Cover not available

In:Amazonian Spanish: Language Contact and Evolution
Edited by Stephen Fafulas
[Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 23] 2020
► pp. 7–34

Get fulltext from our e-platform
JBE logo with link
PDF logo with download linkDownload Book PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Book EPUB
authorization required

Chapter 1
Language loss and language gain in Amazonia

On newly emergent varieties of a national language

 | James Cook University
Published online: 15 July 2020
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.23.01aik
Abstract
The Amazon Basin is renowned for its high linguistic diversity. The history of Amazonian languages has been marred with language extinction and loss ever since the European conquest. Newly emergent varieties of the national languages – Portuguese and Spanish – bear the substratum influence of the indigenous languages. In many Amazonian languages, the necessity of always marking how the speaker knows things and being precise is linked to the obligatory category of evidentiality – grammatical marking of information source. In numerous varieties of Amazonian and Andean Spanish, a pragmatic convention to state the information source accounts for the evidential overtones of dizque across South America, where it has become an established feature of language varieties transmitted to children.
Article outline
  • 1.Lowland Amazonian languages and their speakers: A backdrop
  • 2.The Portuguese of Amazonian Indians: Some examples
  • 3.Portuguese spoken by the Tariana of the Vaupés River Basin area
  • 4.Envoi
  • Notes
  • References
References (128)
References
Abreu Gomez, C. (2009). Aquisição do subsistema de preposições no português em contato no Xingu. In A. M. Carvalho (Ed.), Português em contato (pp. 165–76). Madrid, Spain/Frankfurt, Germany: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Adelaar, W. F. H. (1991). The endangered languages problem: South America. In R. H. Robins & E. H. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp. 45–91). Oxford, UK: Berg.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2000). La diversidad lingüística y la extinción de las lenguas. In F. Queixalós & O. Renault-Lescure (Eds.), As línguas amazônicas hoje (pp. 29–36). Paris, France: IRD.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, A. Y. (1995). Bare (Languages of the World/Materials 100). Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages (pp. 65–105). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003). A grammar of Tariana. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2004). Evidentiality. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2010). Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2012). The essence of mirativity. Linguistic Typology, 16, 435–85. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2013). Shifting language attitudes in north-west Amazonia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 222, 195–216.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2014). Language contact, and language blend: Kumandene Tariana of north-west Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics, 80, 323–70. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2015). The languages of the Amazon. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2018). Evidentials and language contact. In A. Y. Aikhenvald (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality (pp. 148–172). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(forthcoming). Linguistic areas in Amazonia. To appear in S. S. Mufwene & A. M. Escobar (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of language contact. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2006). Grammars in contact. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Alcázar, A. (2018). Dizque and other emergent evidential forms in Romance languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality (pp. 725–740). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Anchieta, J. de. (1595). Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vsada na costa do brasil. Coimbra, Portugal: Antonio de Mariz.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Andrade-Ciudad, L. F. (2007). Usos de dice en castellano andino: Estrategias evidenciales y narrativas en contacto con el quechua (Unpublished MA thesis). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Andrade Ciudad, L. F. (2016). The Spanish of the Northern Peruvian Andes. A sociohistorical and dialectological account. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Babel, A. (2009). Dizque, evidentiality and stance in Valley Spanish. Language in Society, 38, 487–511. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bessa Freire, J. R. (2003). Língua Geral Amazônica: A história de um esquecimento. In J. R. Bessa Freire & M. C. Rosa (Eds.), Línguas Gerais. Política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial (pp. 195–209). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Editora da UFRJ.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bezerra, Z. A. (2005). Gramática Kuripako. Mimeographed. Anapolis, Brazil: Missão Novas Tribos do Brasil.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2012). Dicionário Kuripako/Português. Mimeographed. Anapolis, Brazil: Missão Novas Tribos do Brasil.