In:Spanish Sociolinguistics in the 21st Century: Current trends and methodologies
Edited by Cecilia Montes-Alcalá and Miguel García
[Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 42] 2025
► pp. 235–241
Index
Published online: 15 May 2025
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.42.index
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.42.index
A
A
- Acosta-Santiago, J. M. 77–78
- Adda-Decker, M.41
- adjective clauses10
- adverbial clauses 10, 212, 221
- affective states 34, 37–38, 51
- alternancia (intra-speaker variation) 112, 113, 115–116
- Amazigh (Berber) peoples111
- Amazigh languages117
- Amazigh-origin speakers 115–116, 117, 120–121, 121–126
- Andalusia
112, 114
- Andalusian varieties 112, 115
- Arabic language117
- Argentinian Spanish
15, 206, 214, 223, 225
- regional dialects 204–5
- voseo as norm206
- Arizona: Spanish speakers9; See also bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers
- artificial intelligence (AI)204
- Assemblea Nacional Catalana167
- authenticity
- vs. anonymity dichotomy 172, 173–174, 175
- ideology of 40, 173, 175, 180–181, 183, 184–185
- individual vs. community-based 190, 195–196
- auxiliarization 142, 143
B
- Bakhtin, M. M.170
- Bani, S.207
- Barrera-Tobón, C.153
- Barron, A. 3, 73, 73n2
- Basque language 118, 174
- Bassa, Dolors 167–168
- Bell, B.80
- BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) 204, 209, 211–212, 225
- bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers,
22, 231
See also second language acquisition
- and code-switching 70–71, 72, 84, 85–86
- flagging 33–34, 38–41, 43–44, 58–59
- lexical routinization of subjunctive 9, 14–15, 16, 20, 21, 28–29
- mood selection 8–9
- mood systems 29–30
- New Mexico20
- and subject pronoun expression (SPE) 151, 153–154
- subjunctive use 26–27
- Bland, J.208
- Blommaert, J. 170, 197
- Boix-Fuster, E. 174, 197
- Bonilla-Conejo, Marina 4, 231
- Borràs, Meritxell 168, 185–186, 190, 194
- Bosque, I. 10, 11, 12n2
- Branchadell, A. 170, 171, 173, 195, 197
- Braun, V.176
- Britain, D.120
- Brown, Esther L. 5, 231
- Bucholtz, M.232
- Buenos Aires, Argentina206
- Bullock, B. E.70
- Bybee, J.134
C
- Calafate, Isabella 3, 231
- Caleño Spanish 151, 203–4, 206 ; See also voseo dialects
- Callahan, L.70
- Cameron, R.230
- Caminal, M. 171, 195
- Candea, M.41
- Cárcamo, Marina 5–6, 232
- Castilian Spanish 115, 166
- Catalan language118
- as common language 195, 196
- Catalan Statute of Autonomy167
- Catalonia
166–169
See also El procés trial
- nationalism and language175
- normalització lingüística (linguistic normalization)172
- Causa especial 20907/2017167; See also El procés trial
- ceceo 112, 114, 115
- Centre d’Estudis d’Opinió167
- Chafe, W. 35, 41
- change of order35
- ChatGPT209
- Chilean Spanish208
- Clark, H. H.41
- Clarke, V.176
- Claudio de Ramón, J.197
- Clements, J. C. x, 230
- clitic placement, study of
4, 92–109
- background literature 93–94
- methodology of study 95–98
- national origin95
- Otheguy-Zentella corpus94
- overview 92–93
- research questions93
- results of study 98, 98–109, 99–107
- Cloze task209
- code-switchingSee also Loíza, Puerto Rico, code-switching study
- vs. code-mixing70
- Croatian-English speakers36
- definitions 69–70
- emblematic switches85
- intra-sentential vs. intersentential84
- switch points39
- Colombia
- Cali (Valle del Cauca)204
