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In:The Anatomy of Polish Offensive Words: A sociolinguistic exploration
Łukasz Zarzycki
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 53] 2024
► pp. v–viii

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Published online: 5 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.53.toc

Table of contents

List of tablesIX

List of figuresXI

AcknowledgementsXVII

Introduction: Why swearing?1

Chapter 1.Theoretical background for the analysis of swearing8

1.1What counts as swearing8

1.2The classifications/typologies of swearing17

1.3Forms of dirty words17

1.3.1Cursing17

1.3.2Profanity18

1.3.3Blasphemy20

1.3.4Obscenity22

1.3.5Vulgarisms24

1.3.6Euphemistic swearing25

1.3.7Abusive swearing27

1.3.8Adjurative swearing28

1.3.9Asseverative swearing28

1.3.10Ejaculatory and exclamatory swearing29

1.3.11Execratory swearing29

1.3.12Expletive swearing30

1.3.13Interjectional swearing31

1.3.14Hortative swearing32

1.3.15Objurgatory swearing33

1.3.16Hortatory swearing33

1.4Who swears, why and where?34

1.5The frequency of swear words45

1.6The level of swear word acceptance on the basis of CBOS report50

1.7The situational context of swearing52

1.8Swearing and dialect61

1.9The origins of swearing66

1.10The physiology and psychology of swearing73

1.11Tourette’s Syndrome and Swearing78

1.12The Sexual Aspect of Swearing85

1.13Stress, annoyance and swearing92

1.14Gender and swearing100

1.15Censorship and manipulation107

1.16The History of swearing114

1.16.1Vulgarisms in the Middle Ages115

1.16.2Swearing during the Renaissance121

1.16.3Swearing in the 18th and 19th century124

1.16.4Swearing in the 20th century and nowadays126

1.16.5Modern attitudes to dirty language: The reformation of manners128

1.17The Borrowability of foreign swear words into Polish132

Chapter 2.Polish swearing from different perspectives141

2.1Swearing in the Polish media141

2.2Swearing in the Polish films, sitcoms, and soap operas150

2.3Swearing in the Polish politics160

Chapter 3.The swearing questionnaire167

3.1Methodology167

3.2Hypotheses, rationale and procedures167

3.3Questionnaire participants (Personal details)171

3.4Offensiveness ratings182

3.4.1Word list ratings183

3.4.2Labels, additions, deletions and comments187

3.4.3Sociological aspects of swearing of participants205

3.4.4Dialogue offensiveness ratings220

3.4.5Reactions to the questionnaire224

3.5Summary of questionnaire results225

Chapter 4.Sentiment and hate detection study of Polish swear words: A comparative corpus based study229

4.1PlWordNet 4.0 Emo3: The study of word offensiveness and emotions in a text230

4.2The Sentemo Corpus: The study of sentiment in a text231

4.3Hate Speech Detection Analyser: The study of hate speech233

4.3.1The corpus analysis of single swear words with no context with the implementation of Hate Speech Detection Analyzer234

4.3.2The corpus analysis of contextualized swear words with the implementation of Hate Speech Detection Analyser244

4.4Interactive Analysis of the NAWL Database: The study of “badness” of words248

4.5Słownik Wydźwięku (The Polish Sentiment Dictionary): The study of word sentiment250

4.6Summary of comparative corpus-based study252

Bibliography257

Appendices273

Index335