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Article published In: International Journal of Chinese Linguistics
Vol. 8:1 (2021) ► pp.139–168

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类型学视角下汉语的双系式结构

共时与历时

 | Central China Normal University

Article language: Chinese

Published online: 1 June 2021
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.20002.wu
摘要
类型学发现，典型的双系式（applicative）结构将宾语（直接宾语或间接宾语）这个句法角色指派给一个本来不能作宾语的项。本文证明汉语中以下结构都是类型学中所谓的“双系式”：在共时层面，有普通话中的“吃食堂”结构，自陆俭明、郭锐（Lu, Jianming 陆俭明 & Guo, Rui 郭锐. (1998). Hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū suǒ miànlín de tiǎozhàn 汉语语法研究所面临的挑战 [Challenges For Chinese Grammar Research]. Shìjiè hànyǔ jiàoxué 世界汉语教学 [Chinese Teaching in the World], 11: 3–21.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar）提出以来，有诸多学者从不同角度对其进行了研究；在历时层面，上古汉语中有名词（性结构）直接作补语和介词短语作补语交替的现象。汉语虽然是典型的孤立语，（几乎）没有判断双系式的形态依据，但这些结构在语义-句法层面表现出了双系式结构的基本特点，是完全可以归类为双系式结构的。这一结论也为类型学的动词配价（valency）研究打开了新思路，即在以往对于动词配价研究更侧重形态标准的基础上，也应参考句法行为特征（syntactic behavior），这对于研究汉语类的孤立语的动词配价操作尤其重要。
Abstract
A typological analysis on the applicative construction in Mandarin Chinese: Synchrony and diachrony
Linguistic Typology discoveries that the prototypical applicative construction assigns the syntactic role of object (direct object or indirect object) to a constituent which a priori should not be an object. The applicative has been observed in a large quantity of language. This paper argues that the followings structures in Chinese are the so-called “applicative” constructions: synchronically, since Lu Jianming & Guo Rui (Lu, Jianming 陆俭明 & Guo, Rui 郭锐. (1998). Hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū suǒ miànlín de tiǎozhàn 汉语语法研究所面临的挑战 [Challenges For Chinese Grammar Research]. Shìjiè hànyǔ jiàoxué 世界汉语教学 [Chinese Teaching in the World], 11: 3–21.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar)’s first mention on the “chi shitang” construction, many scholars have studied it from different angles; and diachronically, in ancient Chinese, it is possible for nominal constituents and adpositional constituents to replace each other. Mandarin Chinese is a typical isolating language, so there is (almost) no morphological grounds to determine the existence of the applicative. However, these structures correspond to the principal characteristics of the applicative structure at the semantic-syntactic level, thus should be classified as applicatives. This conclusion opens up new ideas for the valency study in typology, that is, even if previous research has been concentrated on morphological criteria for verb valency, syntactic behaviors should be considered, too. This is especially important to study the verb valency operation of isolating languages like Mandarin Chinese.
Article outline
  • 一、引言
  • 二、“吃食堂”及相关结构
  • 三、普通话中的双系式结构：以“吃食堂”为例
    • 1、动词配价和双系式
    • 2、“吃食堂”类结构是双系式结构
    • 3、与“吃食堂”结构类似（但实则不同）的结构
  • 四、上古汉语中的双系式结构：名词（性结构）直接作补语和介词短语作补语的交替现象
  • 五、结论：类型学动词配价机制的研究和汉语的特殊性
  • 致谢
  • 笔记
  • 参考文献
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