- Medellín (Antioquia)204
- Medellín Spanish 151
- regional dialects204
- Colombian SpanishSee also voseo dialects
- vs. Argentinian Spanish225
- flagging54
- forms of 203–4
- Philadelphia 150–163
- speaker birthplace, significance of 159, 162, 163
- Comín, Toni167
- common language. See llengua comuna (common language)
- como que (discourse marker) 82–83
- complement clauses 10, 17
- computational sociolinguistics 6, 208–210 ; See also voseo dialects
- Condicional tense161
- CoNLL formats212
- Consortium for Linguistic Standardization/Normalization (Catalonia)172
- Corpus del Español en el Sur de Arizona (CESA) corpus 8–9, 16–17, 21, 22, 23–24, 24, 25, 27–28
- Corpus para el estudio del español oral (ESLORA) 135, 138, 141
- Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México (CSCM) corpus 13, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28
- Costeño Spanish162
- COVID pandemic x, 161
- Crible, L.35
- Croatian-English speakers36
- Cuixart, Jordi 168, 183, 187, 188, 191, 192, 194
D
- Dalbor, J.113
- Dant, P. F.209
- Darwich, B.93
- Davies, M. 93, 104
- Declerck, M.153
- Deschamps, A.35
- dialects
- and accommodation 152–153
- in Arizona 18, 19–20, 29
- classification models 6, 223–224, 225–226
- Colombian Spanish 151, 152–153, 162, 204–5, 206
- dialect zones in Spain112
- and machine learning models 213–214
- monolingual vs. bilingual dialects9
- and social media use207
- discourse markers (DMs)
3–4, 68
- definitions72
- DMs that trigger code-switching 77–83
- discourse particles72
- “disfluency,” 33, 34, 43, 58–59 ; See also flagging
- distinción 112–113, 114–115, 120–121 ; See also interdental fricatives
- Duany, J. 72–73
- durational shortening following grammaticalization 5, 132–133, 135–136, 139 ; See also phonological reduction patterns
- Dutch language133
E
- Eckert, P. 172, 230, 231, 232
- Ecuadorian speakers 54–56, 58
- Edwards, M.40
- El catalá, llengua comuna (Plataforma per la Llengua 2008) 171, 187, 195
- El procés trial
166–198
- Catalan language: themes and ideologies 179–188
- Catalonia, history and background 166–169
- language choice and usage in trial 191–193
- language ideologies 169–176
- methodology of study 176–179, 177, 178
- Spanish language: themes and ideologies 188–191
- trial, relevance and impact 193–198
- embedded fluencemes35
- emotions and speech
217–221
- affective states 34, 37–38, 51
- English language: phonological reduction133
- Equatorial Guinea112
- Erker, D.19
- European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 118, 174
- European Union167
F
- false starts 35, 39 ; See also flagging
- Ferrara, K.80
- fillers39See also flagging
- filler vowels, pitch of42
- as listener-oriented functions41
- non-lexicalized 33, 36, 36N1, 37, 46
- flagging behaviorSee also fillers
- bilingual speakers34
- ethnonationality and flagging 53, 54, 55, 56
- and fluency 37–38
- literature on 37–44
- methodology and results of study 44–58
- in monolingual speech43
- overview 33–34, 58–61
- and perceived authenticity56
- problematic impressions of 40–41
- reaction times to stimuli38
- sociodemographic characteristics of sample 65–67
- spontaneous speech/reading texts/translations38
- terminology used to discuss 35–37
- words and flags used 51, 52
- fluencemes 35, 36n1
- Fontanella de Weinberg, M. B.206
- Forcadell, Carme 167, 168, 183–184, 189–190, 191, 194, 195–196
