The folklore surrounding house nameplates in contemporary Japanese society
The sincere wishes of the common people
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Published online: 30 November 2024
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.107
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.107
Abstract
This paper investigates the superstitious custom of stealing house nameplates (hyōsatsu), a practice believed to exemplify the characteristics of Japan’s nameplate culture. Drawing on newspaper and magazine articles, essays, novels, and previous academic studies, the paper aims to extract the defining features of this custom and explore its background. To date, there has been limited scholarly examination of this topic. One background factor that may have contributed to nameplates becoming tools of superstition is the beliefs and superstitions surrounding earlier symbols affixed to doors or rental property signs displayed outdoors before the modern appearance of nameplates. This suggests a continuity between premodern traditions and modern nameplates. The idea of preventing misfortune from entering the home has been inherited, albeit in changing forms, from premodern times. Additionally, like graves, seals, and other items, nameplates were considered objects imbued with spiritual significance, believed to influence fortune when specific actions were taken. This is likely because they display the name of the household head, which symbolizes the home itself. An examination of superstitions surrounding modern nameplates reveals that these small objects represent a unique aspect of Japanese material culture. The superstitions related to nameplate theft are likewise specific to Japanese culture. The distinct feature of nameplates—explicitly displaying names—has enabled their association with contagious magic. This magical aspect of nameplate theft connects to Japan’s premodern cultural traditions. In other words, the concept of contagious magic has not disappeared; rather, it has transformed, finding expression in digital forms and other manifestations, a trend that seems likely to continue. When intangible aspects of folklore, such as beliefs and rumors, intersect with tangible elements like nameplates, a clearly defined tradition emerges—or has the potential to emerge. This paper argues that such a convergence may represent the crystallization of a new cultural tradition.
Keywords: nameplates, superstitions, material culture, Japanese culture, stealing
要旨
本稿では、日本の表札文化の特徴を顕著に示すと考えられる、表札を盗 むという迷信的習俗について、新聞記事、雑誌記事、随筆、小説などを手がか りとしながら、先学による諸研究も加味しつつ、特徴を抽出しその背景にアプ ローチを試みた。この問題について、これまでになされた学術的検討は少ない ものである。 表札が迷信のツールとなった背景の一つに、前近代の表札出現以 前に、門戸に貼られた札や屋外に貼られた貸家札にまつわる信仰や迷信がある と考えられる。つまり、前近代からの伝統と近代に登場した表札との連続性で ある。家に厄が入ることを防ぐという発想が、前近代より形を変えながら継承 されていったことが窺える。また、表札は家、墓、印鑑などと同様に相がある とされ、運気が向上するには何々をするとよいと言われるようになった。これ は、家を象徴する戸主の姓名が書かれていることによるものであることに起因 するのと考えた。 表札という小さなモノを、近代以降の表札にまつわる俗信か ら検討した結果、表札は日本文化に独特の物質文化であり、それにまつわる表 札盗みの俗信もまた日本文化に限定されるものといえる。小さいながらも氏名 が明示されているという特徴は、感染呪術的な意味を持つことを可能にした。 こうした表札盗みの呪術的側面は、前近代の日本の伝統文化に接続することが 可能だろう。つまり感染呪術そのものは失われておらず、デジタルなどに形を 変えて継続していたのであり、そうした状況は今後も続いていくものと予想さ れる。信仰や噂話といった無形の民俗文化と表札という有形の民俗文化が結び つくことによってはじめて。明確な伝統文化となっている、あるいはそうなっ ていく可能性があるといえるのではなかろうか。
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