Article published In: International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
Vol. 21:4 (2016) ► pp.465–498
A corpus-based approach to transitivity analysis at grammatical and conceptual levels
A case study of South Korean newspaper discourse
Published online: 6 December 2016
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.4.02lee
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.21.4.02lee
The paper aims to demonstrate the usefulness of a novel corpus-based approach to analyzing Halliday’s transitivity for application to critical discourse analysis (CDA). The approach expands transitivity analysis beyond the traditional profiling of participant roles and process types at grammatical level to conceptual subcategorization, in light of the fact that CDA researchers often end up delving into the meanings of individual processes as part of their transitivity analyses. The paper introduces a scheme for annotating transitivity both at grammatical and conceptual levels on the basis of Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) and applies it to a case study examining news reports from two ideologically opposed South Korean newspapers on a nationwide public movement against US beef imports. The analysis reveals that the two newspapers contrast with each other in representing the riot police and the demonstrators as Actor and Goal in material processes grammatically and in processes of violence conceptually.
References (83)
Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (2009). The legitimation of violence. In J.F. Short, Jr & M.E. Wolfgang (Eds.), Collective Violence (pp. 100–111). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Bang, M. (2003). A Corpus-based Study of Representation of Foreign Countries in the South Korean Press. (Unpublished master’s dissertation). University of Birmingham, UK.
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., KhosraviNik, M., Krzyzanowski, M., McEnery, T., & Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273–306.
Baker, P., & McEnery, T. (2005). A corpus-based approach to discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in UN and newspaper texts. Journal of Language and Politics, 4(2), 97–226.
Behnam, B., & Zenouz, R.M. (2008). A contrastive critical analysis of Iranian and British newspaper reports on the Iran nuclear power program. In N. Nørgaard (Ed.), Systemic Functional Linguistics in Use (pp. 199–218). Odense: University of Southern Denmark.
Burton, D. (1982). Through glass darkly: Through dark glasses. In R. Carter (Ed.), Language and Literature: An Introductory Reader in Stylistics (pp. 194–214). London: George Allen and Unwin.
Caffarel, A., Martin, J.R., & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (Eds.) (2004). Language Typology, A Functional Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Cotterill, J. (2001). Domestic discord, rocky relationships: Semantic prosodies in representations of marital violence in the O. J. Simpson trial. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 291–312.
Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
. (2001). Critical discourse analysis as a method in social scientific research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 121–138). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
. (2009). A dialectical-relational approach to critical discourse analysis in social research. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 162–186). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Friendly, M. (2013). Working with categorical data with R and the vcd and vcdextra packages. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed July 2013).
Goatly, A. (2004). Corpus linguistics, systemic functional grammar and literary meaning: A critical analysis of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Ilha do Desterro, 461, 115–154.
Gallardo, B.C. (2006). Analysis of a literary work using systemic-functional grammar. In L. Barbara & T.B. Sardinha (Eds.). Proceedings of the 33rd International Systemic Functional Congress (pp. 735–762). São Paulo: Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed May 2012).
Hardy, D.E. (2007). The Body in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction: Computational Technique and Linguistic Voice. Columbia, SC: The University of South Carolina Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1971). Linguistic function and literary style: An inquiry into William Golding’s The Inheritors. In S.S. Chatman (Ed.), Literary Style: A Symposium (pp. 330–368). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K., & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.). London: Arnold.
Hubbard, E.H. (1999). Love, war and lexicogrammar: Transitivity and characterization in The Moor’s Last Sigh. In I. Biermann & A. Combrink (Eds.), Poetics, Linguistics, History: Discourses of War and Conflict, Proceedings of The Poetics and Linguistics Association Conference (pp. 314–327). Potchefstroom: Potchefstroom University.
Im, Y.J. (2009). A comparative analysis of news frame on U.S. Beef Imports and candlelight vigils. Hankuk Enlol Chengpo Hakpo, 461, 109–147.
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Iyengar, S., & Simon, A. (1993). News coverage of the Gulf crisis and public opinion: A study of agenda-setting, priming and framing. Communication Research, 20(3), 365–383.
Jamila, H. (2009). The ‘cartoons controversy’: A critical discourse analysis of English-language Arab newspaper discourse. Discourse & Society, 20(1), 33–57.
Janks, H. (2002). Critical discourse analysis as a research tool. In M.J. Toolan (Ed.), Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Concepts in Linguistics (pp. 26–42). London: Routledge.
Ji, Y., & Shen, D. (2004). Transitivity and mental transformation: Sheila Watson’s The Double Hook
. Language and Literature, 13(4), 335–348.
Kennedy, C. (1982). Systemic grammar and its use in literary analysis. In R. Carter (Ed.), Language and Literature (pp. 82–99). London: Allen and Unwin.
Koller V. (2004). Metaphor and Gender in Business Media Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kurtz, L. (2008). Preface. In L. Kurts (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict (2nd ed.) (pp. xix–xxv). Oxford: Academic Press.
Machin, D., & Thornborrow, J. (2006). Lifestyle and the depoliticisation of agency: Sex as power in women’s magazines. Social Semiotics, 16(1), 173–188.
Manan, S. (2001). Re-reading the media: A stylistic analysis of Malaysian media coverage of Anwar and the Reformasi Movement. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 11(4), 34–54.
Martin, J.R. (1999). Beyond exchange: Appraisal systems in English. In S. Huston & G. Thompson (Eds.), Evaluation in Text (pp. 142–175). Oxford: OUR.