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Boas, F. (1947). Kwakiutl grammar, with a glossary of suffixes, edited by H. Boas Yampolsky, with the assistance of Z. S. Harris. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., 37, pt. 3, 203–315. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bollé, A., & Maurer, P. (2016). Creoles. In A. Ledgeway & M. Maiden (Eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages (pp. 447–66). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Braggio, S. L. B. (2015). A variedade étnica Português-Xerente Akwẽ: Subsídio para a educação escolar indígena. PAPIA, 25, 121–40.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Brinton, D. G. (1892). Studies in South American native languages. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 30, 45–105.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bunte, P. A. & Kendall, M. B. (1981). When is an error not an error? Notes on language contact and the question of interference. Anthropological Linguistics, 23, 1–7.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Burgos, M. (1994). The Witotos and the rubber boom: The silent genocide. A study through the chronicles of explorers of the Amazon basin. In J. Meunier & A. M. Savarin (Eds.), The Amazonian chronicles (pp. 1–23). San Francisco, CA: Mercury House.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Campos, O. G. L. A. S. & A. C. S. Rodrigues. (1996). Flexão nominal: Indicação de pluralidade no sintagma nominal. In A. T. de Castilho & M. Basílio (Eds.), Gramática do Português falado (Vol. III, pp. 111–135). Campinas, Brazil: Editora da Unicamp.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carlin, E. B. (2006). Feeling the need: The borrowing of Cariban functional categories into Mawayana (Arawak). In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.), Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology (pp. 313–332). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2011). Nested identities in the Southern Guyana-Suriname corner. In A. Hornborg & J. D. Hill (Eds.), Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia (pp. 225–236). Denver, CO: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Carvalho, A. M. (Ed). (2009). Português em contato. Madrid, Spain/Frankfurt, Germany: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Castelnau, F. de. (1851). Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro à Lima, et de Lima su Para, executée par ordre du gouvernement français pendant les années 1843 à 1847 (Vol. 5). Paris: Bertrand.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Christino, B. (2015). Gender agreement in Huni-Kuin Portuguese noun phrases. PAPIA, 25, 77–102.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Crevels, M. (2012). Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking. In L. Campbell & V. Grondona (Eds.), The indigenous languages of South America: A comprehensive guide (pp. 167–233). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cruz, A. da. (2011). Fonologia e gramática do Nheengatú. A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa. Utrecht, Netherlands: LOT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cunha, A. G. da. (1978). Dicionário histórico das palavras portuguesas de origem tupí. São Paulo, Brazil: Melhoramentos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
d’Ans, A.-M. (1982). L’Amazonie péruvienne indigène. Paris, France: Payot.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
de Granda, G. (2002). Un processo de transferencia bidireccional sucesiva en el área andina. Evidenciales reportativos entre quechua y español, in his Español y Quechua en el área andina suramericana (pp. 124–9). Valladolid, Spain: Valladolid University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003a). El noroeste argentino, área lingüística andina, in his Estudios Lingüísticos Hispanoamericanos (pp. 131–150). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003b). Retenciones morfosintácticas en el español del Noroeste Argentino, in his Estudios Lingüísticos Hispanoamericanos (pp. 151–172). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003c). Transferencias bidireccionales sucesivas de nivel morfosintáctico en dos áreas bilingües hispanoamericanas. In his Estudios Lingüísticos Hispanoamericanos (pp. 75–83). Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003d). Estudios Lingüísticos Hispanoamericanos. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Denevan, W. M. (1976a). Introduction. In W. M. Denevan (Ed.), The native population of the Americas in 1492 (pp. 1–12). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1976b). The aboriginal population of Amazonia. In W. M. Denevan (Ed.), The native population of the Americas in 1492 (pp. 205–234). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dettoni, R. do V. (2003). A concordância de gênero na anafora pronominal: Variação e mudança lingüística na baixada cuiabana – Mato Grosso (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). UFMG/POSTLIN.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. (2004). Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics, 46, 1–83.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. & Aikhenvald, A. Y. (Eds.). (1999). