In:Reconstructing Non-Standard Languages: A socially-anchored approach
Lenore A. Grenoble and Jessica Kantarovich
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 52] 2022
► pp. 345–354
Subject index
Published online: 14 December 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.52.si
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.52.si
A
- AAVE 89, 298
- accent 52–53, 57, 128, 131, 168–171, 173, 175, 269, 305, 306–307
- accented302
- admixture63
- adstratum152
- African American English 119, 252, 298
- agreement 16, 30, 83, 94–95, 144–148, 154, 167, 176, 187, 261, 271
- akan’e 51, 106, 204
- Alaskan Russian79
- Altaic 200, 334, 339
- alternation 49, 58, 62, 75, 77, 92, 122
- anecdotes 118, 243, 296, 309 ; see also jokes
- anekdoty 305–306
- animator 239, 243–244, 260, 262, 268
- Arabic 83–84, 91
- archaeologist 214, 319
- archive 117, 124, 244
- Armenian 109, 227
- Arsen’evsee Arsenyev
- Arsenyev 7, 9, 22–24, 26, 35, 185, 216–218, 221–223, 228, 240, 247, 269–274, 278, 319
- Asia31
- assimilation 76, 115, 213, 295–297
- attitudes
89, 119–121, 206, 226, 246, 248, 253, 270, 296–297, 313
- in Russian Language Empire 41–43, 51, 58, 66
- toward Odessan Russian 119–121, 134, 295, 299
- toward pidgins 178–179, 197, 226, 228
- toward Surzhyk 60–61
- audience 8–9, 100, 185, 203, 230, 235–236, 238–244, 247–248, 252–253, 270, 274, 278–279, 311–313
- audience design 239–241, 253
- authentication 283–284
- authenticity 7, 23, 26, 88, 125, 216, 221, 237, 247, 249, 252, 275, 278, 283–284, 286, 288–289, 293–294, 299–301, 304–305, 308, 313–315
B
- Babel, Isaac 7, 9, 22, 25, 113, 117, 125–127, 132, 136, 139–143, 147–148, 150–151, 154–157, 160, 163–164, 167, 174, 243, 254, 260–262, 266, 268, 270–271, 288–289, 291, 293, 297, 299–301, 307, 317
- Bagritsky, Eduard 244–245, 261–262, 304
- balanced bilingualism69
- Belarusian 31, 37, 43–56, 61–66, 73, 83, 92, 178, 327, 329, 340
- Belfast100
- belles lettres 174, 246
- Bichurin, Nikita Y. 203, 211, 245, 252, 321
- Biglow Papers, The251
- bilingualism 37, 63, 66, 69–70, 74–75, 79, 82, 85, 87, 92–93, 96, 137, 155, 160, 261, 163
- Birmingham311
- Black Country311
- Black Sea 5, 19, 45–46, 95, 106
- Bolshevik 28, 30, 37, 39–42, 108, 115, 120, 187
- Bogoras, Waldemar 182–185
- borderlands 4, 197, 201
- borders 6–7, 20, 28, 30–31, 37, 44–45, 47, 67, 93, 96, 179, 183, 197–200, 202–203, 211–212
- borrowing
43, 58–59, 62, 70–72, 74–81, 84, 91–92, 96, 105, 108, 115,
127, 134–137, 160, 167–171, 173–175, 191–192, 210
see also calques, Yiddish substrate
- French borrowings 130, 167, 174, 301–302 ; see also French
- Italian borrowings 127, 169–170, 291 ; see also Italian
- lexical borrowing 92, 105, 113–115, 121–122, 127, 134–137, 172, 174–175, 193, 197–199
- nonce borrowings 50, 71, 77–80
- syntactic borrowing 91–95
- borrowing hierarchies 62, 80–81, 84
- Brighton Beach 6, 20, 23, 106, 112, 123–124, 126–127, 133, 153, 157–158, 267, 287, 290, 292–295, 305–309
- “broken” language
41, 49, 66, 184, 211–212
- Belarusian 49, 61–65
- Russian 5, 10, 20, 30, 34, 179, 200–202, 211, 221, 271
- Ukrainian 49, 56–61
- Buryat184
C
- calques 58–59, 133, 158
- case 13, 55–56, 59–60, 64, 73, 78, 122–123, 139–141, 144–150, 152–154, 156, 171, 182, 208, 210, 261–262, 265, 271, 276, 289, 303–304 ; see also genitive
- Catherine the Great (Catherine II) 30, 36, 45, 57, 106
- census 35, 40–41, 48, 57, 66, 111, 114, 118
- change-in-progress62
- Chicano English282
- Chukchi 35, 88, 182–185
- Chukchi Pidgin Russian183
- Church Slavonic 36–38, 73, 98
- Chuvash184
- classifier 191, 219, 221, 224
- Clonard 100–101
- civil script 30, 32, 37
- code-mixing 11, 49–50, 63, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 92–96, 132, 137, 155, 157, 182, 218, 242, 257, 285, 301
- colonization 31, 33, 35, 89, 179–180
- comedians 16, 294–295
- comitative 140–141
- commentary 94, 117, 119, 161, 163, 167, 171–172, 203, 263–265, 279, 281, 286, 309
- concord252
- congruent lexicalization 75, 91–93, 96
- conjunctions 127, 136, 154–155, 161, 193, 215, 224, 262, 266, 274, 320
- constructed
- communities 85–91, 294, 311
