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Published online: 5 January 2024

Table 1.CBOS research comparison in Poland on swearing in different years (Feliksiak 2007, CBOS report)40

Table 2.The frequency of swear words used by Polish respondents in different years (Feliksiak 2007, CBOS report)46

Table 3.Socio-demographic variables of the Polish respondents in different years (Feliksiak 2007, CBOS report)47

Table 4.The level of swear word acceptance by Poles (Feliksiak, 2007, CBOS report)50

Table 5.Socio-demographic variables of the Polish respondents in different years (Feliksiak 2007, CBOS report)51

Table 6.Respondents’ unspecified places of birth172

Table 7.Father’s unspecified location174

Table 8.Mother’s unspecified location175

Table 9.Participants’ fathers’ unspecified employment status178

Table 10.Participants’ mothers’ unspecified employment status179

Table 11.Participants’ memberships in clubs and organizations182

Table 12.20 swear words with very high Google search results183

Table 13.All males: word list offensiveness ratings185

Table 14.All females: word list offensiveness ratings186

Table 15.Other responses to the question: “What kind of words are these?”188

Table 16.Some other Polish vulgarisms added by respondents to the category of swear words192

Table 17.Some selected comments of respondents who state that the offensiveness of words is changing200

Table 18.Some selected responses of participants who state that the offensiveness of swear words depends on a person, context and a situation201

Table 19.Some selected responses of participants who believe that the offensiveness of swear words is fixed and unchanging202

Table 20.All respondents’ replies to the question: “Is the offensiveness of these words fixed and unchanging?”203

Table 21.The Polish swear word which respondents hear most frequently204

Table 22.The frequency of swearing according to gender204

Table 23.The frequency of swearing according to age205

Table 24.The frequency of swearing according to religious affiliation205

Table 25.Word offensiveness and emotions examined with PlWordNet 4.0 Emo3230

Table 26.The results of words’ “badness” and emotions with NAWL Database249

Table 27.The swear word sentiment rates – Słownik Wydźwięku (Polish Sentiment Dictionary)251

Table 28.Participants’ memberships in clubs and organizations310