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dobyns, H. F. (1966). Estimating Aboriginal American population: An appraisal of techniques with a new hemispheric estimate. Current Anthropology, 7, 395–416. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dorian, N. C. (2010). Investigating variation. The effects of social organization and social setting. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dubert, F. & Galves, C. (2016). Galician and Portuguese. In A. Ledgeway & M. Maiden (Eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages (pp. 411–46). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Emmerich, C. (1984). A língua de contato no Alto Xingu. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1991). O português de contato no Parque Indígena do Xingu. Revista Internacional de Língua Portuguesa, 5/6, 53–71.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Emmerich, C. & de Paiva, M. C. (2009). Português xinguano: Origem e trajetória. In A. M. Carvalho (Ed.), Português em contato (pp. 153–162). Madrid, Spain/Frankfurt, Germany: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Epps, P. & Bolaños, K. (2017). Reconsidering ‘the Makú’ language family of northwest Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics, 83, 467–507. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. A. (1964). Diglossia. In D. Hymes (Ed.), Language in culture and society (pp. 429–439). New York, NY: Harper International.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fontaine, L. (2008). Paroles d’échanges et règles sociales chez les indiens yucuna d’Amazonie colombienne. Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Franchetto, B. (Ed.). (2010). Alto Xingu. Uma sociedade multilíngue. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Museu do Índio.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Franchetto, B. & Heckenberger, M. (Eds.). (2000). Os povos do Alto Xingu. História e cultura. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Editora UFRJ.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Galvão, V. C. C. (2001). Evidencialidade e gramaticalização no português do Brasil: Os usos da expressão diz que. Araraquara: UNESP.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gomez-Imbert, E. (1982). La verdad de los Tatuyo. Paper presented at the Primer Seminario de Antropología amazónica colombiana. Instituto Colombiano de Antropología. Bogotá, Colombia.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2003). Voir et entendre comme sources de connaissance grammaticalement explicites. In C. Vandeloise (Ed.), Langues et cognition (pp. 117–33). Paris, France: Hermès Science.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Granberry, J., & Vescelius, G. (2004). Language of the pre-Columbian Antilles. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Green, L., & Green, D. (2013). Knowing the day, knowing the world. Engaging Amerindian thought in public archaeology. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Hemming, J. (1978a). Red gold: The conquest of the Brazilian Indians. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1978b). The search for El Dorado. London, UK: Book Club Associates.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2008). Tree of rivers. The story of the Amazon. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jara Yupanqui, I. M. (2012). Peruvian Amazonian Spanish: Linguistic variation, social meaning and identities. Sociolinguistic Studies, 6, 445–469.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Jensen, C. (1999). Tupí-Guaraní. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages (pp. 125–64). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Joyce, M. de L. (1951). Caderno da doutrina pella lingoa dos Manaos. Manuscrito do séc. XVIII estudado e anotado. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de filosofia, ciências e letras. Boletim No 136.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kany, C. (1944). Impersonal dizque and its variants in American Spanish. Hispanic Review, 12, 168–177. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kaufman, T. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Moseley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), The atlas of the world’s languages (pp. 46–76). London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kolehmainen, L., Meriläinen, L., & Riionheimo, H. (2014). Interlingual reduction: Evidence from language contacts, translation and second language acquisition. In L. Paulasto, L. Meriläinen, H. Riionheimo, & M. Kok (Eds.), Language contacts at the cross-roads (pp. 3–33). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kracke, W. H. (2009). Dream as deceit, dream as truth: The grammar of telling dreams. Anthropological Linguistics, 51, 61–77.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lacan, J. (1988). The ego in Freud’s theory and in the technique of psychoanalysis, 1954–1955. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lange, C. (2012). Syntax of spoken Indian English. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Loukotka, C. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles, CA: Latin American Centre, University of California.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lucchesi, D. (2012). A differenciação da língua portuguesa no Brasil e o contato entre línguas. Estudos de Lingüística Galega, 4, 45–65.