- dialogue 179, 246–248, 285–286
- identity13
- language 127, 279, 294
- texts 195, 233, 236–242, 244–248
- contact
- Belarusian-Russian contact 47–50, 61–66
- Chinese-Russian contact 197–223, 227–228, 245, 272–273, 278
- Norwegian-Russian contact 179–180, 186–197
- Ukrainian Russian contact 47–50, 56–60
- contact linguistics 8, 11, 26
- Contemporary Standard Russian 28, 38 ; see also literary language
- continuum 19, 37, 43–46, 49–51, 62, 64, 66–67, 85, 96, 110, 196, 234, 237, 245, 276
- conventionalization 3, 49–50, 91, 97
- conversational data 22, 237
- Copper Island Aleut 97, 181, 183–184
- core vocabulary 80–81, 193
- corpus
9, 21–23, 98, 165, 249
- Early Modern English 237–238, 240–241
- Odessan Russian 12, 24, 76, 96, 119–123, 125–128, 244–246, 252, 302
- Russenorsk 189–193, 195
- Surzhyk 58–61
- Trasjanka 64–65
- correct language 39, 43, 61, 71, 111, 121, 160, 170, 208, 283
- “corrupt” Russian 41, 49, 66
- corrupted language 51, 71, 183, 202, 227
- Cossacks 40, 180
- courtroom data
100, 195, 226,
236, 238, 240,
242–244, 279
- court transcripts 195, 236
- courtyard 113, 142, 172, 299 ; see also depositions
- covert prestige 18, 88–89, 296–297
- CPR 20–21, 224 ; see also Chinese-Russian contact, Kyakhta Pidgin Russian, Sino-Russian Pidgins
- creole 22, 86, 92, 251–252
- creoles 97, 181–182, 229, 276
- Crimea 48, 56–57
- Crimean57
- criminal
113, 126, 143,
161–162, 164, 178, 266, 288, 297–298, 301, 303
- criminality 281, 298–299
D
- David Copperfield 250, 252
- declension 123, 144–145, 147–150
- delovoj jazyk37
- demographics
40–41, 69, 91, 101, 108–109, 115, 118, 159, 161, 173, 213, 241, 276–277, 279–282, 292, 294
- in East Slavic countries 47–48, 57
- depositions 236–237, 240
- derived possessive206
- derivational morphology
80, 122, 137–139, 142, 191, 227, 288
- in borrowing hierarchies.80
- Surzhyk, verbal derivation60
- Ukrainian-Russian blends, in ODR142
- Dersu Uzala 7, 9, 22–24, 26, 185, 216–223, 228, 240, 269–273, 278, 319
- dialect literature 247, 252, 336
- dialogue 6, 20, 22–23, 101, 126, 137, 151, 153, 155, 163, 165, 170–171, 179, 189, 202, 236–237, 244, 246–248, 252, 254, 258, 260, 270, 273–274, 284–285, 289
- diaries 5, 18, 22–23, 41, 100, 124, 164, 179, 236–238, 240, 243, 269–270, 278, 287
- diaspora 115, 123, 153, 161, 292–293, 295, 329
- Dickens, Charles 250, 252, 258
- dictionary data 6, 10, 20, 22, 34, 39, 43, 116, 119–124, 126–128, 130–131, 133, 136–139, 142–143, 147, 153–154, 163, 174, 202–203, 207, 209, 211, 222–223, 244–245, 268, 279, 287–288, 307–308, 312, 320–321 ; see also Dolopchev
- diglossia
72, 82–91, 96, 101–102, 123
- in language shift 85–91
- diminutives 129, 139, 208
- direct quotation 22, 189, 214, 218–220, 237, 257, 270–271
- documentation 3–7, 39, 69–72, 98–100, 118–128, 184–186, 188–190, 202–204, 213–217, 244–246, 250–275, 277–279, 285, 287–288, 312–320
- Dolgan183
- doublet 84, 195 ; see also lexical doublet
- drama 100, 235, 237
- dual-source190
- Dutch 92, 193
- dysfluency 75, 82, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137, 148, 151, 175
E
- Early Modern English 22, 237
- East Africa90
- East Anglian250
- East Slavic
31, 36–37, 43–51, 53–54, 56, 66–67, 73, 96, 110,
132, 294
- East Slavic dialect continuum 50–51
- education 5, 27–29, 32, 34, 36, 40–42, 47, 58, 61–62, 66–67, 83, 87–88, 101, 108, 112, 124, 134, 146, 156, 160, 163, 167–170, 174–175, 194, 198, 202, 251, 280–281, 297, 318–319
- Elmolo90
- émigrés 115, 127–128, 198, 202
- empire 5, 17–18, 25–37, 39, 41–43, 45, 57, 61, 66, 86, 89, 105–107, 110, 114–116, 134, 174, 179, 281, 290, 296
- endangerment 4, 87
- endangered language 10–11, 69, 71, 88, 94, 105, 118, 234
- English 9, 16–17, 21–22, 25, 29, 35, 43, 49, 74–79, 86, 89–90, 92, 105, 107, 115–116, 119, 131, 133, 136, 139, 142, 153, 156, 170, 181, 183, 185, 193, 197, 203–204, 211, 227, 236–237, 249, 251–252, 255, 258–259, 266, 269, 282, 295–296, 298, 304, 306, 310–311, 317–319
- enregisterment 6, 15–16, 61, 159, 255, 277, 280–281, 305
- entrenched changes 49, 74–75, 77, 80, 82, 88, 91, 120, 143, 297
- entrenchment 14, 77, 80
- equivalence constraint 77–79
