In:Responses to Language Varieties: Variability, processes and outcomes
Edited by Alexei Prikhodkine and Dennis R. Preston
[IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 39] 2015
► pp. 55–84
Mixing methods in the study of language attitudes
Theory and application
Published online: 16 December 2015
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.39.03sou
https://doi.org/10.1075/impact.39.03sou
Mixed methods research (MMR) is currently on the rise in the social sciences. This paper provides a theoretical discussion and a practical illustration of MMR in the social psychological study of language attitudes. First, I review perceived obstacles to MMR - in particular, the ‘incompatibility thesis’, whereby quantitative and qualitative methods are assumed to clash epistemologically. I propose an alternative account by which qual and quan research on language attitudes can be integrated on a common theoretical basis that holds attitudes to constitute interactionally processed ‘human epistemological constructs’ (HECs). I apply this approach in MMR on Austrian German, where I integrate a qual analysis of language-attitudinal HECs found in discourse data with a quan speaker evaluation experiment designed to corroborate the qual exegesis.
References (88)
Ajzen, Icek & Fishbein, Martin. 2005. The influence of attitudes on behavior. In The Handbook of Attitudes, Dolores Albarracín, Blair T. Johnson & Mark P. Zanna (eds), 173-221. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Arendt, Birte. 2011. Laientheoretische Konzeptionen von Sprache und Dialekt am Beispiel des Niederdeutschen: Eine kontextsensitive Analyse von Spracheinstellungsäußerungen sowie ihre methodologische Fundierung Niederdeutsches Wort: Beiträge zur niederdeutschen Philologie 51: 133-162.
Aron, Arthur, Aron, Elaine N. & Coups, Elliot J. 2009. Statistics for Psychology, 5th edn. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1986[1952-53]. The problem of speech genres. In Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, Vern W. McGee (transl.), Caryl Emerson & Michael Holquist (eds), 60-102. Austin TX: The University of Texas Press.
Baumann, Richard. 1992. Performance. In Folklore, Cultural Performances, and Popular Entertainments, Richard Baumann (ed.), 41-49. Oxford: OUP.
Bhaskar, Roy. 1989. Reclaiming Reality: A Critical Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy. London: Verso.
Bryman, Alan. 2006. Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done? Qualitative Research 6(1): 97-113.
. 2007. Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(1): 8-22.
Creswell, John W. 2011. Controversies in mixed methods research. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, Norman K. Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (eds), 269-283. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
. 2014. Die Entwicklung der Mixed-Methods-Forschung. In Introduction to Mixed Methods, Udo Kuckartz (ed.), 13-26. Wiesbaden: Springer.
Creswell, John W. & Plano Clark, Vicki L. 2011. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Creswell, John W. & Zhang, Wanqing. 2009. The application of mixed methods designs to trauma research. Journal of Traumatic Stress 22(6): 612-621.
Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln, Yvonna S. 2011. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, Norman K. Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (eds), 1-19. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Dressler, Wolfgang U. & Wodak, Ruth. 1982. Sociophonological methods in the study of sociolinguistic variation in Viennese German. Language in Society 2: 339-370.
Eagly, Alice H. & Chaiken, Shelly. 2005. Attitude research in the 21st century: The current state of knowledge. In The Handbook of Attitudes, Dolores Albarracín, Blair T. Johnson & Mark P. Zanna (eds), 743-767. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eckert, Penelope. 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 453–476.
Erickson, Frederick. 1986. Listening and speaking. In Languages and Linguistics, Deborah Tannen & James E. Alatis (eds), 294-319. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
Garrett, Peter, Coupland, Nik & Williams, Angie. 1999. Evaluating dialect in discourse: Teachers’ and teenagers’ responses to young English speakers in Wales. Language in Society 28: 321-354.
Gergen, Kenneth J. 2008. On the very idea of social psychology. Social Psychology Quarterly 71(4): 331–337.
Giles, Howard & Coupland, Nik. 1991. Language: Contexts and Consequences. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Giles, Howard & Bouchard Ryan, Ellen. 1982. Prolegomena for developing a social psychological theory of language attitudes. In Attitudes Towards Language Variation, Ellen Bouchard Ryan & Howard Giles (eds), 208-223. London: Edward Arnold.
Himmelfarb, Samuel. 1993. The measurement of attitudes. In The Psychology of Attitudes, Alice H. Eagly & Shelly Chaiken (eds), 23-87. Fort Worth TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hymes, Dell. 1972. Models of the interaction of language and social life. In Directions in Sociolinguistics, John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes (eds), 35-71. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,
Hyrkstedt, Irene & Kalaja, Paula. 1998. Attitudes toward English and its functions in Finland: A discourse-analytic study. World Englishes 17(3): 359-368.
Johnstone, Barbara & Kiesling, Scott F. 2008. Indexicality and experience: Exploring the meanings of /aw/-monophthongization in Pittsburgh. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(1): 5–33.
Kaiser, Imtraud & Ender, Andrea. 2013. Diglossia or dialect–standard continuum in speakers’ awareness and usage: On the categorisation of lectal variation in Austria. In Variation in Language and Language Use, Monika Reif, Justyna A. Robinson & Martin Pütz (eds), 273-298. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Kristeva, Julia. 1986[1966]. Word, dialog and novel. In The Kristeva Reader, Toril Moi (ed.), 34-61. New York NY: Columbia University Press.