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lucchesi, D. & Macedo, A. (1997). A variação na concordância de gênero no Português de contato no Alto Xingu. PAPIA, 9, 20–36.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Macedo, A. (2000). Pidginization and depidginization in the Portuguese of the Upper Xingu. In M. C. Mollica & M. E. Martelotta (Eds.), Análises lingüísticas: A contribuição de Alzira Macedo (pp. 93–105). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McConvell, P. & Meakins, F. (2005). Gurinji Kriol: A mixed language emerges from code-switching. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 25, 9–30. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meakins, F., & O’Shannessy, C. (Eds.). (2016). Loss and Renewal: Australian languages since colonisation. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Meggers, B. J. (1971). Amazon: Man and culture in a counterfeit paradise. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mello, H. R., Baxter, A., Holm, J., & Megenney, W. (1998). O Portuguies vernáculo do Brasil. In M. Perl & A. Schwegler (Eds.), América negra. Panorámica actual de los estudios lingüísticos sobre variedades hispanas, portuguessas y criollas (pp. 72–137). Madrid, Spain/Frankfurt, Germany: Iberoamericana/Vervuert.. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Moreira Neto, C. de A. (1988). Indios da Amazônia: De maioria a menoria (1750–1850). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Naro, A. J., & Pereira Scherre, M. M. (1999). Variable concord in Portuguese. In J. McWhorter (Ed.), Language change and language contact in pidgins and creoles (pp. 235–55). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Natterer, J. (1831). Word lists in Tariana, Manao and Warekena. Unpublished ms.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Neves, E. G. (1998). Paths in dark waters: Archaeology as indigenous history in the Upper Rio Negro basin, northwest Amazonia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
O’Shannessy, C. (2013). The role of multiple sources in the formation of an innovative auxiliary category in Light Warlpiri, a new Australian mixed language. Language, 89, 328–53. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Olbertz, H. (2005). Dizque en el español andino ecuatoriano: Conservador e innovador. In H. Olbertz & P. C. Muysken (Eds.), Encuentros y conflictos. Bilingüismo y contacto de lenguas en el mundo andino (pp. 77–94). Madrid, Spain: Iberoamericana. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2007). Dizque in Mexican Spanish: The subjectification of reportative meaning. Italian Journal of Linguistics/Rivista di linguistica, 19(1), 151–172.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oliveira, G. Müller de. (2000). Indiens urbains au Brésil. Considérations démographiques, éducatives et politico-linguistiques. In L.-J. Calvet & A. Mourissou-Mouyama (Eds.), Le plurilinguisme urbain (pp. 183–198). Paris, France: Institut de la Francophonie / Diffusion Didier Erudition.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Oliver, J. R. (1989). The archaeological, linguistic and ethnohistorical evidence for the expansion of Arawakan into Northwestern Venezuela and Northeastern Colombia (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Paiva, M. da C. de. (1997). Hiperfonologização no Português de contato. PAPIA, 9, 52–64.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Payne, D. L. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages (Vol. 3, pp. 355–499). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pereira Scherre, M. M. & Naro, A. J. (2009). Sobre as origens estruturais do português brasileiro – o garimpo continua. In A. M. Carvalho (Ed.), Português em contato (pp. 131–152). Madrid, Spain/Frankfurt, Germany: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B., Neves, E. G. & Heckenberger, M. J. (2001). Gift from the past: Terra preta and prehistoric Amerindian occupation in Amazonia. In C. McEwan, C. Barreto, & E. Neves (Eds.), Unknown Amazon: Culture and nature in Ancient Brazil (pp. 86–105). London, UK: British Museum Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Queixalós, F. & Renault-Lescure, O. (Eds.). (2000). As línguas amazônicas hoje. Paris, France: IRD.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ramírez-Cruz, H. (2012). Spanish in indigenous lands. In C. Patiño & J. L. Bernal (Eds.), Language in Colombia (pp. 673–693). Bogotá, Colombia.: Academia Colombiana de la Lengua & Instituto Caro y Cuervo.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reich, U. (2003). Mudança sintática e pragmática na Língua Geral Amazônica (LGA): Marcação de caso e sistema pronominal. In J. R. Bessa Freire & M. C. Rosa (Eds.), Línguas Gerais. Política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial (pp. 167–84). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Editora da UFRJ.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Renault-Lescure, O. (1990). As línguas faladas pelas crianças do Rio Negro (Amazonas): Descontinuidade na transmissão familiar das línguas. In H. Brito Franco y Leal & M. de Fátima Mendes (Eds.), Crianças na Amazônia: Um futuro ameaçado (pp. 315–24). Belem, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Pará – UNICEF.