In:Dutch and Contact Linguistics: The Dutch language outside the Low Countries
Edited by Christopher Joby and Nicoline van der Sijs
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 55] 2025
► pp. 581–584
Index of languages and language varieties
Published online: 4 July 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.55.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.55.index
A
A
- Abui372
- Acehnese32, 381, 390
- Afrikaans18–19, 23, 30, 38fn, 124, 140–141, 168, 174, 249–275, 278, 281, 283, 287, 292, 296, 306, 316, 323–325, 328, 330, 336, 465, 473fn, 508, 513, 515, 516, 519–520, 522, 530, 541, 554–555fn
- Ainu75
- Akawaio34
- Akvambu31
- Alfurese365
- Alorese396, 398
- Amis66–69
- Arabic21, 23, 30, 35, 36fn, 171, 174, 234, 256, 349, 350, 356, 363, 364, 374, 388, 389, 390, 416
- Arawak34
- Arekuna34
- Armenian250
- Asilulu409
- Atayal/Tayal67–68
- Atlantic Creoles464, 464fn, 467
- Aucan33, 34
- Azerbaijani28
B
- Bahasa Indonesian.See Indonesian
- Bajau (Sea Gypsies)365
- Balinese32, 349, 359, 364, 365, 381
- Banyarese359, 387
- Bare’e349
- Basque28, 127, 250, 251, 367
- Belarusian28
- Bemba31
- Bengali372
- Berbice Dutch (Creole)18, 27, 34, 43, 327, 330, 459, 460, 461fn, 464fn, 466fn, 469, 504, 540, 541, 543, 548, 549, 550, 551
- Betawi (Batavia Malay)331, 350, 364, 369, 370, 371, 378, 386, 388, 390, 391
- Biadjo359
- Biak33, 396, 419
- Bima345
- Blagar398
- Boni359
- Breton29
- Buginese32, 33, 349, 365, 381, 387
- Bulgarian28, 38, 332
- Bunun48
C
- Chaldean (Aramaic)232
- Chindo376, 383, 384
- Chinese23, 26, 32,
36, 37, 38,
140, 174, 342,
352, 364, 365,
378, 381
- Cantonese61–65, 73
- Hakka23fn, 65, 67, 68
- Hokkien23fn, 65–66, 384, 390
- Shanghainese65
- Standard or Mandarin23fn, 60–65, 73, 75
- Chuvash159
- Coromandel372
- Creole English34, 330, 459, 460
- Creole French34
- Creole Portuguese28, 32, 161, 254
- Czech28, 89, 119–120, 122–150, 168, 174, 362, 573, 576
D
- Damara279
- Danish23fn, 26fn, 27, 28, 35, 36fn, 38, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 433, 540, 573
- Dayak365
- Delaware Slang35
- Dhivehi33
- Dutch passim
- Antillean540, 541, 543, 547, 548, 550
- Antwerps218, 219
- Belgian Dutch428–430, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 446, 452
- Belgian Standard Dutch431
- Brabants219
- first language502, 506, 510, 513, 519
- Flemish199, 200, 204, 210, 211, 213, 217–218, 351, 430, 435, 437, 439, 440–446, 450, 452, 453, 526, 527
- Flemish (United States)526, 527–528
- heritage502–507, 510–516, 519, 521–525, 527, 529–531
- heritage (Anglophone)513, 522
- heritage (Australia)506, 508, 512–516, 521, 522, 523
- heritage (Brazil)507, 509, 510, 512–516, 521, 522, 523, 524
- heritage (Canada)506–508, 511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 521, 523, 530
- heritage (Indonesia)505–507, 509, 511–516, 521–524, 530
- heritage (New Zealand)506, 509, 512–516, 519, 521, 522, 523
- heritage (South Africa)506, 508, 511–516, 521–523
- heritage (United States)504–506, 508–509, 510, 512–516, 521, 523, 526, 527
- Low Dutch (in the US)473
