Article published In: Interactional Linguistics: Online-First Articles
Multimodally aligning with projected continuation in Peninsular Spanish
Published online: 23 May 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/il.24017.sbe
https://doi.org/10.1075/il.24017.sbe
Abstract
This article explores resources for multimodally aligning with projected continuation in data from Peninsular
Spanish, engaging with method-ological-theoretical frameworks from Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics. The
article presents a pattern largely representative of a collection of fifteen storytellings: When tellers project continuation
(pragmatically, semantically, prosodically, syntactically, gesturally), recipients are silent and embodiedly still, steadily
gazing at teller, rarely producing vocal continuers. The Aforementioned recipient behavior appears throughout the data as
structurally aligning with the turn-taking system being adjusted to one speaker doing a lengthy turn-at-talk. As pertaining to
vocal continuers, the pattern is also representative of a pool of >364 big packages from which the storytellings are collected.
One of the rare occasions when vocal continuers are employed in the data from Peninsular Spanish, is in a
multimodally restricted participation framework. This study thus invites a multimodal reinterrogation of the roles and frequencies
of vocal continuers in the interactional achievement of multi-unit-turns. Alongside work on other languages, however, it also
suggests that structural alignment, as a likely universal relational principle, can be language-/culture-specifically
routinized.
Keywords: alignment, projected continuation, continuers, gaze, Spanish
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Resources for aligning with projected continuation in a first exemplar
- 3.Data overview and methodological-theoretical framework
- 4.Multimodal alignment with projected continuation in PS
- 5.Summary and implications
- Notes
- Symbols used in transcripts
References
References (110)
Auer, P. (2005). Projection
in Interaction and Projection in Grammar. Text — Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of
Discourse, 25(1).
Briz, A., Hidalgo, A., Padilla, X., Pons, S., Ruiz Gurillo, L., Sanmartín, J., Benavent, E., Albelda, M., Fernández, M. J., & Pérez, M. (2003). Un
sistema de unidades para el estudio del lenguaje coloquial. Oralia: análisis del discurso
oral, 61, 7–61.
Cabanes Pérez, S. (2023). Análisis
multimodal en la distinción entre intervención y turno: Efectos en la segmentación de la conversación desde el modelo
Val.Es.Co. [PhD, Universitat de Valencia]. [URL]
Cladera, N. B. (2010). Backchannels
as a realization of interaction: Some uses of mm and mhm in
Spanish. In Dialogue in
Spanish (pp. 137–156). John Benjamins. [URL].
Clift, R., & Raymond, C. W. (2018). Actions
in practice: On details in collections. Discourse
Studies, 20(1), 90–119.
Couper-Kuhlen, E., & Selting, M. (2018). Interactional
linguistics: Studying language in social interaction. Cambridge University Press.
Del Río Villanueva, C. A. (2024). La
construcción interaccional de la (des)información: De la entrevista política de televisión en vivo a las notas
periodísticas. Estudios sobre el Mensaje
Periodístico, 30(3), Article
3.
Deppermann, A. (2011). The
Study of Formulations as a Key to an Interactional Semantics. Human
Studies, 34(2), 115–128.
Dingemanse, M. (2024). Interjections
at the Heart of Language. Annual Review of
Linguistics, 10(1), 257–277.
Dingemanse, M., Liesenfeld, A., & Woensdregt, M. (2022). Convergent
Cultural Evolution of Continuers
(mmhm) [Preprint]. PsyArXiv.
Dingemanse, M., Rossi, G., & Floyd, S. (2017). Place
reference in story beginnings: A cross-linguistic study of narrative and interactional
affordances. Language in
Society, 46(2), 129–158.
Dingemanse, M., Torreira, F., & Enfield, N. J. (2013). Is
“Huh?” a Universal Word? Conversational Infrastructure and the Convergent Evolution of Linguistic
Items. PLoS
ONE, 8(11), e78273.
Drew, P. (1998). Complaints
About Transgressions and Misconduct. Research on Language & Social
Interaction, 31(3–4), 295–325.
Duncan, S., & Fiske, D. W. (1977). Face-to-Face
Interaction: Research, Methods, and
Theory. Routledge.
Enfield, N. J., Stivers, T., Brown, P., Englert, C., Harjunpää, K., Hayashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Keisanen, T., Rauniomaa, M., Raymond, C. W., Rossano, F., Yoon, K.-E., Zwitserlood, I., & Levinson, S. C. (2018). Polar
answers. Journal of
Linguistics, 55(2), 277–304.
Estebas-Vilaplana, E., & Prieto, P. (2010). Castilian
spanish intonation. In P. Prieto & P. Rosseano (Eds.), Transcription
of intonation of the Spanish
language (pp. 17–48). LINCOM Studies in Phonetics.