- Forn, Joaquim 167, 181–182, 190
- foul language 220, 224
- Fox Tree, J. E.41
- Franco, Camila 5, 230–231
- French language
- mood selection 12–13
- Ottawa-Hull corpus21
- subjunctive routinization29
- subjunctive use 20, 24–25
- Fruehwald, J.42
G
- Gal, S. 173, 175
- Galicia, Spain
- ESLORA corpus 135, 138, 141
- Galician language 118, 174
- García-Amaya, L. J.114
- García Negroni, M. 206, 223
- Gardner-Chloros, P. 40, 42n4
- Geeraerts, D.171
- Gellner, E.169
- Generalitat de Catalunya171
- generativist methodology71
- Goldman-Eisler, F. 38, 60
- Gómez Torrego, G.136
- González-Bueno, M.114
- González Las, C. 115, 124
- GPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) models209
- grammaticalization processes 15, 131–133, 141 ; See also phonological reduction patterns
- Granada, Spain 113, 114
- Gudmestad, A. 93, 103
- Guitart, Jorgex
- Gutiérrez, M. 93, 98–99, 101, 104, 105–6
- Gutiérrez-Rivas, C.151
- Guy, G.x, 19
H
- hapax legomena 15, 19, 27–28, 28, 29
- Hartsuiker, R. J.153
- Hebrew language133
- Helasvuo, M.153
- heritage speakers 108, 133, 161
- Hernández, J. E.207
- Hernández-Campoy, J.115
- hesitation
- and flagging 35, 40–41
- hesitation and monitoring phenomena (HMP) 36, 36n1
- Hlavac, J.36
- Hoff, M. 15, 18–19, 28
- Holmquist, Jonathan x, 232
- Honduran speakers207
- Hovy, D.210
- Hurtado, L. M. 151–152, 158
- hypernyms 36–37
I
- identical repetitions35
- identity formation and language
55–56, 59, 77, 152, 169–171, 180, 190, 205
- language-nation-identity 194, 196 ; See also “own language”
- Imperfecto tense161
- impolite speech 217, 217–221, 218, 219, 220
- indicative use 8–9, 10, 11, 18, 19
- Intercultural Pragmatics74
- interdental fricatives
111–128
- analysis 119–128, 120–127
- gender-based differences 120–122, 123
- methodology 118–119
- overview 111–116, 113
- overview of Melilla, Spain 116, 116–118
- research questions119
- International Workshops on Spanish Sociolinguistics (WSS) 1, 230
- interpretation, simultaneous vs. consecutive168; See also El procés trial
- Irvine, J.169
J
- Jaworski, A.41
- Johannsen, A.210
- Junqueras, Oriol 167, 180–181, 182, 188–189, 190, 191, 195
K
- Kasl, S. V.38
- Klee, Carolx
L
- Labov, William x, 76–77, 120–121, 127–128, 232
- LaCasse, D. 9, 14–15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25–26, 27, 29–30
- Lange, D.80
- language ideologies
- in Catalonia 170–172
- concept of169
- and linguistic authority 173–176
- and nationalism 169–170
- Language Variation and Change (LVC) framework 12, 16, 230
- La Plata, Argentina206
- large language models (LLMs) 209, 210
- Law of Linguistic Normalization (Catalonia)172
- legal contexts 5, 174, 183, 196, 232 ; See also El procés trial
- lexical insertion35
- lexical routinization
9, 12–16, 28–29
See also subjunctive use in Spanish
- pre-modern texts 13–14
- subjunctive use 9, 12–15
- lexical sophistication 204, 212, 216, 217, 224
- like (discourse marker) 80–81
- Limerick, P. 99, 101, 104, 105, 107, 160
- Lindqvist, H.60n13
- linguistic authority, ideologies of 169–176
- linguistic normalization 186–187
- Linguistic Society of America230
- Lipski, John x, 81–82
- llengua comuna (common language)
171, 187–188, 195
- Spanish as 188–189
- llengua pròpia (proper language/one’s own language) 170–171, 195
- Loíza, Puerto Rico, code-switching study
68–86
- analysis 77–86
