Article published In: Information Visualization
Edited by Isabel Meirelles, Marian Dörk and Yanni Loukissas
[Information Design Journal 27:1] 2022
► pp. 126–139
Instructions for COVID-19 self-tests
What parts of the test are the most difficult to get right and how can information design help?
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 25 October 2022
https://doi.org/10.1075/idj.22011.wal
https://doi.org/10.1075/idj.22011.wal
Abstract
This paper summarises a cross-disciplinary project that explored ways of making instructions, funded as part of the UK COVID-19 rapid-response initiative. The project explored ways of making instructions for COVID-19 Lateral Flow Tests easy for lay people to use. Our method comprised rapid design decision making, where we used existing research, good practice in information design and consultation with diagnostic experts as part of the design process. Iterative review by a panel of users informed the development of prototype instructions: small studies investigated user preference for diagrams, and gathered feedback on the graphic articulation of the procedural steps involved in carrying out the test.
Keywords: COVID-19, information design, user instructions, self-test
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Instructions for point-of-use home diagnostic testing kits
- 3.Design approach
- 3.1Review of research about writing and designing instructions
- 3.2Stakeholder engagement
- 3.2.1User panel
- 3.2.2Industry expertise and engagement
- 3.3Applying information design research and practice
- 3.3.1Preliminary study: Learning from designing instructions for 3-D printed test kits
- 3.3.2Review of COVID-19 LFTs
- 3.3.3Eliciting feedback about representing actions
- 3.3.4Prototype and next steps
- 4.Overview and concluding remarks
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
References
References (26)
Atchison, C., Pristerà, P., Cooper, E., Papageorgiou, V., Redd, R., Piggin, M., … Ward, H. (2020). Usability and acceptability of home-based self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for population surveillance. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Chiku, C., Zolfo, M., Senkoro, M., Mabhala, M., Tweya, H., Musasa, P., … Mangwanya, D. (2019). Common causes of EID sample rejection in Zimbabwe and how to mitigate them. PLoS ONE, 14(8), 1–9.
de Koning, B. B., Tabbers, H. K., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Paas, F. (2009). Towards a Framework for Attention Cueing in Instructional Animations: Guidelines for Research and Design. Educational Psychology Review, 211, 113–140.
Ganier, F. (2004). Factors Affecting the Processing of Procedural Instructions: Implications for Document Design. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47(1), 15–26.
Govender, K., Parboosing, R., Siyaca, N., & Moodley, P. (2016). Dried blood spot specimen quality and validation of a new pre-analytical processing method for qualitative HIV-1 PCR, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. African Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 5(1), 1–6.
Harvey, G. (2008). Designing procedural instructions: 5 key components. Information Design Journal, 16(1), 19–24.
IEEE. (2019). Preparation of information for use (instructions for use) of products – Principles and general requirements. IEC/IEEE 82079-1.
Incardona, S., Kyabayinze, D. J., Bell, D., Ndawula, B., Kanyago, M. C., Mwancha-Kwasa, M. C., & González, I. J. (2018). Accuracy, ease of use, safety, and acceptability of a 23-μL conical cup blood transfer device for use with rapid diagnostic tests. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(3), 797–804.
Kierkegaard, P., McLister, A., & Buckle, P. (2021). Rapid point-of-care testing for COVID-19: quality of supportive information for lateral flow serology assays. BMJ Open, 11(3), e047163.
Kools, M., Ruiter, R. A. C., Wiel, M. W. J. Van De, & Kok, G. (2008). The effects of headings in information mapping on search speed and evaluation of a brief health education text. Journal of Information Science, 34(6), 833–844.
Needs, S. H., Bull, S. P., Bravo, J., Walker, S., Little, G., Hart, J., & Edwards, A. D. (2020). Remote videolink observation of model home sampling and home testing devices to simplify usability studies for point-of-care diagnostics. Wellcome Open Research, 51, 174.
Peck, R. B., Lim, J. M., Van Rooyen, H., Mukoma, W., Chepuka, L., Bansil, P., … Taegtmeyer, M. (2014). What Should the IDEAL HIV self-test look like? A usability study of test prototypes in unsupervised HIV self-testing in Kenya, Malawi, and South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 18(SUPPL. 4), 422–432.
Rennie, W., Phetsouvanh, R., Lupisan, S., Vanisaveth, V., Hongvanthong, B., Phompida, S., … Harvey, S. (2007). Minimising human error in malaria rapid diagnosis: clarity of written instructions and health worker performance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101(1), 9–18.
Seidahmed, O. M. E., Mohamedein, M. M. N., Elsir, A. A., Ali, F. T., Malik, E. F. M., & Ahmed, E. S. (2008). End-user errors in applying two malaria rapid diagnostic tests in a remote area of Sudan. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13(3), 406–409.
Szlichcinski, C. (1984). Factors affecting the comprehension of pictographic instructions. In R. Easterby & H. Zwaga (Eds.), Information Design (pp. 449–466). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Tabbers, H. K. (2002). The modality of text in multimedia instructions: Refining the design guidelines. Open University of the Netherlands.
Tversky, B., Heiser, J., Mackenzie, R., Lozano, S., & Morrizon, J. (2008). Enriching Animations. In R. Lowe & W. Schnotz (Eds.), Learning with animation: Research implications for design (pp. 263–285). Cambridge University Press.
Van der Meij, H., & Gellevij, M. (2004). The Four Components of a Procedure. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 47(1), 5–14.
van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Kester, L. (2005). The Four-Component Instructional Design Model: Multimedia Principles in Environments for Complex Learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (pp. 71–93). Cambridge University Press.
Vytal, K., Cornwell, B., Arkin, N., & Grillon, C. (2012). Describing the interplay between anxiety and cognition: From impaired performance under low cognitive load to reduced anxiety under high load. Psychophysiology, 49(6), 842–852.
Vytal, K. E., Cornwell, B. R., Letkiewicz, A. M., Arkin, N. E., & Grillon, C. (2013). The complex interaction between anxiety and cognition: insight from spatial and verbal working memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 71 (March), 1–11.
Waller, R., & VandenBerg, S. (2017). A one-day transformation project for overdose emergency kits. Information Design Journal, 23(3), 319–333.
Wei, C., Yan, L., Li, J., Su, X., Lippman, S., & Yan, H. (2018). Which user errors matter during HIV self-testing? A qualitative participant observation study of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1108.