- Middle Dutch182, 414
- Moroccan517
- New Netherlands Dutch462, 472, 472fn, 473, 473fn, 474
- second language502, 504, 506, 510, 519, 520
- Surinamese Dutch504, 540–544, 547–554, 556
- Turkish517
- USA504, 505
E
- English12, 16, 17,
18, 19, 21fn,
23, 24, 26fn,
27–28, 30, 31, 36–40, 42, 43, 84,
89, 92, 93,
99, 102, 126,
129–134, 137–138, 141, 149, 168, 169, 174, 200–202, 205, 208, 210–211, 213, 251, 258, 262, 263, 267, 271–275, 279, 280, 283, 286, 316, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327–328, 330–331, 336, 347, 351, 354, 362–364, 369–370, 378, 384, 388, 389, 427, 428, 429, 434, 438, 439, 442–444, 446–453, 459, 461fn, 463, 465, 468, 473fn, 481, 482, 484, 490–493, 500, 507, 512–516, 518, 521–524, 526, 529, 530, 539–541, 544fn, 546, 547, 555, 556, 559–562, 566, 569–571, 573, 574, 576
- American English24, 31, 35, 126, 251, 539, 541, 543, 546, 547, 549, 550, 554, 556
- Caribbean English34, 330
- Norwich dialect221
- South African English30–31, 38fn, 327–328, 330, 541, 542, 543, 544, 546, 552, 554
- World English524
- Esperanto28, 367
- Estonian28, 38
- Ewe31
F
- Fataluku399
- Finnish23fn, 28, 38, 326, 573, 576
- Fon31
- Formosan365
- French12, 14–16, 18, 19, 21–24, 26–29, 35–41, 84, 89, 92, 93, 96,
104, 108, 124,
126, 129, 134,
138–139, 149, 155–158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167–174, 177, 181, 197, 199–200, 205–206, 211–213, 216–217, 232, 250, 251, 256, 280, 330, 332, 344, 351, 359, 368, 388–389, 428, 430, 431, 435, 444, 446, 453, 461fn, 526, 546, 547, 556, 573, 576
- Picard168, 171
- Walloon201
- Frisian13, 14, 23,
25, 27–29, 35, 36, 37,
98, 157, 179,
327, 330, 331,
332, 346
- Frisian, heritage504, 508, 524
- Frisian-Malay386
G
- Ga31
- Gaelic29
- Galela400
- Gamkonora421
- Gane420
- Georgian250, 265
- German12, 14, 15,
16, 21fn, 23–24, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37,
84, 89–93, 95, 96, 97,
101, 104, 107,
108, 109, 121,
124–127, 129, 132–134, 136–138, 143–144, 149, 154, 156, 158, 160–162, 164–183, 185–188, 243, 250, 280, 324, 326, 330, 348, 350, 351, 352, 368, 369, 370, 466fn, 510, 511, 528, 540, 566, 568, 571, 573, 576
- Austrian German162
- Bavarian-Austrian162, 172, 174
- High German157, 158
- Low German15–16, 35, 38, 126, 129–132, 144, 149, 157, 161, 166–168, 171, 173, 174, 180, 181, 182, 326, 327, 480–483, 488, 495, 496, 500, 528
- Middle Franconian162
- Middle High German162
- Middle Low German182
- Huachdietsch or (Mennonite) High German481, 484, 485, 487, 490–492, 501
- Geser396, 401
- Giman33, 381
- Greek21, 23, 25,
29, 36, 37,
104, 140, 167,
168, 170–171, 174, 204–205, 207–208, 211, 215, 218fn, 220, 221, 517, 524, 529
- Cypriot Greek433
- New Testament230–232, 242
- Modern Greek258, 433
H
- Haitian Creole461fn
- Hebrew93, 104, 107, 108, 170, 174, 205, 230–232, 234, 239–240
- heritage language(s)502–506, 510, 512, 513, 517, 519, 521–529
- colonial503, 504
- (im)migrant503, 504, 505, 528
- Indigenous503, 504
- pan-Scandinavian528
- Hindi-Urdu257, 258
- Hindustani/Hindi342, 390
- home language(s)526
- homeland language504, 512, 525
