Italicization of translated Korean literature and Korean diasporic literature
A corpus-based study of the decision-making of translators and original authors
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Published online: 30 April 2023
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v3i1.60
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v3i1.60
Abstract
The present study takes a corpus-based approach to compare ten Korean novels translated into English with another ten Korean diasporic authentic novels written in English to explore differences in the use of italics between translated and non-translated literary texts. The focus is placed on how foreign words are italicized, since they represent the identity, history, and collective memories of Koreans as the interface between translated Korean literature and Korean diasporic literature. Especially since italics as a typographical device is seldom used in the Korean language, the italicization of foreign words also serves to reveal the style and decision of translators and their differences with original writers. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to see (a) if translated Korean literature and Korean diasporic literature exhibit significant differences in the use of italics; and (b) how the choices of original authors and translators differ in italicizing culture-specific and other foreign words. The present study employs Newmark’s (2001) typology to categorize culture-specific items (CSI) of foreign origin into six subcategories, while adopting Nord’s (2018, 1997) notion of phatic and expressive functions and developing other emerging categories to explain the italicized use of foreign words whose meaning is rather culturally universal but whose direct transfer in italicized form do convey cultural connotations.
The results of the analysis show that the most italicized category among all categories of italicization is foreign words, while the most notable difference is observed in emphatic italics. In the italicization of foreign CSIs, no significant difference is found except in one subcategory, while the lack of consistency in Romanization is noticeable in both corpora. As for non-CSIs, the use of phatic/expressive and foreignizing italics is significantly predominant in the non-translated corpus, reflecting the relative freedom of original authors to express a sense of otherness and diasporic identity. The present study provides unique insight on how the use of italics in foreign words elucidates the different styles and decisions of translators and original authors, but it will need to be complemented with a closer look into sentences containing these instances and a further review on the original texts of the translated corpus.
논문초록
본 연구는 코퍼스 기반 접근법을 활용하여 영어로 번역된 한국 소설 10편과 영어 로 집필된 한국 디아스포라 소설 10편을 비교 분석함으로써 번역 문학 텍스트와 비번역 문 학 텍스트간 이탤릭체 사용 양상의 차이를 탐구한다. 본 연구는 외국어 어휘에 대한 이탤릭 체 적용에 초점을 두고 있는데, 이는 외국어 어휘가 한국 번역 문학과 한국 디아스포라 문학 의 접점으로서 한국인의 정체성, 역사, 집단적 기억을 대표하기 때문이다. 특히 이탤릭체는 한국어에서 거의 사용되지 않는 타이포그래피 장치이기에, 외국어 어휘에 대한 이탤릭체 적 용은 번역사의 문체와 의사결정, 그리고 번역사와 작가 사이의 차이점을 드러내는 역할을 하 기도 한다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 (a) 한국 번역 문학과 한국 디아스포라 문학이 이탤릭체의 사 용에 있어 유의미한 차이를 드러내는지, 그리고 (b) 문화특정성을 가지는 외국어 어휘와 그 렇지 않은 외국어 어휘에 대한 이탤릭체 적용에 있어 번역사와 작가의 선택에 어떤 차이가 나타나는지를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구는 뉴마크(2001)의 분류를 채택하여 외국어에서 유 래한 문화특정항목(CSI)을 6가지 하위범주로 구분하는 한편, 노르트(2018, 1997)의 친교 (phatic) 및 표현(expressive) 기능을 도입하고 새롭게 확인되는 기타 범주를 개발하여 의미 자체는 문화보편성을 띠지만 이탤릭체 형태의 직접 전이 시 문화적 함축의를 가지는 외국어 어휘의 이탤릭체 활용 양상을 설명한다.
분석 결과 이탤릭체 적용의 전체 범주 중 이탤릭체 사용 빈도가 가장 높은 것은 기대한 바 와 같이 외국어 어휘인 반면, 가장 눈에 띄는 차이는 강조 용도의 이탤릭체 사용에서 관찰되 었다. 외국어 문화특정항목에 대한 이탤릭체 적용에서는 1개 하위범주를 제외하고 유의미 한 차이가 발견되지 않았으나, 두 코퍼스 모두 로마자 표기의 일관성 결여가 뚜렷하게 나타 났다. 문화특정항목이 아닌 외국어 어휘의 경우, 친교/표현 및 이국화 기능을 가지는 이탤릭 체 사용이 비번역 코퍼스에서 유의미하게 두드러졌으며, 이는 타자성과 디아스포라의 정체 성을 표현하는 데 있어 작가의 자유도가 상대적으로 높다는 점을 반영한다. 본 연구는 외국 어 어휘에서의 이탤릭체 사용이 번역사와 작가의 서로 다른 문체와 의사결정을 설명할 수 있 다는 고유한 통찰을 제공한다. 단, 향후 이들 사례가 포함된 문장에 대한 세부적 분석, 번역 코퍼스의 원문에 대한 추가적 검토를 통한 보완이 필요할 것이다.
핵심어: 한국 번역 문학, 한국 디아스포라 문학, 이탤릭체, 외국어 어휘, 문화특정항목, 코퍼 스 기반 접근법
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