Indigenously doing disney
How the house of mouse portrays indigenous populations
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 30 November 2023
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v3i2.68
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v3i2.68
Abstract
In its hundred-year history, the Walt Disney Company has created multiple projects featuring characters from various minorities and indigenous groups. The purpose of this essay is to examine the later films of Walt Disney Animation Studios, beginning in the often-dubbed “Disney Renaissance” with Pocahontas and concluding with Frozen II, and analyze the portrayal of the native groups being featured within the narrative. Beyond this, the secondary aim of this paper is to determine whether or not any significant development has been made in said depictions in the studio’s projects, both as it pertains to narrative and visual representation, as well as reception from audience members, critics, and community leaders of said ethnic groups. Beyond the analysis of the chosen films and their reception, this essay will touch upon the potential confl cts which may arise when potentially vulnerable or traditionally ignored aboriginal groups see their culture commodified by corporations such as Disney. The findings of this essay are that while Walt Disney Animation Studios still struggles with representation and commercialization of indigenous groups, the company has evidently made efforts to respond to criticism, and increase its cooperation with aboriginal populations when developing feature film projects. For the most recent example, while the company’s immensely successful Frozen utilizes multiple facets of Sámi culture, it does not directly feature any characters of Sámi origin. For the sequel, however, the company made efforts to work with indigenous groups to ensure a more favorable representation, resulting in largely positive reception from Sámi audiences. Whilst there are still problematic elements present, and the company’s commitment to fair, accurate representation is likely motivated more by financial incentive than anything else, some progress has undoubtedly been made.
Keywords: Disney, animation, cultural sensitivity, indigenous studies, cinema studies
논문초록
지난 100년간 월트 디즈니 컴퍼니는 다양한 토착·소수민족이 등장하는 작품을 출 시하였다. ‘디즈니 르네상스’ 시기 작품인 ‘포카혼타스’부터 ‘겨울왕국 2’까지 이어지는 월트 디 즈니 애니메이션 스튜디오의 후기 작품을 살펴보면서 극중 토착민이 어떻게 묘사되는지 살 펴보는 것이 본고의 목표이다. 또한 지금까지 디즈니 작품에서 이러한 서사적·시각적 재현 에 유의미한 발전이 있었는지 살펴보는 것이 본고의 이차적인 목표라 하겠다. 본고에서는 대 상 작품과 그에 대한 세간의 평을 먼저 분석하였고, 이후 취약계층이자 소외집단인 토착민족 이 스스로의 문화가 디즈니와 같은 대기업에 의해 상품화 당하는 모습을 지켜보면서 발생하 는 문제점들에 대해서도 고찰하였다. 분석 결과 월트 디즈니 애니메이션 스튜디오는 여전히 토착문화의 재현·상품화에서 부족한 점은 있으나 비판을 수용하고 영화 제작 과정에서 토착 민족의 의견을 반영하기 위해 공을 들였다고 할 수 있겠다. 가장 최근 예를 살펴보면 성공작 이었던 ‘겨울왕국’은 사미 문화의 여러가지 요소를 차용하면서도 극중에 실제로 등장하는 사 미인 등장인물은 한 명도 없었는데, 후속작에서는 토착민과 협력을 통해 이들이 보다 긍정적 으로 재현되도록 하였고 이 덕분에 사미 관람객의 호응을 이끌어냈다. 여전히 문제 삼을만한 점이 있고 디즈니는 금전적 이익을 목적으로 토착문화를 정확하게 재현하기 위해 노력하는 것이겠지만 분명 진전이 있었음은 사실이다.
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