17(11): 1886–1906.
Yoon, InJeon. 2016. “Why is it not just a joke? Analysis of Internet memes associated with racism and hidden ideology of colorblindness.” Journal of Cultural Research in Art Education 331: 92–123.
Yus, Francisco. 1997. “La teoría de la relevancia y la estrategia humorística de la incongruencia-resolución.” Pragmalingüística 3–4: 497–508.
. 2002. “Stand-up comedy and cultural spread: The case of sex roles.” Babel A.F.I.A.L., special issue on humour studies, p. 245–292.
. 2004. “Pragmatics of humorous strategies in El club de la comedia. In Current Trends in the Pragmatics of Spanish, ed. by Rosina Márquez-Reiter, and María E. Placencia, 320–344. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2005. “Dave Allen’s stand-up monologues: An epidemiological approach.” In Thistles. A homage to Brian Hughes. Volume 2: Essays in Memoriam, ed. by José Mateo, and Francisco Yus, 317–344. Alicante: University of Alicante, Department of English Studies.
. 2007. “Weblogs: Web pages in search of a genre?” In The Texture of Internet. Netlinguistics in Progress, ed. by. Santiago Posteguillo, María José Esteve, and M. Lluïsa Gea-Valor, 118–142. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
. 2009. “Visual metaphor versus verbal metaphor: A unified account.” In Multimodal Metaphor, ed. by Charles Forceville, and Eduardio Uriós-Aparisi, 145–172. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. 2011. Cyberpragmatics. Internet-Mediated Communication in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2014. “El discurso de las identidades en línea: El caso de Facebook.” Discurso & Sociedad 8(3): 398–426.
. 2016a. Humour and Relevance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. 2016b. “Towards a cyberpragmatics of mobile instant messaging.” In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2016: Global Implications for Culture and Society in the Networked Age, ed. by Jesús Romero-Trillo, 7–26. Berlin: Springer.
. 2016c. “Discourse, contextualization and identity shaping. The case of social networking sites and virtual worlds.” In Technology Implementation in Higher Education for Second Language Teaching and Translation Studies, ed. by María Luisa Carrió-Pastor, 71–88. Singapore: Springer.
. 2016d. “Propositional attitude, affective attitude and irony comprehension.” Pragmatics & Cognition 23(1): 92–116.
. 2107a. “Contextual constraints and non-propositional effects in WhatsApp communication.” Journal of Pragmatics 1141: 66–86.
. 2018. “Positive non-humorous effects of humor on the Internet.” In The Dynamics of Interactional Humor. Creating and Negotiating Humor in Everyday Encounters, ed. by Villy Tsakona, and Jan Chovanec, 283–303. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
. forthcoming a. “Relevance from and beyond propositions. The case of online identity.” In Relevance and Irrelevance: Theories, Factors and Challenges, ed. by Hishashi Nasu, and Jan Strassheim. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
. forthcoming b. “The interface between pragmatics and Internet-mediated communication: Applications, extensions and adjustments.” In Pragmatics and its Interfaces, ed. by Cornelia Ilie, and Neal Norrick. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cited by (66)
Cited by 66 other publications
Mancera Rueda, Ana & Ana Pano Alamán
Zaloilo, M. V. & N. V. Vlasova
Dancygier, Barbara & Lieven Vandelanotte
Fa, Hui
Fetzer, Anita
2025.
Being sensible is now a radical concept I LOVE that quote haha
. Internet Pragmatics 8:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Glynn, Eleanore, David H. K. Brown & Lisa Edwards
Godwin, Emily, Brittany I. Davidson, Tim Hill & Adam Joinson
Lamba, Paramjit Singh & Neera Jain
Occa, Aurora, Huai-yu Chen & Kayden L. Teffeteller
Porter, Andrew, Spring Cooper, Ashley Falcon, Megan Piller, Ritika Modi & Emily Hawver
Sergei V. Ageev, Evgeny A. Pushkarev & Natalia V. Antonenko
Doctor, Nathan, Kimberly G. Elder, Brooke Hafling & Katie F. Leslie
Grupač, Marián, Vladimír Filip, Matej Somr & Dominik Maček
Kapoor, Payal & Abhishek Behl
Rogers, Richard & Giulia Giorgi
Semotiuk, Orest
Sinkeviciute, Valeria
Thomson, Pat
Vazquez-Calvo, Boris & James York
Wu, Yu-Feng, Yu-Tai Wu, Jian-Hong Ye & Jhen-Ni Ye
Cantos-Delgado, Clara & Carmen Maíz-Arévalo
Ivan, Loredana
Li, Jie & Yanling Lin
2023. Parentheses used as pragmatic strategies in Chinese online socialization. Pragmatics and Society 14:3 ► pp. 442 ff.
Linares Bernabéu, Esther
2023. Introduction. In The Pragmatics of Humour in Interactive Contexts [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 335], ► pp. 1 ff.
Pano Alamán, Ana & Ana Mancera Rueda
2023. Political-electoral memes and interactional humour on
Twitter. In The Pragmatics of Humour in Interactive Contexts [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 335], ► pp. 32 ff.
Aslan, Erhan
Dang, Phuong Thu & Hanh Thi Hoang
Tong, Ying & Chaoqun Xie
Tong, Ying & Chaoqun Xie
Cruz-Moya, Olga & Alfonso Sánchez-Moya
Giorgi, Giulia
Hajimichael, Mike
Maíz-Arévalo, Carmen
2021. Humour and self-presentation on WhatsApp profile
status. In Approaches to Internet Pragmatics [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 318], ► pp. 175 ff.
Maíz-Arévalo, Carmen
Maíz-Arévalo, Carmen
Scott, Kate
Scott, Kate
Timofeeva-Timofeev, Larissa
Westbrook, Fiona, Elise Hunkin & Jayne White
Xie, Chaoqun & Francisco Yus
Xie, Chaoqun, Francisco Yus & Hartmut Haberland
2021. Introduction. In Approaches to Internet Pragmatics [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 318], ► pp. 1 ff.
Abdel-Raheem, Ahmed
Clark, Billy
Diedrichsen, Elke
2020. On the interaction of core and emergent common ground in Internet memes. Internet Pragmatics 3:2 ► pp. 223 ff.
Diedrichsen, Elke
2022. On the interaction of core and emergent common ground in Internet memes. In The Pragmatics of Internet Memes [Benjamins Current Topics, 120], ► pp. 85 ff.
Diedrichsen, Elke
Fetzer, Anita & Daniel Weiss
García-Gómez, Antonio
Larson, Lindsay R.L. & Jordan Salvador
Wiggins, Bradley E.
Wiggins, Bradley E.
2022. Memes and the media narrative. In The Pragmatics of Internet Memes [Benjamins Current Topics, 120], ► pp. 64 ff.
Page, Ruth
2019. Self-denigration and the mixed messages of ‘ugly’ selfies in Instagram. Internet Pragmatics 2:2 ► pp. 173 ff.
Rieger, Diana & Christoph Klimmt
Sedlyarova, Ol'ga Mikhailovna, Natal'ya Sergeevna Solov'eva & Yuliya Aleksandrovna Nenasheva
Yus, Francisco
2018. The interface between pragmatics and internet-mediated communication. In Pragmatics and its Interfaces [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 294], ► pp. 267 ff.
Yus, Francisco
2021. Incongruity-resolution humorous strategies in image macro memes. Internet Pragmatics 4:1 ► pp. 131 ff.
Yus, Francisco
Yus, Francisco
Yus, Francisco
Yus, Francisco
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 march 2026. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