Martin, J.R., & Rose, D. (2003). Working with Discourse, Meaning beyond the Clause. New York, NY: Continuum.
Martin, J.R., & White, P.P.P. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Martinez, M.A. (2002). From ‘‘Under the Rose’’ to V: A linguistic approach to human agency in Pynchon’s fiction. Poetics Today, 23(4), 633–656.
Mautner, G. (2007). Mining large corpora for social information: The case of elderly
. Language in Society, 36(1), 51–72.
. (2008). Analysing newspapers, magazines and other print media. In R. Wodak & M. Krzyzanowski (Eds.), Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences (pp. 30–53). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
. (2009a). Checks and balances: How corpus linguistics can contribute to CDA. In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Ed.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 122–143). London & Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
. (2009b). Corpora and critical discourse analysis. In P. Baker (Ed.), Contemporary Corpus Linguistics (pp. 32–46). London: Continuum.
Montgomery, M. (1993). Language, character and action: A linguistic approach to the analysis of character in a Hemingway short story. In J.M. Sinclair, M. Hoey & G. Fox (Eds.), Techniques of Description: Spoken and Written Discourse (pp. 127–142). London: Routledge.
Nørgaard, N. (2003). Systemic Functional Linguistics and Literary Analysis: A Hallidayan Approach to Joyce, a Joycean Approach to Halliday. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
O’Donnell, M. (2007). UAM CorpusTool (Version 2.8.17) [Computer software]. Available from [URL] (last accessed November 2016).
O’Halloran, K.A. (2007a). The subconscious in James Joyce’s ‘Eveline’: A corpus stylistic analysis that chews on the ‘Fish hook’. Language and Literature, 16(3), 227–244.
. (2007b). Critical discourse analysis and the corpus-informed interpretation of metaphor at the register level. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 1–24.
Orpin, D. (2005). Corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis: Examining the ideology of sleaze. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), 37–61.
Page, R.E. (2003). ‘Cherie: lawyer, wife, mum’: Contradictory patterns of representation in media reports of Cherie Booth/Blair Ruth. Discourse & Society, 14(5), 559–579.
Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G.M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75.
R Core Team. (2013). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from [URL] (last accessed September 2016).
Ryder, M.E. (1999). Smoke and mirrors: Event patterns in the discourse structure of a romance novel. Journal of Pragmatics, 31(8), 1067–1080.
Searle, J.R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sharrock, W.W., & Anderson, D.C. (1981). Language, thought and reality again. Sociology, 15(2), 287–293.
Smith, J. (2011, December 11). How elite media strategies marginalize the Occupy Movement. Common Dreams. Retrieved from [URL] (last accessed February 2013)
Stubbs, M. (1997). Whorf’s children: Critical comments on critical discourse analysis. In A. Ryan & A. Wray (Eds.), Evolving Models of Language (pp. 100–116). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Teich, E. (2009). Linguistic computing. In M.A.K. Halliday & J.J. Webster (Eds.), Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics (pp.113–127). London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Teo, P. (2000). Racism in the news: A critical discourse analysis of news reporting in two Australian newspapers. Discourse & Society, 11(1), 7–49.
Thetela, P. (2001). Critique discourses and ideology in newspaper reports: A discourse analysis of the South African press reports on the 1998 SADC’s military intervention in Lesotho. Discourse & Society, 12(3), 347–370.
. (2008). From process to pattern: Methodological considerations in analyzing transitivity in text. In C. Jones & E. Ventola (Eds.), Language to Multimodality: New Developments in the Study of Ideational Meaning (pp. 17–34). London: Equinox publishing Ltd.
van Dijk, T.A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283.
van Leeuwen, T. (1996). The representation of social actors. In. C.R. Caldas-Coulthard & M. Coulthard (Eds.), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 32–70). London: Routledge.
Wareing, S. (1994). And then he kissed her: The reclamation of female characters in submissive roles in contemporary fiction. In K. Wales (Ed.), Feminist Linguistics in Literary Criticism (pp. 117–136). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
Wodok, R. (2001). What CDA is about: A summary of its history, important concepts and its developments. In R. Wodok & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 1–13). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2009). Critical discourse analysis: History, agenda, theory and methodology. In R. Wodok & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (2nd ed.) (pp. 1–33). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Widdowson, H.G. (1995a). Discourse analysis: A critical view. Language and Literature, 4(3), 157–172.
. (1996). Reply to Fairclough: Discourse and interpretation: Conjectures and refutations. Language and Literature, 5(1), 57–69.
Cited by (13)
Cited by 13 other publications
Cheng, Gong & Hai Xu
Aaron, Jessi Elana
Course, Simla, Fatma Şeyma Koç & Fatma Özlem Saka
Cabrejas-Peñuelas, Ana Belén
Lee, Seungpeel, Jina Kim, Dongjae Kim, Ki Joon Kim & Eunil Park
Sofyaningrat, Siti Sarah, Untung Yuwono & Totok Suhardijanto
Wang, Guofeng, Xiuzhen Wu & Qiao Li
Almutairi, Bandar Alhumaidi A.
Anafo, Comfort & Richmond S. Ngula
Alonso Belmonte, Isabel
2019. Chapter 13. Victims, heroes and villains in newsbites. In Emotion in Discourse [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 302], ► pp. 335 ff.
Nartey, Mark & Isaac N. Mwinlaaru
Gregoriou, Christiana & Ilse A. Ras
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
