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Article published In: Perspectives on Chinese Language Acquisition
Edited by Henghua Su
[International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12:2] 2025
► pp. 286–314

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Enhancing Mandarin tone acquisition

Computer-assisted pronunciation training in self‑directed L2 learning

 | Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
 | Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
 | Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Published online: 6 October 2025
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.00040.wu
Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of a Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT) system designed to enhance Mandarin lexical tone acquisition among second language (L2) learners in a self-directed learning context. Drawing on automated speech recognition (ASR) technology, the CAPT system provides real-time, individualized feedback on tone production accuracy. Elementary-level Mandarin learners at an international university in China were randomly assigned to either an experimental group engaged with the CAPT system or a control group using traditional listen-and-repeat practice. Over a two-week period, participants completed pre- and post-tests evaluating their production of four Mandarin tones at the sentence level. Statistical analyses revealed that the experimental group achieved significant gains in tonal accuracy across all four tones, while the control group showed no notable improvement. Survey data further supported the CAPT system’s usability and pedagogical value, with learners demonstrating increased awareness of tone patterns and pronunciation strategies. These findings highlight the efficacy of ASR-based CAPT for supporting tone acquisition in tonal languages like Mandarin, especially in supplementing classroom instruction for pronunciation development. The study addresses the underrepresented research in CAPT for L2 Mandarin learning and introduces an effective tool for L2 Mandarin learners and instructors.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Pronunciation in learning and teaching
    • 1.2Acquisition of pronunciation
    • 1.3CAPT development
    • 1.4Mandarin pronunciation and tone acquisition
    • 1.5Research questions
  • 2.Method
    • 2.1Participants
    • 2.2Materials
    • 2.3Design and procedure
    • 2.4Data analysis
  • 3.Results
    • 3.1Comparison of ASR-CAPT and control groups’ overall pronunciation accuracy
    • 3.2Improvement across four mandarin tones
    • 3.3Learner feedback and survey analysis
      • 3.3.1Quantitative survey results
      • 3.3.2Qualitative feedback on learning strategies
      • 3.3.3Tone-specific perceptions and metacognitive awareness
      • 3.3.4Control group feedback and desired features
  • 4.Discussion
    • 4.1The contribution to L2 mandarin acquisition
    • 4.2The necessity of effective feedback in L2 learning
    • 4.3The role of personalized pronunciation learning and self-directed learning
    • 4.4The effectiveness of technology-mediated pronunciation instruction
    • 4.5Implications for future CAPT system development
  • 5.Limitations
  • 6.Conclusion
  • References
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