- background literature 71–73
- discourse markers (DMs) 78, 79, 80
- methodology 73–77, 74–75, 76
- overview 68–71
- research questions and objectives 70–71
- López Fernández, S.116
- Lorenzino, Gerardo Augustox
- Lynch, A.12
M
- machine learning (ML) models/classification 6, 204–5, 213–214, 221, 223, 225–226
- Maclay, H. 38, 59
- Mahl, G. F.38
- Málaga, Spain 114–115
- Maragall, Joan186
- Marchena, Manuel168
- Martinez Barahona, S. Y.207
- matrix clauses10
- Matrix Language Frame theory71
- matrix verbs14
- May, S. 170, 174, 197
- Medellín, Colombia206
- Medellin Spanish 151
- Meinecke, Friedrich169
- Melguizo Moreno, E.114
- Melilla, Spain111
- map116
- sociolinguistic profile 116–118
- Mexican Spanish15
- flagging 54–56, 58–59
- Mexico City30
- Miller, C.39
- Miller, K.93
- minoritized languages
- Catalan as 194–195
- and linguistic authenticity173
- vs. minority languages 170, 170n4, 183–186
- minority languages
- authenticity/anonymity debate 173–174, 195
- Catalonia170
- vs. minoritized languages 170, 170n4, 183–186
- misarticulation35
- modified repetitions35
- monolingual Spanish19–20
- subjunctive use 26, 29–30
- Montero Alonso, M. 117–118
- Montes-Alcalá, Ceciliax
- mood selection
- for bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers 8, 9
- contact-induced hypothesis14
- methodology and results 16–29
- mood alternation 10–11
- traditional perspectives 10–12
- variability12
- Morgan, T. A.208
- Morillo-Velarde, R.114
- Morocco 112, 117, 118
- morphological substitution35
- mother tongue 179–180, 183, 190 ; See also “own language”
- Moya Corral, J.114
- Mundó, Carles168
- Muysken, P. 39–40, 70
- Myhill, J.104
N
- nationalism
- Catalan 170–172, 196
- and linguistic ideology 169–170
- natural language generative (NLG) systems209
- natural language processing (NLP) 204, 209, 225
- New Mexico, Spanish speakers9
- New Mexico Spanish-English Bilingual (NMSEB) corpus 14, 21, 22, 24, 25–26
- New York City, Spanish-English bilinguals
- clitic placement 92–109
- flagging behaviors 33–61
- Nguyen, D.232
- nonce-borrowing82
- normalization191
- normalització lingüística (linguistic normalization) 170, 172
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization167
- nuyorriqueño (Puerto Rican dialect) 72–73
O
- “Observer Paradox” (Labov)77
- Òmnium Cultural 167–168
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development167
- O’Rourke, E.154
- Orozco, R. 151–152, 158, 159, 160
- Ortega, R. 174, 197
- Osgood, C. E. 38, 59
- Otheguy, Ricardo x, 95, 101, 102–3, 152–153, 160
- Otheguy-Zentella Corpus (OZC) 44, 94
- “own language,”
171, 175, 179–180
See also mother tongue
- Spanish as 189–190
P
- Pacte nacional per la immigració (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2008)171
- Paisa Spanish 151–152, 162, 203–4, 206 ; See also voseo dialects
- parallel model hypothesis153
- parenthetical insertion35
- pauses
35, 39, 41–42
See also flagging
- pausology 35–36, 36n1
- Peace, M. M.93
- pedagogical methodology71
- periphrastic future form 132–133, 134, 140, 141–142, 231
- Pfaff, C.39N3
- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Colombian communities 160–161
- Colombian Spanish 151–163
- demographics 150–151
- Philippines112
- “phonemic slips,” 113–114
- phonological reduction patterns
131–143
- analysis 138–143, 139, 140
- data and methodology 134, 135–138
