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Article published In: Compiling and analysing the Spoken British National Corpus 2014
Edited by Tony McEnery, Robbie Love and Vaclav Brezina
[International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3] 2017
► pp. 319–344

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The Spoken BNC2014

Designing and building a spoken corpus of everyday conversations

 | Lancaster University
 | Cambridge University Press
 | Lancaster University
 | Lancaster University
 | Lancaster University
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Available under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 23 November 2017
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https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.22.3.02lov
Abstract
This paper introduces the Spoken British National Corpus 2014, an 11.5-million-word corpus of orthographically transcribed conversations among L1 speakers of British English from across the UK, recorded in the years 2012–2016. After showing that a survey of the recent history of corpora of spoken British English justifies the compilation of this new corpus, we describe the main stages of the Spoken BNC2014’s creation: design, data and metadata collection, transcription, XML encoding, and annotation. In doing so we aim to (i) encourage users of the corpus to approach the data with sensitivity to the many methodological issues we identified and attempted to overcome while compiling the Spoken BNC2014, and (ii) inform (future) compilers of spoken corpora of the innovations we implemented to attempt to make the construction of corpora representing spontaneous speech in informal contexts more tractable, both logistically and practically, than in the past.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Similar existing corpora – why do we need a new one?
    • 2.1The Spoken British National Corpus 1994
    • 2.2Other British English corpora containing spoken conversational data
    • 2.3Justification for the Spoken BNC2014
  • 3.Corpus design and data collection
    • 3.1Opportunistic data collection
    • 3.2Recruitment of participants and audio recording
    • 3.3Metadata categories in the Spoken BNC2014
      • 3.3.1Name
      • 3.3.2Age
      • 3.3.3Gender
      • 3.3.4Accent/dialect
      • 3.3.5Occupation
      • 3.3.6Other metadata categories
  • 4.Transcribing the Spoken BNC2014
    • 4.1Developing the transcription scheme
    • 4.2Speaker identification
    • 4.3Converting the transcripts
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
References (53)
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2022. Usage Fluctuation Analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics ► pp. 413 ff. DOI logo
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2022. Competing future constructions and the Complexity Principle. In Broadening the Spectrum of Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 105], ► pp. 9 ff. DOI logo
SCHÜTZLER, OLE & JENNY HERZKY
2022. Modal verbs of strong obligation in Scottish Standard English. English Language and Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Sönning, Lukas & Manfred Krug
2022. Comparing Study Designs and Down-Sampling Strategies in Corpus Analysis. In Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 127 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Huanyu & Yajuan Tang
2022. Online Corpus Construction of English Text Collection, Data Cleaning, and Similarity Analysis. Mobile Information Systems 2022 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Winter, Tatjana & Elen Le Foll
2022. Testing the pedagogical norm. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 8:1 ► pp. 31 ff. DOI logo
Wulff, Dirk U., Simon De Deyne, Samuel Aeschbach & Rui Mata
2022. Using Network Science to Understand the Aging Lexicon: Linking Individuals' Experience, Semantic Networks, and Cognitive Performance. Topics in Cognitive Science 14:1 ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Batinić, Josip, Elena Frick & Thomas Schmidt
2021. Accessing spoken language corpora: an overview of current approaches. Corpora 16:3 ► pp. 417 ff. DOI logo
Biber, Douglas, Jesse Egbert, Daniel Keller & Stacey Wizner
2021. Extending text-linguistic studies of register variation to a continuous situational space. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 19 ff. DOI logo
Brezina, Vaclav, Abi Hawtin & Tony McEnery
2021. The Written British National Corpus 2014 – design and comparability. Text & Talk 41:5-6 ► pp. 595 ff. DOI logo
Davies, Mark
2021. The TV and Movies corpora. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 10 ff. DOI logo
Deignan, Alice & Robbie Love
2021. Using corpus methods to identify subject specific uses of polysemous words in English secondary school science materials. Corpora 16:2 ► pp. 165 ff. DOI logo
Durand López, Ezequiel M.