Etelämäki, M., Heinemann, T., & Vatanen, A. (2021). On
affiliation and alignment: Non-cooperative uses of anticipatory completions in the context of
tellings. Discourse
Studies, 23(6), 726–758.
Fant, L. (1989). Cultural
mismatch in conversation: Spanish and Scandinavian communicative behaviour in negotiation
settings. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in
Business, 31, 247–265.
(2006). National
cultural norms or activity type conventions?: Negotiation talk and informal conversation among Swedes and
Spaniards. Synaps, 191, 1–11.
Floyd, S. (2005). The
poetics of evidentiality in South American storytelling. Eighth Workshop on American Indian
Languages (WAIL), 28–41. [URL]
Floyd, S., Rossi, G., & Enfield, N. J. (2020). Getting
others to do things. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 31, Language Science Press.
Ford, C. E., & Thompson, S. A. (1996). Interactional
units in conversation: Syntactic, intonational, and pragmatic resources for the management of
turns. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff, & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction
and
Grammar (Vol. 131, pp. 134–184).
Ford, C. E., Thompson, S. A., & Drake, V. (2012). Bodily-Visual
Practices and Turn Continuation. Discourse
Processes, 49(3–4), 192–212.
Gardner, R. (2001). When
Listeners Talk: Response tokens and listener
stance (Vol. 921). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Garfinkel, H. (1964). Studies
of the Routine Grounds of Everyday Activities. Social
Problems, 11(3), 225–250.
Goodwin, C. (1984). Notes
on story structure and the organization of participation. In J. M. Atkinson (Ed.), Structures
of Social Action (1st
ed., pp. 225–246). Cambridge University Press.
(1986). Between
and within: Alternative sequential treatments of continuers and assessments. Human
Studies, 9(2–3), 205–217.
Graziano, M., & Gullberg, M. (2024). Providing
evidence for a well-worn stereotype: Italians and Swedes do gesture differently. Frontiers in
Communication, 91.
Hayashi, M., & Yoon, K. (2009). Negotiating
boundaries in talk. In J. Sidnell (Ed.), Conversation
Analysis: Comparative
Perspectives (pp. 250–278). Cambridge University Press.
Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2012). The
Conversation Analytic Approach to Transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The
Handbook of Conversation
Analysis (pp. 57–76). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritage, J. (1984). A
change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential
placement. In J. M. Atkinson (Ed.), Structures
of Social
Action (pp. 299–345). Cambridge University Press.
(2012a). Epistemics
in action: Action formation and territories of knowledge. Research on Language & Social
Interaction, 45(1), 1–29.
(2012b). The
Epistemic Engine: Sequence Organization and Territories of Knowledge. Research on Language
& Social
Interaction, 45(1), 30–52.
Heritage, J., & Clayman, S. E. (2024). Making
Arrangements: A Sketch of a ‘Big Package.’ Research on Language and Social
Interaction, 57(3), 279–300.
Hidalgo, A. (1998). Alternancia
de turnos y conversación: Sobre el papel regulador de los suprasegmentos en el habla
simultánea. LEA: Lingüística Española
Actual, 20(2), 217–238.
Hidalgo, A., & Briz Gómez, A. (2023). Partículas
discursivas y prosodia: Los marcadores de control de contacto ¿sabes? y
¿entiendes? Spanish in Context.
Hidalgo, A., & Ruano Piqueras, N. (2022). Prosodia
de los actos interrogativos en la conversación coloquial española: Aproximación
interactivo-funcional. Estudios
Filológicos, 691, 103–133.
Jefferson, G. (1978). Sequential
Aspects of Storytelling in Conversation. In J. Schenkein (Ed.), Studies
in the Organization of Conversational
Interaction (pp. 219–248). Academic Press.
(1985). Notes
on a Systematic Deployment of the Ackowledgement Tokens Yeah and Mm hm. Papers in
Linguistics, 171, 197–216.
(1988). On
the sequential organization of troubles-talk in ordinary conversation. Social
Problems, 35(4), 418–441.
(2004). Glossary
of transcript symbols with an introduction. In Conversation analysis:
Studies from the first generation, ed. Gene
Lerner (pp. 43–59). Benjamins.
Keevallik, L. (2013). The
Interdependence of Bodily Demonstrations and Clausal Syntax. Research on Language & Social
Interaction, 46(1), 1–21.
(2018). What
Does Embodied Interaction Tell Us About Grammar? Research on Language and Social
Interaction, 51(1), 1–21.
Kendrick, K. H., Brown, P., Dingemanse, M., Floyd, S., Gipper, S., Hayano, K., Hoey, E., Hoymann, G., Manrique, E., Rossi, G., & Levinson, S. C. (2020). Sequence
organization: A universal infrastructure for social action. Journal of
Pragmatics, 1681, 119–138.
