Relay translation as collaboration
A case study of how multilingual subtitling for global streaming services showcases a new mode of collaborative translation
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Published online: 30 November 2024
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.115
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.115
Abstract
The present study aims to establish relay translation as a new representative mode of collaborative translation. The conventional stigmatic labeling of “indirect”/“less authentic” translation and the prevalent myth of single translatorship have hindered research on the topic. Intriguingly, interest in the issue did not come from academia. The extension of the global network made possible by the advent of advanced technologies and the expansion of media access by worldwide viewers have given rise to an exploding need for subtitling audiovisual (AV) content being created around the globe. Global streaming service (GSS) providers immediately recognized the need to maximize the distribution of what they offer. Thus, the significance of the relaybased, centralized subtitling of AV content into multiple languages proliferated, with or without the sanctions of TS researchers.
Admittedly, “relay translation” is not a new coinage, but recently, albeit belatedly, there has been a surge in the number of international conferences, special journal issues, and independent publications. However, their focus is mainly on its relational nature vis-à-vis the original text, terminology differentiation, and remote case discussions centering around literary translation. The present study is a theoretical endeavor to place the issue in the appropriate research context by proposing a dual defiction of relay translation: the broad, conventional defiction of translating source texts indirectly and a narrower, audiovisual translation (AVT)-focused defiction as an industrialized form of process-centered, collaborative work. The role of pivot templators, i.e., specialists responsible for the creation of pivot templates, stand out in the latter as “translators for subsequent translators” and cultural mediators. As a qualitative approach, the study introduces a case study of an in-depth semistructured interview with a seasoned practitioner. In doing so, the collection of field-resonant data, the collaboration among agents, the process of creating and annotating pivot templates, and implications and challenges of relay translation as collaboration will be reported, leading to the salience of the topic as an emerging form of collaborative translation.
The study is an early endeavor to revisit and establish relay translation as a significant mode of collaborative translation. Enriching the findings by furthering research on multilingual subtitling and other forms of relay translation from a wider array of angles will be instrumental in understanding the complexity and significance of relay translation.
논문초록
본 연구는 협업 번역의 새로운 대표적 형태로 릴레이 번역을 확립하는 것을 목표 로 한다. ‘간접번역’/’중역’ 또는 ‘진본(眞本)으로서의 성격이 떨어지는 번역’이란 낙인을 수반 하는 전통적인 릴레이 번역 관(觀)과 텍스트 별 단일 번역사 신화의 만연은 관련 연구를 가로 막는 요소로 작용해 왔다. 그러나 릴레이 번역에 대한 관심이 학계에서 먼저 나타난 것이 아 니라는 사실은 흥미롭다. 새로운 기술의 발전으로 가능해진 세계적 네트워크의 확충과 전세 계 청중들의 미디어 접근 확대에 따라 전세계에서 생산되는 시청각 콘텐츠에 대한 자막번역 수요는 폭발적으로 늘어났다. 글로벌 OTT 업체들은 자사 콘텐츠의 국제적 보급을 극대화 할 필요성을 즉각 인식하였다. 이에 따라 시청각 콘텐츠의 자막번역을 릴레이 기반의 중앙집 중적 방식을 통해 다수의 언어로 제공하는 작업의 중요성은 번역학자들의 인정 여부와 상관 없이 빠른 속도로 커졌다.
물론 릴레이 번역은 새로운 개념은 아니며, 다소 늦은 감은 있지만 이 주제에 대한 국제 학 술대회, 학술논문집 특별호 발행 및 기타 간행물의 수가 최근 크게 늘어나는 추세이다. 그러 나 이들 연구는 주로 원전(原典)과의 관계, 용어 구분, 문학번역의 일부 사례 논의에 집중되 어 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 주제를 적절한 학술적 맥락에서 다루고자 하는 이론적 시도로, 릴 레이 번역에 대한 이중적 정의를 제안한다. 전통적인 광의의 정의는 ‘출발 텍스트의 간접적 번역’인 반면, 멀티미디어번역(AVT)에 초점을 맞춘 협의의 정의는 ‘산업화된 형태의 프로세 스 중심적 협업’이다. 후자에서는 ‘후속 번역사를 위한 번역사’이자 문화 중개자로 기능하는 피벗 템플릿 제작자(즉, 피벗 템플릿의 작성을 담당하는 전문가)의 역할이 두드러진다.
정성적 접근법을 취하는 본 연구는 오랜 경력을 갖춘 실무자와의 심층 반구조화 면접에 바탕을 둔 사례연구를 제시한다. 본 연구는 현장의 목소리를 담아낸 데이터의 수집, 다양한 주체간의 협업, 피벗 템플릿의 작성 및 주석 과정, 협업으로서의 릴레이 번역이 가지는 시사 점과 도전과제를 보고함으로써 새롭게 부상하는 협업번역의 형태로서 이 주제가 가지는 특 징을 보여주고자 한다.
본 연구는 릴레이 번역을 ‘협업적’ 관행으로 재조명하고 확립하려는 초기 연구이다. 다양 한 언어의 자막번역, 그리고 릴레이 번역의 여타 형태에 대한 다양한 관점의 연구를 통해 본 연구의 성과를 확충하게 된다면 릴레이 번역의 복잡성과 함의에 대한 이해를 한층 제고할 수 있을 것이다.
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