2021. A bilingual advantage in memory capacity: Assessing the roles of proficiency, number of languages acquired and age of acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 25:3 ► pp. 606 ff. DOI logo
Egbert, Jesse, Stacey Wizner, Daniel Keller, Douglas Biber, Tony McEnery & Paul Baker
2021. Identifying and describing functional discourse units in the BNC Spoken 2014. Text & Talk 41:5-6 ► pp. 715 ff. DOI logo
Engel, Alexandra, Jason Grafmiller, Laura Rosseel, Benedikt Szmrecsanyi & Freek Van de Velde
2021. How register-specific is probabilistic grammatical knowledge?. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 51 ff. DOI logo
Farr, Fiona
2021. Review of Hickey, Raymond and Carolina P. Amador-Moreno eds. 2020. Irish Identities: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN: 978-1-501-51610-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501507687. Research in Corpus Linguistics 9:2 ► pp. 191 ff. DOI logo
Hunt, Daniel
2021. Corpus Linguistics: Examining Tensions in General Practitioners’ Views About Diagnosing and Treating Depression. In Analysing Health Communication, ► pp. 133 ff. DOI logo
Johannsen, Berit
2021. Between Causative and Passive: Agentivity in the Affactive Construction. Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 69:3 ► pp. 321 ff. DOI logo
Johansen, Stine Hulleberg
2021. “I guess anyone would do that wouldn’t they?”. Languages in Contrast 21:2 ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Keselman, Iosif & Yulia Yakovleva
2021. Short Teacher Responses in the EFL Classroom: A Corpus-Approach Assessment. Journal of Language and Education 7:2 ► pp. 175 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris, Laura Arman, Jennifer Needs & Mair Rees
2021. (Meta)Data Collection. In Building a National Corpus, ► pp. 75 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris, Laura Arman, Jennifer Needs & Mair Rees
2021. Results, Reflections and Lessons Learnt. In Building a National Corpus, ► pp. 137 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris, Laura Arman, Jennifer Needs & Mair Rees
2021. Processing and (Re)presenting Corpora. In Building a National Corpus, ► pp. 105 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris, Laura Arman, Jennifer Needs & Mair Rees
2021. Design Frames. In Building a National Corpus, ► pp. 23 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris & Tess Fitzpatrick
2021. 2.3 Cynllunio Corpws Cenedlaethol mewn Iaith Leiafrifoledig. In Corpus Design and Construction in Minoritised Language Contexts - Cynllunio a Chreu Corpws mewn Cyd-destunau Ieithoedd Lleiafrifoledig, ► pp. 117 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris & Tess Fitzpatrick
2021. 2.5 Datblygu Corpws mewn Cyd-destunau Ieithoedd Lleiafrifoledig: Glasbrint. In Corpus Design and Construction in Minoritised Language Contexts - Cynllunio a Chreu Corpws mewn Cyd-destunau Ieithoedd Lleiafrifoledig, ► pp. 163 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris & Tess Fitzpatrick
2021. 1.3 Designing a National Corpus in a Minoritised Language. In Corpus Design and Construction in Minoritised Language Contexts - Cynllunio a Chreu Corpws mewn Cyd-destunau Ieithoedd Lleiafrifoledig, ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
Knight, Dawn, Steve Morris & Tess Fitzpatrick
2021. 1.5 Corpus Development in Minoritised Language Contexts: A Blueprint. In Corpus Design and Construction in Minoritised Language Contexts - Cynllunio a Chreu Corpws mewn Cyd-destunau Ieithoedd Lleiafrifoledig, ► pp. 79 ff. DOI logo
Le Foll, Elen
2021. Register variation in school EFL textbooks. Register Studies 3:2 ► pp. 207 ff. DOI logo
Le Foll, Elen
2022. “I’m putting some salt in my sandwich”.. In Broadening the Spectrum of Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 105], ► pp. 93 ff. DOI logo
Lewis, Diana M.
2021. Pragmatic markers at the periphery and discourse prominence. In Pragmatic Markers and Peripheries [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 325], ► pp. 351 ff. DOI logo
Liesenfeld, Andreas, Gábor Parti & Chu-ren Huang
2021. Mensch und Computer 2021, ► pp. 547 ff. DOI logo
Love, Robbie
2021. Swearing in informal spoken English: 1990s–2010s. Text & Talk 41:5-6 ► pp. 739 ff. DOI logo
Love, Robbie
2024. Introduction: Innovation in spoken corpus linguistics. Research in Corpus Linguistics 12:2 ► pp. i ff. DOI logo
LOVE, ROBBIE & NIALL CURRY
2021. Recent change in modality in informal spoken British English: 1990s–2010s. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 537 ff. DOI logo
Love, Robbie & David Wright
2021. Specifying Challenges in Transcribing Covert Recordings: Implications for Forensic Transcription. Frontiers in Communication 6 DOI logo
Lustig, Andrew, Gavin Brookes & Daniel Hunt
2021. Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 23:3 ► pp. e25722 ff. DOI logo
PARADIS, CARITA, VICTORIA JOHANSSON & NELE PÕLDVERE