- grammaticalization of TAM (tense/aspect/mood) markers134
- overview 131–135
- post-context speaking rate138
- preceding pause 137–138
- predictability 138, 140
- Placencia, M. E.74
- plurilingualism in Spain 174, 175, 178, 187, 191, 192–193, 197
- Pool, J.170
- Poplack, Shana x, 12–13, 17, 23, 39–40, 72, 85
- Porteño Spanish206
- Posantí, Clara167
- Potowski, K.154
- Pousada, A.69
- pragmatic markers72
- pragmatic particles72
- “Principle of Tangential Shift” (Labov) 76–77
- proclisis vs. enclisis
92–93, 96–98
See also clitic placement
- gendered differences100n5
- productivity measures of subjunctive use in Spanish 13–15, 18–19, 21–22, 25–26
- pronombrista studies 151, 153, 158, 161, 162, 230–231
- propositional substitution35
- psycholinguistic methodology71
- Puerto Rican speakersSee also Loíza, Puerto Rico, code-switching study
- bilingualism and code-switching 69–70
- demographics in New York City 95–96
- flagging 54–55, 58–59
- identity formation of migrants 72–73
- nuyorriqueño 72–73
- Puerto Rico: history 69, 74n3
- Puig, Lluís167
- Puigdemont, Carles167
- Pujol, Jordi 170–171
Q
- Quebec French13
R
- Rajoy, Mariano167
- Ramírez Gelbes, S. 206, 223
- Raña-Riso, R.153
- rapid visual parallel presentation (RPVP) tests 154–155, 160
- Raupauch, M.59
- reading recall tests 155–156, 156, 158, 160, 163
- reductionSee phonological reduction patterns
- Rees, E. L.172
- reformulations35; See also flagging
- Regan, B.115
- repairs35; See also flagging
- Repede, D.43n6
- Requena, P. E.93
- Requena Santos, F. 114–115
- restarts35; See also flagging
- Restrepo-Ramos, Falcon 6, 232
- Rickford, J.232
- Riera Gil, E. 171, 195
- Rivas, Javier 5, 231
- Romaine, S.80
- Romance languagesSee also French language
- mood selection 12–13
- subjunctive routinization 19–20
- Romeva, Raül 167, 183, 186, 189, 190–191, 193, 195
- Rosignoli, A.42n4
- Ruiz Domínguez, M. 115–116
- Rull, Josep 167–68, 179–185, 187, 190–191, 194–195
S
- Salvadorian speakers207
- Sànchez, Jordi 168, 181–182, 185, 190, 193, 194
- Sankoff, D.39
- Sayahi, Lotfi 4, 230, 231, 232
- Schieffelin, B. B. 170, 172
- Schmid, H. J.209
- Schneider, K. P. 3, 73, 73n2
- Schwenter, S. 15, 18–19, 28, 93
- second language acquisition
85, 112
See also bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers
- flagging and fluency 38–40
- second person singular (2PS) address 203–4, 214–215 ; See also voseo dialects
- Seliger, H. W.59
- sentence superiority hypothesis153
- Serret, Meritxell167
- seseo 112–114, 115–116, 120–121 ; See also interdental fricatives
- Seville, Spain 113–114
- Shin, N. L. 93, 94, 101, 105, 153
- Silva-Corvalán, C. x, 12, 14, 17, 18, 30, 93, 98–99, 104
- Sinner, C.172
- so (discourse marker) 81–82
- social media use 207–8 ; See also X (formerly Twitter) posts
- socioeconomic status (SES) 101, 102–3, 108
- sociolinguistic index 34, 42–43, 58
- Soler, J.173
- Sonntag, S. K.170
- Sosiński, M.114
- Southwest US SpanishSee bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers
- SpainSee also Catalonia
- Andalusia 112, 113–114, 115
- dialect zones112
- Galicia 135
- Málaga 114–115
- Melilla 111, 116, 116–118
- plurilingualism 174, 175, 177–178, 187, 191, 192–193, 197
- Seville 113–114
- Spanish language
- Castilian Spanish 112, 115, 166N1
- dialect zones112
- heritage speakers 108, 133, 161
- and identity formation69
