The translatability of multilingualism in Taiwanese literature
The case of Wu Ming-yi’s The Stolen Bicycle
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Published online: 30 November 2024
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.106
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v4i2.106
Abstract
This paper focuses on the issue of language use in literature, examining the techniques employed in multilingual literary works and the possibilities of translating such works. The subject of analysis is Taiwanese author Wu Ming-yi’s 2015 novel, The Stolen Bicycle [單車失竊記].While the novel is primarily written in Mandarin Chinese, it incorporates written representations of over a dozen languages. The study begins with the question of how these languages were blended and integrated into a cohesive work. Through analysis, it became clear that, aside from Mandarin, only four languages—Taiwanese Hokkien, Tsou, Japanese, and English—appear frequently in the text. Other languages make only a single appearance. Among these four, Taiwanese Hokkien appears most frequently, represented in Chinese characters, with romanized pronunciations thoughtfully appended to certain words. In contrast, Tsou in romanized letters, Japanese in kana, and English in the Latin alphabet are translated into or paraphrased in Mandarin, primarily through third-party translations or indirect speech, and are limited to proper nouns and proverbs. By relegating languages other than Taiwanese Hokkien to the background, the novel effectively reveals its multilingual nature, despite being structurally composed of only two dominant languages—Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien. After analyzing the original text, the study then compares it with the English translation by Darryl Sterk. One of the most noteworthy findings is that in the English translation, Japanese replaced Taiwanese Hokkien as the primary element representing the novel’s multilingualism. Not only were sections originally written in Japanese retained, but even parts originally written in Chinese characters were rendered in Japanese reading. A similar approach was applied to Tsou. Conversely, Taiwanese Hokkien, which played a central role in the original, was significantly reduced in the English translation, with only a few distinctive words or expressions retained. Additionally, the mixing of Mandarin Chinese and English, discernible in the original text, became harder to identify in the translation. These observations reveal that the language structure of the English translation differs significantly from the original, and the visibility of the text’s multilingualism is diminished. Based on these findings, the paper concludes that the methods of expressing multilingualism in a literary work are influenced by the characteristics of the dominant writing systems and the distances between the languages involved. Similarly, the translation of such works is inevitably subject to these constraints.
Keywords: multilingualism, translation, Taiwan, Wu Ming-yi, The Stolen Bicycle
要旨
本稿は文学の言語使用問題に注目し、多言語を使用した文学作品の方法 とそれに対する翻訳の可能性を考察するためのものである。対象として、台 湾人作家呉明益(Wu, Ming-yì)が2015年に発表した『單車失竊記(The Stolen Bicycle)』を取り上げた。同作品は主に中国語で書かれているが、十数種類に 及ぶ言語の文字表記を使用している。それらの言語をいかに混在させ、一つの まとまった作品として成り立たせたのかという問題意識が本稿の出発点であっ た。分析を通して、中国語以外で頻繁に出現する言語は台湾語、鄒語、日本 語、英語の4言語のみで、ほかの言語はほぼ一回しか出現しないことが明らかに なった。また、使用頻度の高い4言語のうち、台湾語は漢字表記という形で最 も多く挿入されており、単語によっては発音を示すローマ字表記が丁寧に付け 加えられている。これに対し、鄒語のローマ字表記と日本語の仮名と英語のア ルファベットは、第三者の翻訳または間接話法を通して中国語に置き換えられ ているため、固有の呼称やことわざを中心にちりばめられる程度にとどまる。 このように、台湾語以外の言語を後景化させることにより、実質的には中国語 と台湾語の2言語による構成にもかかわらず、多言語性を上手に開示することが できた。原作の方法を確認したあと、次の作業としてステルク・ダリル(Sterk Darryl)による英訳との比較対照に取り組んだ。得た結論の中で最も特筆すべ き点は、英訳の中で日本語が台湾語に取って代わって作品の多言語性を表す最 も重要な要素になったことである。元々日本語で表記された部分はもちろんだ が、漢字で表記された部分も日本語読みを当てて訳されている。同じことは、 鄒語についてもいえる。一方、原作の中で重要な位置を占めていた台湾語は逆 に大幅に省略され、一部の特徴的な単語や言い回ししか訳されていない。そし て英語は、原作では判別できた中国語との混用現象も分かりづらくなってい る。これらのことから、英訳では原作と比べ言語構成が変わり、多言語が混在 していることの視認性も低くなった。これを踏まえ、多言語を使用した作品の 表現方法自体は主要使用文字の特性と言語間の距離によって異なるのと同様 に、それに対する翻訳もそれらの制約を受けざるを得ない側面があると結論付 けた。
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