2021. Special issue on spoken language in time and across time: introduction. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 449 ff. DOI logo
Põldvere, Nele, Johan Frid, Victoria Johansson & Carita Paradis
2021. Challenges of releasing audio material for spoken data: The case of the London-Lund Corpus 2. Research in Corpus Linguistics 9:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
PÕLDVERE, NELE, VICTORIA JOHANSSON & CARITA PARADIS
2021. OnThe London–Lund Corpus 2: design, challenges and innovations. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 459 ff. DOI logo
RAUTIONAHO, PAULA & ROBERT FUCHS
2021. Recent change in stative progressives: a collostructional investigation of British English in 1994 and 2014. English Language and Linguistics 25:1 ► pp. 35 ff. DOI logo
REICHELT, SUSAN
2021. Recent developments of the pragmatic markerskind ofandsort ofin spoken British English. English Language and Linguistics 25:3 ► pp. 563 ff. DOI logo
Seoane, Elena & Douglas Biber
2021. A corpus-based approach to register variation. In Corpus-based approaches to register variation [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 103], ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Su, Hang
2021. Changing patterns of apology in spoken British English. Pragmatics and Society 12:3 ► pp. 410 ff. DOI logo
Vartiainen, Turo
2021. Trends and Recent Change in the Syntactic Distribution of Degree Modifiers: Implications for a Usage-based Theory of Word Classes. Journal of English Linguistics 49:2 ► pp. 228 ff. DOI logo
Čermáková, Anna
2021. Diachronic change in the ordering of kinship binomials. In Time in Languages, Languages in Time [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 101], ► pp. 39 ff. DOI logo
Aijmer, Karin
2020. That’s absolutely fine. In Corpora and the changing society [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 96], ► pp. 143 ff. DOI logo
Aijmer, Karin
2021. “That’s well good”: A Re-emergent Intensifier in Current British English. Journal of English Linguistics 49:1 ► pp. 18 ff. DOI logo
Alderton, Roy
2020. Speaker Gender and Salience in Sociolinguistic Speech Perception:goose-fronting in Standard Southern British English. Journal of English Linguistics 48:1 ► pp. 72 ff. DOI logo
Bednarek, Monika
2020. TheSydney Corpus of Television Dialogue: designing and building a corpus of dialogue from US TV series. Corpora 15:1 ► pp. 107 ff. DOI logo
Bednarek, Monika, Peter Crosthwaite & Alexandra I. García
2020. Corpus linguistics and education in Australia. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 43:2 ► pp. 105 ff. DOI logo
Berglund Prytz, Ylva
2020. Return to the future. In Voices Past and Present - Studies of Involved, Speech-related and Spoken Texts [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 97], ► pp. 227 ff. DOI logo
Chen, Yu-Hua & Radovan Bruncak
2020. Transcribear – Introducing a secure online transcription and annotation tool. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 35:2 ► pp. 265 ff. DOI logo
CLARIDGE, CLAUDIA, EWA JONSSON & MERJA KYTÖ
2020. Entirely innocent: a historical sociopragmatic analysis of maximizers in theOld Bailey Corpus. English Language and Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 855 ff. DOI logo
Dang, Thi Ngoc Yen
2020. The Potential for Learning Specialized Vocabulary of University Lectures and Seminars Through Watching Discipline‐Related TV Programs: Insights From Medical Corpora. TESOL Quarterly 54:2 ► pp. 436 ff. DOI logo
Davidse, Kristin & Hendrik De Smet
2020. Diachronic Corpora. In A Practical Handbook of Corpus Linguistics, ► pp. 211 ff. DOI logo
Denison, David
2020. Explaining explanatory so . In Voices Past and Present - Studies of Involved, Speech-related and Spoken Texts [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 97], ► pp. 207 ff. DOI logo
Hashimoto, Brett, Daniel Keller, Ekaterina Sudina, Katherine Yaw, Jesse Egbert & Luke Plonsky
2020. Research in progress: Applied linguistics at Northern Arizona University, USA. Language Teaching 53:2 ► pp. 227 ff. DOI logo
Leuckert, Sven
2020. Rethinking Community in Linguistics: Language and Community in the Digital Age. In Rethinking Community through Transdisciplinary Research, ► pp. 111 ff. DOI logo
McGillivray, Barbara & Gábor Mihály Tóth
2020. Word Meaning in Texts. In Applying Language Technology in Humanities Research, ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Meyer, Charles F. & Gerald Nelson
2020. Data Collection. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 81 ff. DOI logo
Miller, Jim & Andreea S. Calude
2020. Speaking and Writing English. In The Handbook of English Linguistics, ► pp. 547 ff. DOI logo
Stratton, James M.
2020. A diachronic analysis of the adjective intensifierwellfrom Early Modern English to Present Day English. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65:2 ► pp. 216 ff. DOI logo
Stratton, James M.