- ethnicity 12, 16–18, 48, 67, 128, 206, 261, 279, 281–282, 290
- ethnicized 17, 278, 298
- ethnographers 214, 216, 319
- ethnography 4, 9–10, 99, 185–186, 198, 214–216, 223, 245, 319
- ethnolect 13–15, 19, 49, 101, 110–111, 159, 161, 227, 267, 276–277, 290, 292
- ethnolinguistic repertoire 9, 12–13, 15–16, 289
- etymology 192, 209–210
- exoticization 185, 315
- expeditions 183–185, 214–217, 222, 270
- explicit attribution 256, 258, 260, 262–263, 265, 272
- explorers 4, 7, 10, 24, 31, 33, 184–185, 213, 228, 234, 251
- evidentiality 223–224, 226
- Evenki 94–95, 183
- eye dialect 132, 249, 251, 254
F
- Far East 29, 31, 180, 185, 202, 215–216, 312, 319
- fiction 3, 23, 124, 237, 242–243, 246–247, 270, 284–285, 321
- fieldwork 20, 23, 39, 57, 112, 123, 127, 157–158, 161, 246, 267, 292, 299, 305
- Finnic 73, 156
- Finnish 73, 190, 193, 195–196, 227, 320
- Finnmark 30, 186–189, 193, 195, 227, 312, 319–321
- fishermen 6, 18, 20, 179, 183, 187–189, 194–195, 197, 219, 222, 226, 263
- Five, The
113, 126–127, 138, 163, 165–168, 170–178, 268, 301–303, 305, 317
- explicit attribution in The Five 260, 263–265
- selective reproduction in The Five 262, 265
- fluency 10, 18, 48, 57, 75, 82, 90, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137–138, 145–146, 151, 175, 179, 219, 260
- fluent dysfluency 75, 82, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137, 151, 175
- For Whom the Bell Tolls 259–260
- foreigners 108, 111–112, 137, 178, 212, 260, 278, 288
- free-morpheme constraint 77–78
- free variation 130, 143
- French 16, 19, 28–29, 34–35, 38, 40, 86, 106–109, 111, 114, 116, 130–131, 134, 165, 167–170, 173–175, 178, 257, 282, 301–302
- fricatives 51, 53, 59, 106
G
- Gaelic 89–90
- gangster culture 297–298, 301–303
- ghetto318
- gender 32, 35, 39, 94–95, 100–101, 122, 127, 144–148, 174, 182, 205, 210, 213, 225, 271, 303
- genitive 59–60, 73, 77, 120–121, 140–141, 143, 146, 149–151, 153–154, 156–157, 206–208, 219, 221, 261–262, 271, 304 ; see also case
- genitive of possession 156–157
- geography 8–9, 14, 18, 32, 39, 42–43, 63, 195, 199, 204, 216, 255, 278
- German 25, 35, 81, 107–109, 111, 114, 116, 152, 158–159, 181, 193, 200, 202, 205, 282, 306, 318
- Germans 111, 152, 212
- Gilyak 214–215
- Glagolitic98
- globalization 27–28, 304
- Gogol’, Nikolai295
- Govorka 181–182, 184, 229
- graždanskij šrift37
- Greek 19, 81, 84, 105–106, 109, 112, 115–116, 170, 173
- Greeks 107, 111, 115, 293
H
- Haitian 84, 86
- handbooks 18, 182, 185–186, 237, 279
- Harbin 183, 197–198, 215–216, 227–228
- Harder They Come, The22
- Hemingway 259–260, 266
- heritage speakers 11, 74
- high prestige 5, 10, 20, 27, 89, 196
- hip hop298
- historical sociolinguistics 3–4, 6, 18, 97–99, 234–235, 239–240, 315, 323, 334, 339
- history and
- development of Standard Russian 36–39
- documentation 237–239
- literacy in Russia 39–43
- Odessa 45–47, 287, 291–292, 296
- pidgins 187–189, 199–204
- social networks161
- Surzhyk and Ukrainian 56–58
- Holocaust293
- Huckleberry Finn 170, 252
- humor 6, 24, 41, 116, 121, 135, 154, 237, 243, 245, 249, 253, 283, 291, 304–305, 310, 321
- hypercorrection148
I
- identity 9, 11–19, 48, 53, 58, 61, 88, 90, 95, 125, 128, 132, 136, 163, 168, 178, 206, 215, 221–222, 238, 248, 255, 257–258, 266, 268–273, 277, 280–282, 295–296, 298–301, 304, 307, 311
- identity-construction 281, 311
- ideology 13, 17, 33, 38–39, 41, 60, 66, 314
- idiolect8
- Ilf, Ilya 117, 126, 262, 288, 291, 297, 300, 304–305, 318
- illiteracy 40–42
- imagined 179, 237–239, 242, 244, 246, 275, 311
- imet’ 55, 73, 136, 156–159, 269, 298, 308, 310
- immigrants
107, 114, 123,
228, 293–294
- immigrant languages86
- immigration 6, 19, 62, 95, 106, 114, 197, 291, 293
- imperative 171, 191, 198, 205, 208–209, 215, 218–221, 224–225, 271–272
- Imperial Russia 17, 28–29, 31–34, 36–37, 40–41, 56, 202, 243, 319
- implicational hierarchies62
- imposition 45, 160
- inauthentic 283–284, 312
- Inber, Vera 125, 151, 317, 329
- index and social identity
9, 12–13, 16, 19, 32,
36, 53, 58,
61, 88, 95,
101, 125, 128,