Küttner, U. A. & Ehmer, O. (2023). Affordances
and Actions: Requests for Confirmation as Devices for Implementing Challenging and Other Disagreement-Implicative
Actions. In Contrastive Pragmatics, Vol.
5 (1–2). Brill.
Lindström, A., & Sorjonen, M.-L. (2012). Affiliation
in Conversation. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The
Handbook of Conversation
Analysis (pp. 250–369). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mandelbaum, J. (1989). Interpersonal
activities in conversational storytelling. Western Journal of Speech
Communication, 53(2), 114–126.
(2012). Storytelling
in conversation. In T. Stivers & J. Sidnell (Eds.), The
handbook of Conversation
Analysis (pp. 492–507). Wiley-Blackwell.
Mondada, L. (2012). The
Conversation Analytic Approach to Data Collection. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The
Handbook of Conversation
Analysis (pp. 32–56). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(2014). The
local constitution of multimodal resources for social interaction. Journal of
Pragmatics, 651, 137–156.
(2024). Multimodal
transcription conventions. In J. D. Robinson, R. Clift, K. H. Kendrick, & C. W. Raymond (Eds.), The
Cambridge Handbook of Methods in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Padilla, X. A. (2004). Del
oyente receptor al oyente combatiente. ELUA: Estudios de Lingüística. Universidad de
Alicante, 181, 213–230.
Pavlidou, T.-S., Gialabouki, L., Alvanoudi, A., & Ananiadis, C. (2022). On
the recipients’ part: Responding with m/mm (and nods) in Greek conversations. Journal of
Pragmatics, 1991, 105–123.
Pons Bordería, S. (dir.). (2022). Corpus
Val.Es.Co. 3.0 [Dataset]. [URL]
Raymond, C. W. (2015). Questions
and responses in Spanish monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual conversation. Language &
Communication, 421, 50–68.
(2018a). Bueno-,
pues-, and bueno-pues-prefacing in Spanish conversation. In J. Heritage & M.-L. Sorjonen (Eds.), Studies
in Language and Social
Interaction (Vol. 311, pp. 59–96). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
(2018b). On
the relevance and accountability of dialect: Conversation analysis and dialect contact. Journal
of
Sociolinguistics, 22(2), 161–189.
(2022). Suffixation
and sequentiality: Notes on the study of morphology in interaction. Interactional
Linguistics, 2(1), 1–41.
Raymond, C. W., Clift, R., Kendrick, K. H., & Robinson, J. D. (2024). Methods
in Conversation Analysis. In J. D. Robinson, R. Clift, K. H. Kendrick, & C. W. Raymond (Eds.), The
Cambridge Handbook of Methods in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, C. W., & Olguín, L. M. (2022). Análisis
de la conversación: Fundamentos, metodología y
alcances. Routledge.
Robinson, J. D., Rühlemann, C., & Rodriguez, D. T. (2022). The
Bias Toward Single-Unit Turns in Conversation. Research on Language and Social
Interaction, 55(2), 165–183.
(2012). Gaze
in Conversation. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The
Handbook of Conversation Analysis (1st
ed., pp. 308–329). Wiley.
Rossano, F., Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2009). Gaze,
questioning, and culture. In J. Sidnell (Ed.), Conversation
Analysis (1st
ed., pp. 187–249). Cambridge University Press.
Ruiz Fajardo, G. (2016). Columbia
Corpus of Spanish Conversations (Corpus de conversaciones para
E/LE) [Dataset]. Columbia University. [URL]
Sacks, H. (1978). Some
Technical Considerations of a Dirty Joke. In J. Schenkein (Ed.), Studies
in the Organization of Conversational
Interaction (pp. 249–269). Academic Press.
(1989). An
Analysis of the Course of a Joke’s Telling in Conversation. In R. Bauman & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations
in the Ethnography of Speaking (2nd
ed., pp. 337–353). Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, H. (with Jefferson, G., & Schegloff, E. A.). (1992b). Lectures
on conversation:
2 (Vol. 21). Blackwell.
Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A
simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for
conversation. Language, 501, 696–735.
Satti, I. (2023a). Requests
for Verification across Varieties of Spanish: A Comparative Approach to Gaze
Behaviour. Contrastive
Pragmatics, 1(aop), 1–33.
(2023b). When
it’s “now or never”: Multimodal practices for managing opportunities to initiate other-repair in collaborative
storytelling. Narrative
Inquiry, 33(1), 222–253.
Sbertoli-Nielsen, P. (2019). Estilos
conversacionales noruegos y españoles: La retrocanalización mediante nasalizaciones y habla simultánea en Oslo y
Valencia. [Master’s thesis] University of Oslo. Permanent link: [URL]
(2023). Teasing
Out 2mm: Bilabial-Nasal Response Particles in
Norwegian. In J. Svennevig (Ed.) Special
Issue on Conversation Analysis for Norwegian Journal of
Linguistics 41(2), pp. 207–232. Novus forlag.