2021. ‘That's proper cool’. English Today 37:4 ► pp. 206 ff. DOI logo
Vartiainen, Turo & Mikko Höglund
2020. How to Make New Use of Existing Resources:. American Speech 95:4 ► pp. 408 ff. DOI logo
Vasheghani Farahani, Mehrdad
2020. Metadiscourse in Academic Written and Spoken English: A Comparative Corpus-Based Inquiry. Research in Language 18:3 ► pp. 319 ff. DOI logo
Yoon, Soyeon
2020. The Learner Corpora of Spoken English: What Has Been Done and What Should Be Done?. Lanaguage Research 56:1 ► pp. 29 ff. DOI logo
Boholm, Max
2019. Risk and Quantification: A Linguistic Study. Risk Analysis 39:6 ► pp. 1243 ff. DOI logo
Bębeniec, Daria
2019. The Spoken British National Corpus 2014 – a new initiative launched by Lancaster University and Cambridge University Press. English Today 35:1 ► pp. 54 ff. DOI logo
Felice, Rachele De
2019. Rühlemann, C. (2018). Corpus Linguistics for Pragmatics: A Guide for Research . International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:1 ► pp. 136 ff. DOI logo
Jenset, Gard B. & Barbara McGillivray
2019. Data from ‘The Dative Alternation Revisited: Fresh Insights from Contemporary British Spoken Data’. Journal of Open Humanities Data 5 DOI logo
Kaatari, Henrik & Tove Larsson
2019. Using the BNC and the Spoken BNC2014 to Study the Syntactic Development ofI ThinkandI’m Sure. English Studies 100:6 ► pp. 710 ff. DOI logo
Kopřivová, Marie, Zuzana Komrsková, Petra Poukarová & David Lukeš
2019. Relevant Criteria for Selection of Spoken Data: Theory Meets Practice. Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70:2 ► pp. 324 ff. DOI logo
Mahlberg, Michaela, Viola Wiegand, Peter Stockwell & Anthony Hennessey
2019. Speech-bundles in the 19th-century English novel. Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 28:4 ► pp. 326 ff. DOI logo
Méndez-Naya, Belén
2019. Ofright heirs, right idiotsandbad data. The diachrony of the intensifying adjectiveright. Studia Neophilologica 91:3 ► pp. 273 ff. DOI logo
Schauer, Gila A.
2019. Literature Review. In Teaching and Learning English in the Primary School [English Language Education, 18], ► pp. 7 ff. DOI logo
Wagner, Susanne
2019. Whyvery goodin India might bepretty goodin North America. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:4 ► pp. 445 ff. DOI logo
Weetman, Katharine, Jeremy Dale, Emma Scott & Stephanie Schnurr
2019. The Discharge Communication Study: research protocol for a mixed methods study to investigate and triangulate discharge communication experiences of patients, GPs, and hospital professionals, alongside a corresponding discharge letter sample. BMC Health Services Research 19:1 DOI logo
Weetman, Katharine, Jeremy Dale, Emma Scott & Stephanie Schnurr
2020. Adult patient perspectives on receiving hospital discharge letters: a corpus analysis of patient interviews. BMC Health Services Research 20:1 DOI logo
Brezina, Vaclav
2018. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics, DOI logo
Cheng, Peng, Ibrahim Ethem Bagci, Jeff Yan & Utz Roedig
2018. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Multimedia Privacy and Security, ► pp. 12 ff. DOI logo
Laws, Jacqueline & Chris Ryder
2018. Register variation in spoken British English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 23:1 ► pp. 1 ff. DOI logo
Riccioni, Ilaria, Ramona Bongelli, Gill Philip & Andrzej Zuczkowski
2018. Dubitative questions and epistemic stance. Lingua 207 ► pp. 71 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Nicholas & Cathleen Waters
2018. From broadcast archive to language corpus: Designing and investigating a sociohistorical corpus fromDesert Island Discs. ICAME Journal 42:1 ► pp. 167 ff. DOI logo
Smith, Nicholas & Cathleen Waters
2019. Variation and change in a specialized register. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24:2 ► pp. 169 ff. DOI logo
Wang, Zhan & Gaowei Chen
2018. Discourse performance in L2 task repetition. In Learning Language through Task Repetition [Task-Based Language Teaching, 11], ► pp. 97 ff. DOI logo
Calude, Andreea S.
2017. Sociolinguistic variation at the grammatical/discourse level. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3 ► pp. 429 ff. DOI logo
Fuchs, Robert
2017. Do women (still) use more intensifiers than men?. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3 ► pp. 345 ff. DOI logo
Hessner, Tanja & Ira Gawlitzek
2017. Totallyorslightlydifferent?. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3 ► pp. 403 ff. DOI logo
Laws, Jacqueline, Chris Ryder & Sylvia Jaworska
2017. A diachronic corpus-based study into the effects of age and gender on the usage patterns of verb-forming suffixation in spoken British English. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:3 ► pp. 375 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2020. Language processing in advanced learners of English [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 9], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2022. List of Example Stand-alone Corpus Description Articles. In Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora, ► pp. 224 ff. DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2024. Textbook English [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 116], DOI logo
[no author supplied]
2025. Local Grammar Approaches to Speech Act Studies [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 123], DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

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