132–136, 148, 162–163, 178, 206, 214–215, 221, 248, 251, 253, 255–258, 261, 265–269, 271, 277, 282, 290, 301, 303, 315
- indexing a linguistic system 51–53, 171
- indexical 12–15, 24, 107, 143, 175, 178, 240, 277–282, 284, 298, 300–302, 304, 312–313
- indexical field 284, 301
- indexicality
15–16, 247–248, 281
- and authenticity 275–315 ; see also index and social identity
- Indian182
- Indianness12
- indicators
- and nonce borrowings80
- and indexicality 15, 84, 88, 98, 226, 280
- of change98see also markers
- indigenous 5–6, 17–18, 23, 31, 199, 213–214, 221–223, 271, 273, 278, 319
- indirect quotation 221, 262, 270
- indirect speech 218, 236
- inflectional morphology 21, 62, 77–80, 84, 123, 139, 144–153, 218, 276, 288
- innovation 8, 69, 100, 152, 155, 167, 225
- insertion 75–77, 92, 95, 149, 332
- intelligentsia 17, 36, 39, 42, 170, 175, 185, 257, 293
- intelligibility 44, 54, 56, 166, 222
- interference 64, 72–74, 91–93, 95–97, 129, 132, 137, 159, 206, 258, 260
- interrogative 152, 262
- intonation 63, 105, 122, 128, 234, 236, 266–267, 269, 289
- invented language 6, 10, 23, 37, 71, 100, 116, 125, 162, 166, 179, 207, 237–238, 242–244, 246–247, 252, 275, 277–280, 283–285, 289, 313
- inventory
50–53, 58, 83, 92, 120,
181–182, 223, 226–227, 242
- lexical inventories 84, 226
- inverted Spanglish76
- intra-speaker 8, 161
- Ioakinf, Reverend 203, 321 ; see also Bichurin
- isolation 114, 314
- Italian 25, 91, 105, 108, 112, 115–116, 127, 169–170, 173, 291
- Italians 107, 111, 115
- Itelmen 182–183
- Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) 30, 180
J
- Jabotinsky, Vladimir 7, 22, 25, 113, 125–128, 131–132, 134–136, 138, 141–142, 147–152, 163–169, 171–172, 174, 177–178, 254–255, 260, 262–266, 268, 270, 288–289, 291, 300–303, 317
- Japanese 75, 183, 216, 227
- jargon 63, 185, 197, 199, 268
- Jesup Expedition185
- Jewish intellectuals 7, 112, 168
- Jewishness 12, 281–282, 298, 306
- Jews 6, 9, 13–14, 17–18, 101, 107–116, 124, 128, 134–135, 161–164, 167–168, 170–173, 175–178, 226, 267, 280, 283, 288–293, 295–300, 302, 304, 318
- Jochelson, Vladimir185
- jokes 16, 24, 118, 131–132, 243, 255, 268, 282, 303–311
- journalism 112, 164, 245, 321
- journalist 243, 317, 320–321
- journals 85, 186, 216–218, 228, 237, 243, 245, 247, 257, 269–270, 319
K
- Kamchadal 182–183
- Kamchatka 182–184
- Karamzin, Nikolai38
- Karmen, Lazar’ 125, 138, 151, 317
- Kartsev, Roman 294, 309–311
- Kataev, Valentin 125–126, 137, 142, 318
- Ket 76, 338
- Khabarovsk 212, 214, 216
- Kievan Rus’ 30, 40
- Kola Peninsula 76, 179, 186, 188, 320
- kolorit 16, 135, 266, 291–295, 297, 299–303, 305, 308, 310, 312
- Korean 74, 199, 202, 217, 222–223, 227–228
- Koryak 182–183
- Kven 193, 227
- Kurosawa, Akira 7, 185, 216
- Kyakhta 20, 30, 218–219, 224–225, 244–245, 252
- Kyakhta Pidgin Russian 20, 180–181, 185–186, 198–212, 227–229, 245, 320–321 ; see also Chinese-Russian contact, Sino-Russian Pidgins
L
- language dialect continuum 43, 110
- language empire 17–18, 26–35, 39, 41–43, 45, 66, 86, 89, 179, 290
- language policy 32, 89
- Latino 9, 334
- layered simultaneity8
- legend 294, 296, 299
- Letter from Kyakhta 184, 203, 245, 252, 321
- letters
5, 18, 30, 38, 41,
51, 85, 98,
100, 124, 179,
237–240, 242–245, 278, 287, 304, 321
- letter writing 236–240
- lexical
17, 19, 22, 49, 54,
58–64, 66, 70–71, 75–76, 78, 80, 84–85, 119–122, 150, 170, 182, 192–194, 209–210, 214, 223–224, 226–228, 249, 259–260, 266, 271, 288–289, 295, 300–301, 307, 310, 313
- lexical doublets 84, 193, 195, 320 ; see also borrowing, lexical
- lexicon 3–4, 27, 37, 39, 54, 58–60, 62–63, 76, 94, 96, 121, 134, 153, 155, 174, 178, 190–191, 193–196, 199, 214, 220, 223, 226, 228, 253–255, 261, 263, 266, 303
- L-form 136, 144
- Likbez42
- Likvidacija xi, 24, 42, 162–163
- linguistic isolation314
- literacy 27, 32–34, 39–42, 86, 114, 227, 239, 287
- literary dialect 26, 59–61, 136, 165–166, 168, 170–171, 175–176, 180, 237–238, 244, 247–256, 258, 260, 269–270, 274, 285–286
- literary language 5, 17, 27–28, 34, 36–38, 42–43, 71, 96, 100, 119, 283, 300 ; see also standard language
- literature