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rivet, P., & Tastevin, C. (1938). Les langues Arawak du Purús et du Jurúa (Groupe Arauá). Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, 30, 71–114. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodrigues, A. D. (1986). Línguas brasileiras. Para o conhecimento das línguas indigenas. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(1996). As línguas gerais sul-americanas. Papia, 4, 6–18.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2000). Panorama das línguas indígenas da Amazônia. In F. Queixalós & O. Renault-Lescure (Eds.), As línguas amazônicas hoje (pp. 15–28). Paris, France: IRD.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2001). Biodiversidade e diversidade etnolingüística na Amazônia. In M. do Socorro Simões (Ed.), Cultura e biodiversidade entre o rio e a floresta (Vol. 1, pp. 269–78). Belém, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Pará.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2014). ‘On the influence of indigenous languages on Brazilian Portuguese’. DELTA, 30, 443–6. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Roosevelt, A. (1991). Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical archaeology on Marajó Island, Brazil. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rosenblat, Á. (1976). The population of Hispaniola at the time of Columbus. In W. M. Denevan (Ed.), The native population of the Americas in 1492 (pp. 13–34). Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rouse, I. (1992). The Tainos: Rise and decline of the people who greeted Columbus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sá Amado, R. de. (2015). O Português étnico dos povos Timbira. PAPIA, 25, 103–119.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schiffrin, H. (1998). Diglossia as a sociolinguistic situation. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The handbook of sociolinguistics (pp. 205–16). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schmidt-Riese, R. (2003). Condições da mudança em nheengatu: Pragmática e contatos lingüístics. In J. R. Bessa Freire & M. C. Rosa (Eds.), Línguas Gerais. Política lingüística e catequese na América do Sul no período colonial (pp. 147–66). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Editora da UFRJ.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Seki, L. (1999). The Upper Xingu as an incipient linguistic area. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages (pp. 417–30). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
(2010). Alto Xingu: Uma sociedade multilíngue? In B. Franchetto & M. Heckenberger (Eds.), Os povos fo Alto Xingu. História e cultura (pp. 57–86). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Editora UFRJ.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Silverman, H. & Isbell, W. H. (2008). Handbook of South American archaeology. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Spix, J. B. von & Martius, C. F. P. von. (1831). Reise in Brasilien in den Jahren 1817–20. Munich: Lindauer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sorensen Jr., A. P. (1967 (1972)). Multilingualism in the Northwest Amazon. American Anthropologist, 69, 670–84 (reprinted in J. B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 78–93). Harmondsworth: Penguin).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Stenzel, K., & Gomez-Imbert, E. (2018). Evidentiality in Tukanoan languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality (pp. 357–387). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tovar, A. & De Tovar, C. L. (1984). Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Trask, R. L. (1993). A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Travis, C. (2006). Dizque: A Colombian evidentiality strategy. Linguistics, 44, 1269–97. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wagley, C. (1940). The effects of depopulation upon social organization as illustrated by the Tapirapé Indians. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, Ser. 2, Vol. 3(1), 12–16. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weber, D. J. (1986). Information perspective, profile, and patterns in Quechua. In W. L. Chafe & J. Nichols (Eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology (pp. 137–55). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1964). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wojtylak, K. I. (2017). A grammar of Murui (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). James Cook University.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (3)

Cited by three other publications

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
2024. Speaking about knowledge. Studies in Language 48:3 ► pp. 543 ff. DOI logo
Fafulas, Stephen A., Nicholas Henriksen & Erin O’Rourke
2022. Sound change and gender-based differences in isolated regions: acoustic analysis of intervocalic phonemic stops by Bora-Spanish bilinguals. Linguistics Vanguard 8:s5 ► pp. 557 ff. DOI logo
Henriksen, Nicholas, Stephen Fafulas & Erin O’Rourke
2020. Intervocalic phonemic stop realization in Amazonian Peru. In Spanish Phonetics and Phonology in Contact [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 28], ► pp. 141 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 12 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue