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Article published In: International Journal of Learner Corpus Research
Vol. 1:1 (2015) ► pp.7–24

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Contrastive interlanguage analysis

A reappraisal

 | Université catholique de Louvain
Published online: 23 March 2015
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.1.1.01gra
Since its introduction in 1996, Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA) has become a highly popular method in Learner Corpus Research. Its comparative design has made it possible to uncover a wide range of features distinctive of learner language and assess their degree of generalizability across learner populations. At the same time, however, the method has drawn criticism on several fronts. The purpose of this article is threefold: to provide a brief overview of CIA research, to discuss the main criticisms the method has faced in recent years and to present a revised model, CIA², which makes the central role played by variation in interlanguage studies more explicit and is generally more in line with the current state of foreign language theory and practice.
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2021. Evaluative stance in Vietnamese and English writing by the same authors: A corpus-informed appraisal study. Research in Corpus Linguistics 10:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Deng, Fei & Timothy V. Rasinski
2021. A Computer Corpus-Based Study of Chinese EFL Learners’ Use of Adverbial Connectors and Its Implications for Building a Language-Based Learning Environment. ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20:5 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Ferreira, Anita, Lorena Blanco & Jessica Elejalde
2021. USOS DE LA PARTÍCULA COMO EN APRENDIENTES FRANCÓFONOS, ALEMANES Y ANGLOSAJONES EN ESPAÑOL COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 60:3 ► pp. 762 ff. DOI logo
Hasselgård, Hilde
2021. Attribution in novice academic writing. English Text Construction 14:2 ► pp. 203 ff. DOI logo
Larsson, Tove, Magali Paquot & Douglas Biber
2021. On the importance of register in learner writing. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Sampedro Mella, María
2021. La expresión del ofrecimiento y la petición en aprendices de español de L1 portugués. Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 85 ► pp. 113 ff. DOI logo
Schönström, Krister
2021. Sign languages and second language acquisition research: An introduction. Journal of the European Second Language Association 5:1 ► pp. 30 ff. DOI logo
Shadrova, Anna, Pia Linscheid, Julia Lukassek, Anke Lüdeling & Sarah Schneider
2021. A Challenge for Contrastive L1/L2 Corpus Studies: Large Inter- and Intra-Individual Variation Across Morphological, but Not Global Syntactic Categories in Task-Based Corpus Data of a Homogeneous L1 German Group. Frontiers in Psychology 12 DOI logo
Wolk, Christoph, Sandra Götz & Katja Jäschke
2021. Possibilities and Drawbacks of Using an Online Application for Semi-automatic Corpus Analysis to Investigate Discourse Markers and Alternative Fluency Variables. Corpus Pragmatics 5:1 ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Yildiz, Mustafa & Ümit Deniz Turan
2021. CONTRASTIVE INTERLANGUAGE ANALYSIS OF EVIDENTIALITY IN PHD DISSERTATIONS. Discourse and Interaction 14:1 ► pp. 124 ff. DOI logo
Appel, Randy
2020. An exploratory analysis of linking adverbials in post-secondary texts from L1 Arabic, Chinese, and English writers. Ampersand 7 ► pp. 100070 ff. DOI logo
Appel, Randy & Lewis Murray
2020. L1 differences in L2 English academic writing: A lexical bundles analysis. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 46 ► pp. 100873 ff. DOI logo
Bell, Philippa, Laura Collins & Emma Marsden
2020. Building an Oral and Written Learner Corpus of a School Programme: Methodological Issues. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 214 ff. DOI logo
Cabrera, Anita Ferreira & Jessica Elejalde Gómez
2020. Análisis de Errores en ELE por Transferencia Negativa del inglés como L1 en clases presenciales versus clases no presenciales en comunidades virtuales. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 20:3 ► pp. 591 ff. DOI logo
Ferreira Cabrera, Anita & Jessica Elejalde Gómez
2020. Propuesta de una taxonomía etiológica para etiquetar errores de interlengua en el contexto de un corpus escrito de aprendientes de ELE. Forma y Función 33:1 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Díez-Bedmar, María Belén & Pascual Pérez-Paredes
2020. Noun phrase complexity in young Spanish EFL learners’ writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 4 ff. DOI logo
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
2020. Learner Corpora. In A Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 283 ff. DOI logo
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
2022. One norm to rule them all? Corpus-derived norms in learner corpus research and foreign language teaching. Language Teaching 55:1 ► pp. 87 ff. DOI logo
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
2024. From second language acquisition research to foreign language teaching through the prism of corpora. Ampersand 13 ► pp. 100204 ff. DOI logo
Ionin, Tania & María Belén Díez-Bedmar
2020. Article Use in Russian and Spanish Learner Writing at CEFR B1 and B2 Levels: Effects of Proficiency, Native Language, and Specificity. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 10 ff. DOI logo
Ivaska, Ilmari & Silvia Bernardini
2020. Constrained language use in Finnish: A corpus-driven approach. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 43:1 ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
Larsson, Tove, Marcus Callies, Hilde Hasselgård, Natalia Judith Laso, Sanne van Vuuren, Isabel Verdaguer & Magali Paquot
2020. Adverb placement in EFL academic writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 25:2 ► pp. 156 ff. DOI logo
Meriläinen, Lea
2020. The Interplay between Universal Processes and Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Light of Learner Corpus Data: Examining Shared Features of Non-native Englishes. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 67 ff. DOI logo
Möller, Verena
2020. From pedagogical input to learner output. Pedagogical Linguistics 1:2 ► pp. 95 ff. DOI logo
Navarro Gil, Noelia & Helena Roquet Pugès
2020. Linking or delinking of ideas?. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 33:2 ► pp. 505 ff. DOI logo
Polio, Charlene & Hyung-Jo Yoon
2020. Exploring Multi-Word Combinations as Measures of Linguistic Accuracy in Second Language Writing. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 96 ff. DOI logo
Smirnova, Elizaveta & Svetlana Strinyuk
2020. Hedges in Russian EAP writing: A corpus-based study of research papers in management. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 9:1 ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Van Mensel, Luk, Amélie Bulon, Isa Hendrikx, Fanny Meunier & Kristel Van Goethem
2020. Effects of input on L2 writing in English and Dutch. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 8:2 ► pp. 173 ff. DOI logo
Werner, Valentin, Robert Fuchs & Sandra Götz
2020. L1 Influence vs. Universal Mechanisms: An SLA-Driven Corpus Study on Temporal Expression. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Biel, Albert
2019. Complexity and qualitative lexical knowledge. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Dutra, Deise Prina, Bárbara Malveira Orfanó & Valdenia Carvalho Almeida
2019. Result linking adverbials in learner corpora. Domínios de Lingu at gem 13:1 ► pp. 400 ff. DOI logo
D’Arienzo, Meredith
2019. Cohesion or coesione?. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 75 ff. DOI logo
Lee, Lung-Hao, Yuen-Hsien Tseng & Li-Ping Chang
2019. Resources and Evaluations of Automated Chinese Error Diagnosis for Language Learners. In Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning [Chinese Language Learning Sciences, ], ► pp. 235 ff. DOI logo
Lorenz, Eliane & Peter Siemund
2019. Differences in the Acquisition and Production of English as a Foreign Language: A Study of Bilingual and Monolingual Students in Germany. In International Research on Multilingualism: Breaking with the Monolingual Perspective [Multilingual Education, 35], ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Lozano, Cristóbal & Ana Díaz-Negrillo
2019. Using learner corpus methods in L2 acquisition research. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 32:1 ► pp. 82 ff. DOI logo
Puga, Karin
2019. English intonation of advanced learners. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Romano, Francesco
2019. Grammatical accuracy in EAP writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 41 ► pp. 100773 ff. DOI logo
Rosen, Anna
2019. The use of smallwords in the speech of German learners of English. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 219 ff. DOI logo
Rosen, Anna
2019. The use of smallwords in the speech of German learners of English. In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 219 ff. DOI logo
Torres, René Edgardo Oportus & Anita Alejandra Ferreira Cabrera
2019. COLOCACIONES GRAMATICALES VERBO + PREPOSICIÓN EN ELE: ASPECTOS DE NATURALIDAD EN APRENDIENTES ANGLÓFONOS DE NIVEL A2 Y B1. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 58:2 ► pp. 826 ff. DOI logo
Xu, Jiajin
2019. The Corpus Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Chinese as an L1 and an L2 in Retrospect. In Computational and Corpus Approaches to Chinese Language Learning [Chinese Language Learning Sciences, ], ► pp. 33 ff. DOI logo
Zhang, Yan
2019. Adversative versus concessive while-clauses in native and learner English texts: A corpus-based systemic functional description. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities DOI logo
Appel, Randy & Andrzej Szeib
2018. Linking adverbials in L2 English academic writing: L1-related differences. System 78 ► pp. 115 ff. DOI logo
Liu, Dilin
2018. A corpus study of Chinese EFL learners’ use of circumstance, demand, and significant . Journal of Second Language Studies 1:2 ► pp. 310 ff. DOI logo
Przewozny-Desriaux, Anne
2018. Research Environments For Pedagogical Tools: Teaching and Learning with Authentic Oral English. Recherche et pratiques pédagogiques en langues de spécialité - Cahiers de l APLIUT Vol. 37 N°2 DOI logo
Pérez-Guerra, Javier
2018. An empirical study on word order in predicates: on syntax, processing and information in native and learner English. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 13:1 ► pp. 99 ff. DOI logo
Riera, R., V.M. Tuset, R. Betancur-R, A. Lombarte, C. Marcos & A. Pérez-Ruzafa
2018. Modelling alpha-diversities of coastal lagoon fish assemblages from the Mediterranean Sea. Progress in Oceanography 165 ► pp. 100 ff. DOI logo
Romero-Trillo, Jesús
2018. Corpus Pragmatics and Second Language Pragmatics: A Mutualistic Entente in Theory and Practice. Corpus Pragmatics 2:2 ► pp. 113 ff. DOI logo
Crosthwaite, Peter, Lisa Cheung & Feng (Kevin) Jiang
2017. Writing with attitude: Stance expression in learner and professional dentistry research reports. English for Specific Purposes 46 ► pp. 107 ff. DOI logo
Gablasova, Dana, Vaclav Brezina & Tony McEnery
2017. Exploring Learner Language Through Corpora: Comparing and Interpreting Corpus Frequency Information. Language Learning 67:S1 ► pp. 130 ff. DOI logo
Gablasova, Dana, Vaclav Brezina & Tony McEnery
2019. The Trinity Lancaster Corpus . In Learner Corpora and Language Teaching [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 92], ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Gablasova, Dana, Vaclav Brezina & Tony McEnery
2022. The Trinity Lancaster Corpus. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research ► pp. 126 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2017. Learner Corpora in Foreign Language Education. In Language, Education and Technology, ► pp. 427 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2017. Learner Corpora in Foreign Language Education. In Language and Technology, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2018. Tracking the third code. In The Corpus Linguistic Discourse [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 87], ► pp. 185 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2019. Learner Corpora. In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2020. Commentary: Have Learner Corpus Research and Second Language Acquisition Finally Met?. In Learner Corpus Research Meets Second Language Acquisition, ► pp. 243 ff. DOI logo
Granger, Sylviane
2024. From early to future learner corpus research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 10:2 ► pp. 247 ff. DOI logo
Larsson, Tove
2017. A functional classification of the introductory it pattern: Investigating academic writing by non-native-speaker and native-speaker students. English for Specific Purposes 48 ► pp. 57 ff. DOI logo
Paquot, Magali & Luke Plonsky
2017. Quantitative research methods and study quality in learner corpus research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 3:1 ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Raksangob Wijitsopon
2017. Collocations and local textual functions of quantifiers in learner English essays. Linguistic Research 34:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Werner, Valentin
2017. Adversative Pragmatic Markers in Learner Language: A Cross-Sectional Perspective. Corpus Pragmatics 1:2 ► pp. 135 ff. DOI logo
Alonso-Ramos, Margarita
2016. Spanish learner corpus research. In Spanish Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 78], ► pp. 3 ff. DOI logo
Buyse, Kris, Lydia Fernández Pereda & Katrien Verveckken
2016. The Aprescrilov corpus, or broadening the horizon of Spanish language learning in Flanders. In Spanish Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 78], ► pp. 143 ff. DOI logo
Campillos Llanos, Leonardo
2016. PoS-tagging a Spanish oral learner corpus. In Spanish Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 78], ► pp. 89 ff. DOI logo
Crosthwaite, Peter
2016. A longitudinal multidimensional analysis of EAP writing: Determining EAP course effectiveness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 22 ► pp. 166 ff. DOI logo
Lee, Lung-Hao, Li-Ping Chang & Yuen-Hsien Tseng
2016. 2016 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP), ► pp. 254 ff. DOI logo
Vyatkina, Nina
2016. TheKansas Developmental Learner corpus(KANDEL). International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2:1 ► pp. 101 ff. DOI logo
Ivaska, Ilmari
2015. Longitudinal changes in academic learner Finnish. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 1:2 ► pp. 210 ff. DOI logo
Lin, Yen-Liang
2015. Contrastive analysis of adolescent learner interlanguage in asynchronous online communication: A keyness approach. System 55 ► pp. 53 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2017. Language Acquisition in CLIL and Non-CLIL Settings [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 80], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2019. Learning the language of Dentistry [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 93], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2020. Language processing in advanced learners of English [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 9], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. Конструкции с опорным глаголом в русском и итальянском языках / Support Verb Constructions. A Russian-Italian Contrastive Analysis [Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 49], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2024. English Prosody in First and Second Language Speakers [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 120], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2025. Corpus Linguistics for Language Learning Research [Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 12], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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