10, 14, 37, 71–72, 76, 83, 85–86, 88, 93, 100, 112, 116–119, 123, 142–143, 151, 154–155, 161–162, 165, 236–237, 246–249, 252, 256–257, 266, 269–270, 276, 290, 312–313
- literature as documentation123
- Lithuania 31, 37, 47
- Lomonosov 30, 37–38, 235
- low prestige 7, 10, 49, 57, 85, 89–91, 105, 153, 161
- lower class 66, 110, 129, 164, 167, 169, 175–178, 281, 297–298, 302
- loyalty90
M
- Maimachen 197–199, 201 ; see also Kyakhta
- Manchu 202, 214, 227
- Mandarin 6, 20, 180, 198, 209, 273
- marker 15, 36, 50, 53, 144, 150, 163, 168, 178, 188, 191–194, 209–210, 223–226, 267, 281–282, 305, 307
- markers 15–18, 60, 62, 151–152, 226, 277, 281
- Media Lengua97
- merchant 18, 168, 191, 196, 200, 203, 252
- merchants 7, 14, 18, 20, 33, 40, 95, 105, 107, 109, 113, 115, 175, 185–186, 188, 190–191, 194–196, 199–200, 202–203, 211–212, 226–228, 245, 278
- meta-commentary 94, 263–265
- metalinguistic 76, 161, 163, 167, 173, 286, 300, 309, 315
- metapragmatic 118, 300
- metathesis132
- metatypy97
- Michif 97, 181
- micro-level 8, 13
- micro-variation8
- Middle Ages 106, 108
- middle class 114–115, 163–164, 167, 170–172, 174–175, 177–178
- migrants 75, 107
- migration 89, 109, 197, 329
- mistakes 6, 10, 34, 43, 111, 120, 124, 145, 200, 211, 228, 233, 247, 259, 261, 271, 287, 320
- mixed lects
49–51, 62–65, 71, 78, 92, 96–97, 181–184, 197, 218, 220, 222, 270, 312
- mixes 48, 50, 59, 94, 116, 221 ; see also Surzhyk, Trasjanka
- mobility 41, 84, 113, 281, 330
- modal 157–158, 218, 224, 271
- modality136
- modes 14, 157, 218, 222, 247–249, 255–260, 263, 270, 274, 309
- moja 180, 192–193, 205, 215, 218–219, 224–225, 271, 307, 317
- Moldavanka 110, 112–113, 116, 164, 173, 176, 280, 288, 297, 299
- Mongolian 200–201, 203, 209, 211, 227
- Mongolic 180, 184, 199
- monolingual 8, 62, 94, 258, 269, 314
- morphology 21, 30, 37, 54–55, 59–60, 63, 76–80, 84, 94, 122, 127, 129, 137–139, 144–145, 149, 152, 155, 167, 170–171, 175–176, 189, 191–192, 196, 206, 218, 253–255, 260
- morphosyntax 3, 98, 105, 122–124, 153, 169, 172–173, 175–178, 263, 285
- multiethnic identity 5, 45, 292
- multilingualism 5, 8, 11–13, 19, 26, 45, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 82, 87, 91, 95, 102, 107, 111–112, 115, 165, 172, 258, 275–276, 280, 292, 314
- multiple causation 72–73
- mundaneness314
- Murmansk186
N
- Nanai 7, 183, 185, 198–199, 202, 212–213, 215–219, 222–223, 228, 271
- narrative 94, 117, 170–171, 228, 236–238, 247–248, 258, 264, 270, 272
- native identity 221–222
- native speakers 53–54, 74, 96, 125–128, 143, 246, 253, 271, 300–301, 314
- negation 173, 193, 215, 224, 298
- networks 12, 14, 72, 100–101, 161, 163–164, 167, 175–178, 227–228, 242, 246, 248, 276, 279–280, 288
- new speakers 11, 91
- newspapers 18, 100, 112, 124, 163–164, 195, 203, 243, 245, 287, 290
- New World31
- New York 9, 34, 106, 123–124, 185, 266, 293, 295, 298, 318
- Nganasan 180, 183
- Nivkh214
- nobility 32, 38, 40–41, 113
- non-Jews 9, 14, 108, 110, 114–116, 128, 164, 167–168, 170, 172–173, 175–176, 297–298, 304
- nonce borrowings 71, 77–80, 127
- Nordqvist, Oscar184
- norm 8, 13, 16, 28, 33–39, 41–43, 71, 121, 207, 215, 219, 234, 248, 251, 312
- normativity 30, 37, 61, 120–121, 219
- Norway 6, 30, 179, 186–188, 190, 312, 325
- Norwegian 6, 18–20, 31, 179–180, 183, 186–197, 225–227, 229, 320
- nostalgia 290, 325
- nostalgic 290, 299–300
- noun marker224
- nth-order indexicality 15, 281
- Novgorod Birchbark documents18
- Novorossiya 106–107, 319
- null argument154
- null ending149
O
- observer’s paradox314
- Odessan Educational District287
- Odessan Stories 9, 117, 126, 156, 268, 297, 317
- Odessanness 301, 306, 308–310
- Odesskie Rasskazy 126, 164, 297, 317 ; see also Odessan Stories
- okan’e194
- Old Church Slavonic 36, 38, 47, 73, 98
- -om 188, 191–192, 194, 207, 224–225
- opera 112, 170, 174, 178
- orders of indexicality 280, 282
- Oroch 212–215, 222–223, 319
- Orochen198
- Orthodox church29
- orthographic representation
54, 66, 176, 215, 251,
254, 260
- code-mixing132
- conventions51
- reforms 5, 30, 32–33, 37, 120
- orthography
5, 33, 37, 52, 120,
132, 204–205, 211
- Belarusian 52, 54