Korzybski, Alfred. 1994[1933]. A non-Aristotelian system and its necessity for rigour in mathematics and physics. In Science and Sanity, 5th edn, 747-761. Fort Worth TX: Institute of General Semantics.
Lambert, Wallace E., Hodgson, Richard, Gardner, Robert C. & Fillenbaum, Samuel. 1960. Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60(1): 44-51.
Lenz, Alexandra N. & Glauninger, Manfred M. (eds). 2015. Standarddeutsch im 21. Jahrhundert [Wiener Arbeiten zur Linguistik 1]. Vienna: Vienna University Press.
Liebscher, Grit & Dailey-O’Cain, Jennifer. 2009. Language attitudes in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(2): 195-222.
Meinefeld, Werner. 1988. Einstellung. In Handwörterbuch der Psychologie, 4th edn, Roland Asanger & Gerd Wenninger (eds), 120-126. Munich: PVU.
Miles, Matthew B. & Huberman, A. Michael. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Miles, Matthew B., Huberman, A. Michael & Saldana, Johnny. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis, 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Moosmüller, Sylvia. 1988. Dialekt ist nicht gleich Dialekt: Spracheinschätzung in Wien. Wiener Linguistische Gazette 40-41: 55-80.
Morgan, David L. 2007. Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(1):48-76.
Ortega y Gasset, José. 1959. The difficulty of reading, Clarence E. Parmenter (transl.). Diogenes 7(28):1-17.
Osgood, Charles E., Suci, George J. & Tannenbaum, Percy H. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press.
Potter, Jonathan. 1998. Discursive social psychology: From attitudes to evaluative practices. European Review of Social Psychology 9(1): 233-266.
Raskin, Jonathan D. 2002. Constructivism in psychology: Personal construct psychology, radical constructivism, and social constructionism. In Jonathan D. Raskin & Sara K. Bridges (eds) Studies in Meaning, 1-25. New York NY: Pace University Press.
Scheuringer, Hermann. 1997. Sprachvarietäten in Österreich. In Varietäten des Deutschen, Gerhard Stickel (ed.), 332-335. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
. 2014. Discourse. In An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, 2nd edn, Ralph W. Fasold & Jeff Connor-Linton (eds), 183-215. Cambridge: CUP.
Schilling, Natalie. 2013. Investigating stylistic variation. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd edn, Jack K. Chambers & Natalie Schilling (eds), 327-349. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2004. Constructing ethnicity in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8(2):163-195.
Scollon, Ron. 2003. The dialogist in a positivist world: Theory in the social sciences and the humanities at the end of the twentieth century. Social Semiotics 13(1):71-88.
. 2011. Austrian listeners’ perceptions of standard-dialect style-shifting: An empirical approach. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(3): 347-365.
. 2013a. The measurement of ‘language attitudes’: A reappraisal from a constructionist perspective. In Language (De)standardisation in Late Modern Europe, 251-266. Oslo: Novus.
. 2013b. On matching speaker (dis)guises: Revisiting a methodological tradition. In Language (De)standardisation in Late Modern Europe, Stefan Grondelaers & Tore Kristiansen (eds), 267-285. Oslo: Novus.
. 2014. Konstruktivismus trifft auf Methodik in der Spracheinstellungsforschung: Theorie, Daten, Fazit. In Sprechen über Sprache, Christina Cuonz & Rebekka Studler (eds), 143-168.Tübingen: Stauffenburg.
Steinegger, Guido. 1998. Sprachgebrauch und Sprachbeurteilung in Österreich und Südtirol. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Tannen, Deborah & Wallat, Cynthia. 1993. Interactive frames and knowledge schemas in interaction: Examples from a medical examination/ interview. In Framing in discourse, Deborah Tannen (ed.), 57-76. Oxford: OUP.
Tashakkori, Abbas & Creswell, John W. 2007. Editorial: The new era of mixed methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(1): 3-7.
Tashakkori, Abbas & Teddlie, Charles (eds) 2010. The SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
Teddlie, Charles & Tashakkori, Abbas. 2010. Overview of contemporary issues in mixed methods research. In Tashakkori & Teddlie (eds), 1-41.
Tophinke, Doris & Ziegler, Evelyn. 2006. “Aber bitte im Kontext!“ Neue Perspektiven der dialektologischen Einstellungsforschung. Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie 1: 205-224.
Cited by (7)
Cited by seven other publications
Truan, Naomi & Esther Jahns
Hoffmeister, Toke
Prikhodkine, Alexei
2021. Attitudes to accents. In Pragmatics of Accents [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 327], ► pp. 19 ff.
Kristiansen, Tore
2020. Methods in language-attitudes research. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 3 ff.
Kristiansen, Tore
2022. Methods in language-attitudes research. In Handbook of Pragmatics [Handbook of Pragmatics, ], ► pp. 1702 ff.
Soukup, Barbara
2020. Survey area selection in Variationist Linguistic Landscape Study (VaLLS). Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 6:1 ► pp. 52 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