- interdental fricative, emergence of112
- monolingual Spanish 20, 26, 29–30
- Paisa Spanish 151–152, 162, 203–4, 206
- phonological reduction133
- syntax10
- unified syntax 151–154, 160, 230–231
- variation in Spanish-speaking areas2
- Spanish Sociolinguistics
- International Workshops ix–xi, 1
- scope of field 1–2
- Staatsnation vs. Kulturnational169
- Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 170–171, 172
- Stenström, A.-B. 35, 41
- structuralist methodology71
- subject pronoun expression (SPE)
150–163
- analysis 160–163
- cognitive predictors160
- gender and subject pronouns159
- linguistic predictors158
- methodology and results 154–160, 155, 157–158
- overview 150–151
- reading recall procedure 155–156, 156, 158, 160, 163
- sociolinguistic predictors 159–160
- SPE variation5
- and unified syntax 151–154
- unified syntax and bilingual cognition 153–154
- subjunctive use in Spanish
8–30
- analysis of study 19–30, 20–28
- lexical routinization 9, 12–16, 28–29
- methodology of study 16–19
- mood selection 10–12
- overview 8–9
- subordinate clauses 10, 17
- suprasegmental elements of speech 35–36
- Süselbeck, K. 170–171, 172
- syntactic complexity 204, 212, 221, 224
- synthetic future forms 132–133
T
- Tagliamonte, Salix
- Tamazight speakers 116, 117–118
- Tannen, D.41
- temporal variables of discourse 35, 36n1
- tense/aspect/mood (TAM) markers 134, 204, 223
- tenses
- present progressive132
- simple present132
- thematic analysis 176–178, 177, 178
- Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline x, 39, 70
- Torres, L.72
- Torres Cacoullos, R. 13–14, 17, 27, 93, 104
- transformer-based language models 211–212
- translanguaging70; See also code-switching
- truncation 35, 135
- Turull, Jordi 167–168, 168, 192
- tú sabes (discourse marker)83
- TweetsSee voseo dialects; X (formerly Twitter) posts
U
- UDPipe 212, 213
- unified syntax 151–154, 160, 162–163, 230–231
- United Nations167
- United StatesSee also New York City, Spanish-English bilinguals
- Arizona, Spanish speakers9
- Philadelphia, Colombian Spanish 150–163
- second language instruction in Spanish112
- Universal Dependency Project Treebank212
V
- Vallejos Jiménez, M.116
- Valluno Spanish162
- vamos a variantsSee phonological reduction patterns
- Variational Pragmatics 68, 73–76, 73n2
- variationist studies 9, 12, 93, 132, 141, 151
- Varra, Rachel 3, 231
- Vasilescu, I.41
- Via Catalana166; See also Catalonia
- Vila, Santi 167, 168
- Vilarrubias, M.197
- Villena Ponsoda, J. 114–115
- Viner, Kevin Martillo 4, 231
- Visconte, Piero 3–4, 231
- voseo dialects
203–226
- analysis of 214–216, 223–226
- computational approaches 208–210
- impolite speech acts 217, 217–221, 218–220
- machine learning models 213–214
- methodology of study 210–213
- overview 203–7
- social media 207–8
- sociolinguistic analysis 214–223
- vowels
- filler vowels, pitch of 41–42
- and preceding sounds124
W
- wave model230
- Westmoreland, Maurice J.x
- Westwood, A. 39–40
- Wheeler, S. 39–40
- Wieland, K.172
- Winford, Donaldx
- Wolfram, Waltx, 232
- Woolard, K. 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 181, 183, 196
- word-borrowing82
- Workshops on Spanish Sociolinguistics (WSS) ix–xi, 1
X
- X (formerly Twitter) posts 203–205, 207–8, 210–211, 214, 220, 223, 226; See also voseo dialects
Y
- Yelp reviews209
Z
- Zentella, Ana Celia x, 95, 101, 102–3, 160