- literary dialect 132, 176, 249, 251, 254
- Othering278
P
- palatalization 51–53, 63, 130–131, 205
- palatalized 52–53, 55, 59, 131
- paradigm 139, 145–146
- paradigmatic gap208
- participants 151, 236, 238, 240–241, 243–244
- participant framework 239, 242–243
- Paustovsky, Konstantin 126, 288
- peasants 18, 40, 61, 106, 281, 290–291, 334
- performance 11, 235, 248, 311–312, 318
- persona
169, 311
- invented246
- Odessan 16, 178, 277, 297–298, 302
- Peresyp’ 110, 166, 167, 173, 176, 280, 297
- Peter I (Peter the Great) 5, 30, 32–34, 37
- Petrov 117, 126, 318
- phonology 3, 51, 54, 59, 75–76, 78, 83, 94, 96, 105, 122, 128–131, 145, 155, 169, 171, 173, 176, 196, 204, 253–255, 289, 300
- phraseology 133–136, 168, 170, 174–175, 196, 199, 261, 266, 269, 303, 308, 310
- pidgins 6–7, 20–21, 30, 33, 35–36, 97, 179–230, 240, 244–245, 252, 254, 260, 269–273, 275–278, 312
- pitch128
- Pittsburgh300
- Pittsburghese 300, 304
- Pjatero 126, 317 ; see also Five, The
- pluralia tantum 191, 224
- pluricentric28
- pogroms 115, 124, 164, 291, 293
- Polish 19, 25, 37, 43–45, 47, 74, 105, 108–109, 116, 127, 158–160, 227
- polylingualism256
- Pomor 188, 191, 194
- populations
56–57, 90, 107–111, 279, 282, 291–294
- East Slavic 45–48, 57
- multiethnic 5–6, 19–20, 110–111, 114–115, 292
- ports 14, 45, 49, 95, 105–107, 110, 134, 169, 173, 175, 178, 183, 188, 229, 290, 312, 317
- portrayal 168, 228, 246, 250, 252, 278–279, 312
- Portuguese 93, 96–97
- possessive construction 151–152, 157–158, 192–193, 205–206, 269
- possessive pronouns 152, 168, 173, 180, 193, 198, 205, 210–211, 214, 218, 220–221, 225, 271
- post-Soviet 39, 43, 48, 58, 106, 202
- pre-war 291–292, 301
- prepositions 55–56, 59–60, 63, 73, 139–144, 156, 163, 166, 189, 192–193, 206, 208, 215, 224, 265, 289, 303, 306, 308, 310
- prescriptive 7, 16, 42–43, 61, 233–234
- press 32, 53, 61, 113, 318
- prestige 5, 7–8, 10–11, 18–20, 26–27, 32–33, 35, 43, 49–50, 57, 62, 66, 69, 71, 75, 82–85, 87–91, 93, 105, 114, 134, 153, 161, 174, 178, 180, 196–197, 229–230, 260, 277, 296–298
- primary documentation 117, 121, 184, 246
- primary sources 5, 10, 19, 100, 121, 190, 229, 254, 278–281, 287, 305
- principal 239, 243–244, 247, 268
- production 13, 51–52, 216, 236, 238–240, 244, 277
- proficiency 11, 24, 40, 71, 75, 79, 84, 90, 95, 124, 196, 227, 276, 279, 301
- pronouns 50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 122, 131–132, 150–152, 154, 159, 168, 171, 173, 180, 182, 193, 198, 204–205, 210–211, 214–215, 218–221, 224–225, 271, 300, 307 ; see also possessive pronouns
- prostorečie34
- purism33
- Pushkin 38, 117, 219
Q
- quantitative analysis 22, 176, 252
- quotation 22, 169, 189, 214, 218–221, 237, 245, 257, 262, 270–271
- Qvistag, Just Knud 189–190, 195, 320
R
- reality 37, 67, 112–113, 237–239, 242–243, 276, 278, 281, 283, 297, 300, 304, 314
- reanalysis 73, 145–147, 149–150
- recalled 179, 237–238, 241, 244, 246, 269
- reconstructed language 3–4, 16, 21, 70, 101, 123, 153, 175, 186, 195, 235, 237, 242, 244–245, 255, 275, 283, 288, 301, 306, 308, 310
- reconstructing variation 8–9, 21–22, 98, 276
- reconstruction 3–4, 6–7, 9–12, 16, 18–21, 23–24, 26, 69–72, 74, 81–82, 84–85, 95, 97–100, 102–103, 105, 117–118, 121–122, 126, 128, 137, 143, 161, 163–165, 167, 171, 175, 180, 188–190, 205, 229, 231, 233–236, 242–245, 248, 252, 255–256, 269, 274–290, 299–300, 312
- recorded language 4, 22, 24, 98, 124, 182, 188–189, 210, 227, 237–238, 241–242, 246, 250, 278
- reforms 5, 7, 30, 32–33, 37, 42, 120
- regional variation278
- regiolect15
- register
8–9, 19,
82, 91, 96,
100–102, 174, 226, 233–234, 239, 242, 269, 278, 302
- register variation 82, 100, 233, 242
- regressive literacy40
- regulation 7, 32, 39
- relevance particle 209–210
- relexification 194, 260
- rememberers 12, 20, 153, 195, 256, 287, 293, 309, 314
- repertoire 9, 12–16, 26, 56, 72, 196, 276–277, 283–284, 289, 292, 302–303, 308, 310, 312
- represented language 85, 195, 205
- representation
24–26, 61, 71, 155, 228,
231, 277–278, 281, 283–286, 288–289, 308, 311–313
- of Odessan stereotype 161–178