- Hungarian29, 89, 153–188, 250, 367
- Contemporary Hungarian159, 162, 176, 186, 187
- Middle Hungarian159
- New Hungarian159
- Old Hungarian159
- Proto-Hungarian159
I
- Iban33, 39, 381
- Icelandic26, 29
- Inanwatan397
- Indo-Dutch377, 342, 373, 374, 378, 379, 539, 541, 543, 549, 552, 553, 555
- Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesian)17, 18, 19,
23, 25, 26fn,
27, 31–33, 35, 36, 37,
40, 41, 43,
140, 327, 330,
331–332, 337, 342–343, 346–347, 349, 362–364, 372, 374, 382, 387, 391–393, 396, 410, 513, 522, 539, 542, 546, 547, 550, 555, 556
- Bahasa Prokem337, 390
- Indo-Portuguese370, 375
- Iranian159, 160
- Alan Iranian159, 160
- Irish29
- Isicamtho279
- Italian16, 23–24, 28, 36–38, 84, 89, 92,
96, 134, 167,
171–172, 174, 343–344, 351, 406, 510-511
- Northern Italian dialects250
J
- Japanese23, 25, 26,
31, 32, 36–38, 46–77, 173, 174, 257, 347, 365
- Formosan/Taiwanese66
- Nagasaki dialect59
- Javanese17, 32, 33, 330, 342, 345, 349, 350, 352, 363, 364, 365, 381, 383, 384, 387, 389, 390, 394
- Javindo17, 27, 32, 376, 383
K
- Kamang398
- Kanakanavu66, 68
- Kannada33
- Karaib34, 39
- Kavalan66fn
- Keiese32, 33
- Keltic (Celtic)169, 174
- Khoekhoe278
- Khoekhoegowab316
- Khoisan170, 174
- Kisar399, 418
- Konkani33
- Korean26, 33, 38, 69–72
- Kurdish30
- Kyowa-go (pidgin)76–77
L
- Lala31
- Lampioen345
- Larike409, 417
- Latin12–16, 21–23, 41, 84–86, 89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 140, 157, 160–163, 165, 177, 181, 186, 197, 200, 204–209, 211, 212–217, 219–221, 230, 234, 236, 344, 348, 351–353, 359, 363, 367, 389, 461, 512
- Latvian28, 38
- Leti (Letinese)33, 365, 381, 399, 400, 418
- Lezgian257
- Lingala31
- Lithuanian28, 38, 227–230, 233–234, 236–238, 241–246, 258
- Louisiana Creole251
- Loup35
- Luang399
M
- Macedonian28
- Madurese32, 33, 331, 365, 381, 367
- Mahican35
- majority language(s)504, 505, 513, 516, 519, 521, 522, 524, 528, 529, 530, 531
- Makassar32, 33, 345, 349, 359, 381
- Makista372
- Malagasy33, 351, 387
- Malay23fn, 140, 167,
171, 172, 174,
282, 342–394, 396–399, 401–410, 415, 417, 419–423
- Alor Malay33, 372, 381, 383, 385
- Ambonese Malay32, 33, 330, 352, 352, 381, 382, 383, 396, 398, 399, 400, 409, 410, 417, 419, 421
- Balinese-Malay387, 390
- Chinese Malay32, 388, 389, 390
- High Malay355
- Jakartan Malay32, 33, 381, 382
- Kei Malay381
- Kupang Malay32, 33, 381, 382, 383, 396, 398, 400–401
- Low Malay355, 374, 375
- Manado Malay (Menadonese)32, 33, 330, 381, 396, 419–421
- Moluccan Malay383, 385, 409, 419
- Papuan Malay396, 408, 421
- Ternate/Ternatan Malay (also North Moluccan Malay)32, 33, 393, 396, 401, 409, 420, 421
- Malayo-Portuguese316, 342, 368, 369, 373, 388–390
- Maltese28, 250
- Manchu76–77
- Meher399, 400
- Minangkabau32, 33
- minority language(s)503
- Mohawk35
- Mohegan Pequot35
- Mongolian77
- Muna32, 33, 381
- Munsee Delaware35
- Mysol365
N
- N|uu279
- Nahuatl168, 174
- Nama279
- Nedebang398
- Nias33, 349, 365
- Njo384
- Norwegian23fn, 27, 28,
35, 36fn, 38,
326, 330, 332,
434, 435, 444,
528
- heritage Norwegian (Argentina)528