Schegloff, E. A. (1980). Preliminaries
to Preliminaries: “Can I Ask You a Question?” Sociological
Inquiry, 50(3–4), 104–152.
(1982). Discourse
as an interactional achievement: Some uses of ‘uh huh’and other things that come between
sentences. Analyzing Discourse: Text and
Talk, 711, 71–93.
(1984). On
some gestures’ relation to talk. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures
of social action: Studies in conversation
analysis (pp. 266–296). Cambridge University Press. [URL]
Schegloff, E.A. (1987). Recycled
Turn Beginnings: A Precise Repair Mechanism in Conversation's Turn-taking
Organisation. In G. Button & J. R. E. Lee (Eds.) Talk and
Social Interaction (<-kursive), Clevedon, England, Multilingual
Matters, pp. 70–85.
Streeck, J. (1995) Ch.
4: On projection. In E. N. Goody (Ed.) Social
Intelligence and Interaction. Cambridge University Press.
Schegloff, E. A. (1996). Turn
organization: One intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs, E. A. Schegloff, & S. A. Thompson (Eds.), Interaction
and Grammar (1st
ed., pp. 52–133). Cambridge University Press.
(2006). Interaction:
The Infrastructure for Social Institutions, the Natural Ecological Niche for Language, and the Arena in which Culture is
Enacted. In S. C. Levinson & N. J. Enfield (Eds.), Roots
of Human Sociality. Routledge.
Schmidt, A., & Deppermann, A. (2023). On
the Emergence of Routines: An Interactional Micro-history of Rehearsing a Scene. Human
Studies, 46(2), 273–302.
Selting, M. (2000). The
construction of units in conversational talk. Language in
Society, 29(4), 477–517.
(2010). Affectivity
in conversational storytelling: An analysis of displays of anger or indignation in complaint
stories. Pragmatics, 20(2), 229–277.
(2012). Complaint
stories and subsequent complaint stories with affect displays. Journal of
Pragmatics, 44(4), 387–415.
Sidnell, J., & Stivers, T. (Eds.). (2012). The
Handbook of Conversation Analysis. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Sorjonen, M.-L. (2001). Responding
in conversation: A study of response particles in
Finnish (Vol. 701). John Benjamins Publishing.
Stivers, T. (2008). Stance,
Alignment, and Affiliation During Storytelling: When Nodding Is a Token of
Affiliation. Research on Language & Social
Interaction, 41(1), 31–57.
(2022). Introduction. In T. Stivers, The
Book of Answers (1st
ed., pp. 1–35). Oxford University Press New York.
Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., Brown, P., Englert, C., Hayashi, M., Heinemann, T., Hoymann, G., Rossano, F., de Ruiter, J. P., Yoon, K.-E., & Levinson, S. C. (2009). Universals
and cultural variation in turn-taking in conversation. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 106(26), 10587–10592.
Stivers, T., & Rossano, F. (2010). Mobilizing
Response. Research on Language and Social
Interaction, 43(1), 3–31.
Tao, H. (2019). List
gestures in Mandarin conversation and their implications for understanding multimodal
interaction. In X. Li & T. Ono (Eds.), Multimodality
in Chinese
Interaction (pp. 65–98). De Gruyter.
Temer, V. G. (2017). A
multimodal analysis of assessment sequences in Chilean Spanish interaction [PhD, University of York]. [URL]
Terasaki, A. K. (1976). Pre-announcement
sequences in conversation. In G. H. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation
Analysis: Studies from the first
generation (pp. 171–223). John Benjamins Publishing Company. (first appeared as Social Science Working Paper
99, School of Social Sciences, Irvine, CA, 1976.)
Torreira, F., & Ernestus, M. (2010). The
Nijmegen Corpus of Casual Spanish. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on International
Language Resources and Evaluation
(LREC’10), 2981–2985.
(2012). Weakening
of Intervocalic /s/ in the Nijmegen Corpus of Casual
Spanish. Phonetica, 69(3), 124–148.
Vázquez Carranza, A. (2012). O
sea in Talk: A study of Mexican Spanish interactions. Department of Language and
Linguistics, 158.
(2016). Remembering
and noticing: A conversation-analytic study of ‘ah’ in Mexican Spanish talk. Spanish in
Context, 13(2), 212–236.
Voutilainen, L., Henttonen, P., Stevanovic, M., Kahri, M., & Peräkylä, A. (2019). Nods,
vocal continuers, and the perception of empathy in storytelling. Discourse
Processes, 56(4), 310–330.
Whitehead, K. A. (2011). Some
uses of head nods in “third position” in
talk-in-interaction. Gesture, 11(2), 103–122.