- of pidgin speaker 179, 218–228, 277
- written documentation 233–274
- reproduction 256–262, 265–266, 270–271
- Republic of Sakha180
- revolution 28, 39–42, 108, 115, 187–188, 281, 293
- rhoticization273
- Richelieu Lycee116
- Rudjak, Il’ja155
- Rudyak, Il’ya318
- Russenorsk 6, 18, 20, 30, 32, 179–180, 183–198, 218, 224–227, 229, 240, 254, 277, 319–321
- Russian Language Empire 17–18, 26–35, 39, 41–43, 45, 66, 86, 89, 179, 290
- Russification 32–34, 62
S
- Saami 190–191, 193–194, 196, 227
- Sakha180
- Sakhalin214
- salient features
12, 15, 51–54, 59, 63, 73, 76,
105, 120, 136,
139, 162–163, 166, 168, 173, 175, 191–193, 196, 223, 281, 286, 293–295, 297, 300–301, 303, 307, 310
- identities 7, 110, 248, 304
- school 39–40, 56, 76, 111, 164, 168–169, 175, 200, 214, 298, 318–319
- schools 47, 107, 111, 114, 168, 198, 200, 298
- scribe 239–240, 242, 244, 253
- script 30, 32, 37, 98
- selective reproduction 256–262, 265–266, 270–271
- semi-speakers 10–11
- serfs106
- setting 3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 21, 64–65, 73–75, 78, 83, 87–88, 91, 101, 105–106, 125, 153, 165, 167, 227, 229, 234–235, 248, 257, 268, 275–279, 283, 286, 288, 297, 303, 305, 309–312, 314 ; see also social settings
- shibboleth 173, 296
- shift 10, 19, 47, 63, 65, 69, 78–79, 82, 85–91, 118, 121–122, 128–130, 145–146, 148, 181, 183, 198, 248, 296, 314
- shm-reduplication 133–134, 295
- shtetl 266, 292, 299, 318
- Siberia 29, 31, 35, 76, 180–181, 184–185, 212
- Siberian 6, 17–18, 31, 88, 180–183, 197, 199–200, 203, 212, 219, 228, 271
- Sikhote-Alin 216, 272, 319
- single-source190
- Sino-Russian Pidgins 6–7, 183–184, 197–202, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 227–228 ; see also Chinese-Russian contact, Kyakhta Pidgin Russian
- Slavin, Lev 154, 262, 288
- šm-see shm-reduplication
- šo 131–132, 173, 254–255, 262, 306, 310
- social context 12, 26, 93, 255, 278, 285, 289
- social class 35–36, 40–41, 43, 281, 303
- socioeconomic class 88–89, 110
- social dimensions 211, 222, 226
- social mobility 41, 84, 113
- social networks 12, 14, 72, 100–101, 161, 163–164, 167, 175–178, 228, 242, 246, 248, 276, 279, 288
- social settings 3, 11, 64, 73–74, 83, 165, 227, 248, 278–279, 314
- social status 8, 19, 110, 196, 226, 229, 251, 277
- sociolect 9, 19, 110
- sociolinguistic reconstruction 4, 10, 12, 26, 100, 180, 229, 233, 235, 248, 275–277, 278–280, 286, 290, 300, 312
- sociolinguistic variation 8, 13, 16, 18–19, 24, 26, 70, 82, 98–99, 161, 235, 246, 249, 256, 276, 278, 290
- Somerset Maugham 259, 266
- songs 38, 100, 117–118, 140, 154–155, 171–172, 242–243, 317–318
- sound changes 25, 53, 55, 100, 255
- Southern African American English252
- Southern American English 89, 249, 252
- Soviet period 5, 28, 32, 34–35, 38–43, 45, 47–48, 61, 67, 110, 180, 202, 291, 293
- Soviet Union 5–6, 17, 25, 28, 30, 32, 36, 39–40, 48, 57, 62, 65, 106, 123, 197, 243, 291, 293
- Spanish 49, 75–76, 93, 96–97, 259, 266, 331
- Spanglish 49, 76
- speaker demographics 63, 108–109
- speech event 236–242, 284–285
- spelling 25, 27, 54, 59, 120, 122, 204, 249–251, 254, 286
- spoken language 3, 10, 16, 36, 38, 61, 63, 76, 79, 98, 100, 120, 233–235, 245, 248, 253, 256, 285
- Sranan92
- standard language 13, 23, 26, 70–71, 83–91, 101–102, 248, 250–251
- Standard Russian 5, 7, 16–18, 22–23, 28, 33, 32–39, 42–43, 49, 51–53, 62, 66, 96, 108, 110–111 ; see also literary language
- standardization 7, 22, 30, 86, 91, 98
- stereotype 6–7, 13, 15–19, 53, 90, 105–106, 110, 112–113, 116–117, 125, 134, 162–163, 165, 178–179, 214–215, 217, 228, 233, 248, 261–262, 268, 270–271, 278, 282–284, 287, 289–293, 296, 298–305, 307–308, 310–313
- stereotypical 21, 24, 26, 118, 163, 173, 179, 219
- stereotyping, linguistic206
- stratification 32, 34, 82, 161, 281–282, 291, 296
- stress 51–52, 120, 122, 127–130, 153, 169–170, 204, 207, 225, 277, 289, 320
- style 13, 22, 37–39, 135, 147, 157, 162, 166, 233–235, 248, 252, 267, 269–270, 277, 281, 289–291, 301, 303, 305
- style-shifting 13, 22, 162, 248, 281, 290
- stylistic variation 9, 15