O
- official language(s)503, 504, 505, 528
- Oirata399, 400
- OkinawanSee Ryukyuan
- Old Norse170, 174
P
- Pagu400
- Pantar, Western398
- Papia Kristang Creole370, 372
- Papiamentu17, 19, 23, 25, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42, 327, 330, 539–543, 545–552
- Paramakan34
- Persian342
- Petjoh (Dutch Creole)17, 27, 32, 327, 330, 376–384, 389, 390
- Pipil251
- Plautdietsch (or Mennonite Low German)479–490, 494–496, 498–501
- Chortitza-Plautdietsch (or Old Colony Plautdietsch)481–483, 500
- Molotschna-Plautdietsch481–483, 500
- Werder Platt/Plautdietsch97
- Polish23fn, 28, 82–99, 101–103, 105–110, 119–121, 123–150, 228, 230–233, 238, 240, 243
- Polynesian language on Futuna, Samoa, Tahiti, Tokelau, Tonga, and Tuvalu23fn, 33
- Portuguese16, 17, 23,
25, 28, 36–38, 54fn, 140, 172, 173, 174, 278, 282, 342–346, 351–360, 362–364, 367–377, 387–391, 394, 406, 417, 420, 421, 461fn, 522–523, 530, 546, 555-556
- Brazilian Portuguese521, 522
- Puyuma66–68
R
- Reta398
- Romanian29
- Rotinese33
- Rukai
- Labuan dialect66–68
- Mantauran dialect66fn
- Russian12, 23, 25, 26fn, 27–29, 36–38, 89, 93, 107, 121, 126, 129, 132, 134–138, 144, 149, 160, 257, 330–332, 480
- Ruthenian84
- Ryukyuan60
S
- Sahu33, 421
- Saisiyat66–69
- Sangirese345, 365
- Sanskrit342, 348–350, 363, 388
- Saramaccan19, 34, 39
- Sarmatian85
- Sarnami19, 33, 34
- Sasak32
- Savu33
- Scottish28
- Scythian85
- Seediq (Toda dialect)66–69
- Serbian28, 161
- Shona31
- Sindebele31
- Sinhala26fn, 32, 38
- Skepi Dutch (Creole)18, 27, 34, 459, 459fn, 460–462, 462fn, 463, 464, 464fn, 465–469, 469fn, 470, 470fn, 471–475, 540, 541, 543, 544, 549
- Slovak29, 124–125, 161, 573
- Slovenian28, 161
- Solor365
- Sotho (Northern and Southern)31
- Northern Sotho325
- Southern Sotho325, 327
- Spanish16, 17, 23–25, 28, 36, 37, 42, 84,
89, 126–127, 140, 168, 172–174, 344, 351, 406, 482, 484, 490–493, 500, 550, 553, 556
- Castilian354
- New York-Spanish433
- Sranan (Tongo)17, 19, 23, 25, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 327, 330, 332, 540–545, 547–552
- Sula421
- Sumbawa345
- Sundanese32, 33, 349, 350, 364, 365, 378, 381, 387, 389, 390
- Surinamese-Javanese19, 33, 34
- Svorsk528
- Swahili26, 31
- Swedish16, 23fn, 27, 28, 35–36fn, 38, 327, 330, 368, 528
T
- Taba417
- Tacy345
- Taino172, 174
- Tamazight30
- Tambora345
- Tamil33
- Tatar107
- Teiwa398
- Ternate366, 381, 383, 392–423
- Tibetan75
- Tidore366, 403, 414, 417
- Tiriyó34
- Tobelo420
- Tontemboan349
- Toradja349, 365
- Tsou66–69
- Tswana325
- Tugu (Portuguese Creole)367–368, 370–372, 391
- Tu’undulu365
- Turkish23, 30, 36,
40, 92, 159,
160, 174, 183,
186
- Old Turkic160
- Twi31
U
- Ukrainian28, 161
- Unami Delaware35
- Uygur75–76
V
- Vietnamese72–74
- Virgin Islands Dutch Creole18, 27, 34, 39, 327, 330, 459–460, 464fn, 467fn, 469, 469fn, 540–543, 547, 552
W
- Wamesa396–397
- Warau34
- Welsh26, 29
- Western Abnaki35
- Wetan399, 400
- Wymysorys91
X
- Xhosa31, 325
Y
- Yiddish13, 14, 23–25, 29, 36–37, 84, 107
- Yilan Creole67–69
- Yotafa-Sarmi366
Z
- Zulu31, 325