- substrate 14, 19–20, 45, 49, 73, 96, 105, 108, 111–112, 136, 152, 155, 159–161, 173–174, 193–194, 198–200, 212, 223, 229, 269, 295
- Surzhyk 48–51, 54, 56–63, 66, 71, 83, 171–172
T
- Taiap89
- Taimyr 180–184, 229
- Taimyr Russian Pidgin 180–181, 183–184, 229
- taki 267–268, 306–307, 310, 321, 337
- Tamil 77–80
- Tan-Bogoraz, Vladimir185see also Bogoras
- Tatar109
- Taz23
- temporal distance 238–239, 241–242, 244, 269
- tense 55, 60, 94, 122, 144, 172, 188, 208–210, 215, 219, 224, 226, 264, 302
- tense/aspect 224, 226
- tension, ethnic
114, 291
- identity88
- text types 26, 98, 234–246, 249, 274
- theater 115–116, 142, 174, 178, 296, 321
- Thelwell 22, 252
- Tok Pisin89
- Tolstoy, Lev257
- trade 6–7, 20, 30–33, 70, 92, 95, 105–107, 112, 115, 179–180, 182, 185–188, 190–191, 194–199, 201–202, 208, 211–212, 226–229, 277, 297
- traders 6–7, 18, 20, 31, 105, 107, 179, 187, 194, 226
- transcription 25, 50, 52, 54, 189, 203, 205–206, 218, 241, 250–251, 258, 322
- transcripts 22, 123, 179, 195, 234, 236–238, 243–244, 247, 279 ; see also court transcripts
- translanguaging 11, 49, 56, 66, 70, 75–76, 92
- translational interference258
- translingual329
- translingualism257
- transliteration 25, 54, 59, 254, 322
- Trasjanka 49–51, 54, 56, 61–63, 65–66, 71, 83
- travelogues 20, 179, 185, 189, 195, 200–203, 216, 222, 245, 269–270, 319
- Treaty of Kyakhta 30, 199, 201
- Treaty of Pereyaslav 30, 57
- trials 237–238, 241 ; see also court transcripts
- Troms186
- Tromsø 186, 188, 325
- Tsar 5, 30, 32–33, 185, 303
- Tsarist Russia 5, 28, 40, 120, 198
- Tungusic 6, 20, 94, 180, 184, 198–199, 212–219, 222–223, 227–228
- Turkish 19, 105, 108, 116, 294–295
- tvoja 180, 192–193, 205, 214–215, 218, 224–225
- Twain, Mark 170, 249, 252–253
U
- Udihe 6, 19, 23, 35, 184, 199, 202, 212–213, 216–217, 219, 222–223, 228, 272–273
- Ukrainian 6, 14, 17, 19, 25, 30–31, 37, 43–61, 66, 73–74, 92, 95–96, 105–106, 108–109, 112, 114, 116, 121, 125, 127, 129, 131–132, 134–135, 137–139, 141–142, 150–152, 155, 158–159, 164, 169, 171–176, 178, 262, 264, 267, 276, 289, 291–292, 294–295, 298, 302
- Ulcha214
- Unified State Exam39
- users 7, 179, 221, 244, 317
- Ussuri Pidgin Russian 6–7, 18, 20, 22, 183–185, 197–199, 212–228, 240, 249, 260, 269–270 273, 319
- Ussuri Region 35, 183, 199, 212–216, 222, 319
- Utësov, Leonid 125, 153, 318
V
- validity
23–24, 125–126, 128, 235–239, 241–251, 282–290, 300, 313–315
see also authenticity
- of documentation 123–128, 188–190, 202–204, 216–217
- in literature 244–253
- valorization 283, 296–297, 304
- Vadsø 186, 188–189, 321
- Vardø 186, 188–189, 321
- variation 3–4, 6–11, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 21–24, 42–43, 49, 58, 64, 70–72, 82, 87, 91, 97–102, 105, 108, 111, 113, 118, 121, 126–128, 130, 139, 143, 161–162, 175–176, 190, 196, 204, 218, 221, 233–236, 239–240, 242, 246, 248–249, 253, 256, 275–280, 282, 284, 289–290, 312, 314–315 ; see also borrowing
- Vega 183–184
- Vega Expedition183
- Vega Pidgin184
- verbal transposition 157, 244, 256, 258–261, 266, 268–269, 289
- vernacular 18, 34, 38, 42, 89, 252, 283, 286
- Vladivostok 199, 203–204, 214
- voluntarism, linguistic39
- vowel reduction 51–52, 106
W
- War and Peace257
- West Midlands311
- witness accounts 237, 252
- witness depositions 236–237
- World War II 5, 6, 19–20, 25, 57, 115, 123–124, 162, 284, 287, 291, 293, 309
- writing 17–18, 22–23, 25, 28, 33, 36, 38, 40, 55, 76, 89, 98, 100, 111, 113, 116–117, 121, 124, 157, 161, 200, 204–205, 212, 227, 233–274, 286, 292–293, 307, 318
- written language 10, 47, 76, 85–86, 99–100, 234–235, 241, 245
Y
- Yakutia180
- Yakutsk185
- Yiddish
5, 14, 18–19, 25, 61, 73, 95–96, 100, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 124, 133–137, 152, 155–161, 163–164, 167–169, 173–175, 242, 260, 266–267, 269, 289, 292, 295–296, 302, 306
- Yiddish substrate, linguistic effects 133–137, 155–160
- Yiddish substrate, social factors 105–114
- YIVO 124, 336, 340
- yod-dropping 250, 286
- Yushkevich, Semyon 117, 125, 156–157, 244, 260, 266–270, 289, 318
Z
- za 56, 139–142, 144, 146, 163, 166, 168–169, 173, 207, 262–263, 267–268, 306, 308
