Constructions of ‘Indonesian-ness’ in modern art and artistic identity in a politically fraught terrain during the 1950s
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 28 April 2022
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v2i1.16
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v2i1.16
Abstract
After four years of physical struggle and diplomacy, Indonesia’s independence was officially recognized, and its sovereignty transferred on 27 December 1949. While protracted struggle and sacrifice to obtain independence had galvanised the people around an idea of Indonesia, this shared experience and political victory could not provide the sole points of reference for the social and cultural transformation necessary to engender national unity. In this article, I engage three conflicting yet ultimately overlapping arguments and positions, each one positing a modern artistic subjectivity and perspectives of an Indonesian modern art. At stake was not only participation in constructing a national identity, and giving meaning and expression to an amorphous keIndonesiaan (Indonesian-ness), but also related issues of creative freedom and the role art and artists would play in its formation.
Regardless of their ideological differences, the positions discussed here share a common commitment to the nation and its future, and the conviction that the revolution remained incomplete—having achieved its political but not its social and cultural aims. This includes arguments of a complex figure of a new man/humanity. Here, I argue a construct of artistic subjectivity in which connotations of truth and authenticity are posited as aspects of a specific aesthetic identification within the discourse and construction of Indonesianness. The intellectual horizons under discussion were simultaneously egalitarian and elitist. Media and mediation played key roles in the dissemination of such arguments of modern artistic subjectivity.
I keep my case studies specific to ideas put forward by artists and writers publicized roughly between the years 1950 to 1955. During this brief period, just prior to the first national elections, the arts experienced a kind of democratization, and can be considered among the freest and most dynamic in terms of the relationship between art, politics and nationalism, between artists and the state.
Keywords: Modern art, Indonesia, artistic subjectivity, postcoloniality, LEKRA, Seni journal
논문초록
1949년 12월 27일, 4년에 걸친 전쟁과 외교노력 끝에 인도네시아는 공식적 으로 독립을 인정받고 자주권을 획득한다. 독립을 위한 지속적 투쟁과 희생으로 인도 네시아인은 ‘인도네시아’라는 통일국가를 중심으로 단결하게 되었지만, 이들의 공유경 험이나 일궈낸 정치적 성과만으로는 국가 차원의 단결을 위해 요구되었던 사회문화적 변화를 설명할 수 없을 것이다. 본 연구는 서로 상충되나 궁극적으로 공통된 세 가지 입장을 다루면서, 이들이 각각 현대미술의 주관성과 인도네시아 현대미술에 대해 갖고 있는 관점을 소개한다. 이들의 목표는 국가 정체성 형성에 대한 기여 뿐만 아니라 ‘인 도네시아다움’(keIndonesiaan)이라는 모호한 개념에 대한 의미 부여 및 구현, 그리고 관련사안인 창작의 자유의 문제와 그 형성과정에 예술 및 예술가가 수행하는 역할을 고찰하는 것이다.
본 연구에서 다루는 세 입장은 사상적 차이가 있을 수 있으나 모두 인도네시아라는 국가와 그 향후 발전에 기여하고자 했다는 점에서 맥을 같이 한다. 또한 혁명이 정치적 목표는 달성하였으나 사회문화적 목표는 달성하지 못한 미완 상태라는 믿음 면에서도 공동입장을 견지한다. 여기에는 새로운 인간/인류라는 복잡한 개념에 대한 입장도 포함 되어 있다. 본 연구에서 주창하는 예술적 주관성은 ‘인도네시아다움’이라는 논의와 그 형성 과정과 관련하여 진리와 진정성의 함의를 특정 미적 인식으로 상정한다. 본 연구 에서 다루는 학계의 논의는 평등주의적이면서도 엘리트주의적이다. 미디어와 미디어화 또한 현대 예술적 주관성에 대한 주장이 힘을 얻는데 중요한 역할을 하였다.
본 연구에서 소개하는 사례는 1950년부터 1955년까지 예술가와 평론가들이 주장한 바를 중심으로 한다. 구체적으로는 인도네시아의 첫 선거가 치뤄지기 이전의 짧은 기간 동안의 예술계를 중심으로, 예술, 정치, 국가주의라는 삼자 관계 및 예술가와 국가라는 양자 관계 모두에서 인도네시아 예술계가 가장 자유롭고 역동적인 시기였음을 밝힌다.
References (46)
Ajoeb, Joebaar. (2004). Gerhana Seni Rupa Modern Indonesia [Eclipse of Indonesian modern art]. Teplok Press.
Alisjahbana, Sutan Takdir. (1961). Indonesia in the Modern World. Office for Asian Affairs Congress for Cultural Freedom.
Antariksa. (2005). Tuan Tanah Kawin Muda: Hubungan Seni Rupa — Lekra, 1950–1965 [Tuan Tanah Kawin Muda: Relationship of fine art and Lekra 1950–1965]. Yayasan Seni Cemeti.
Bank Indonesia. (2021). Spesial Data Dissemination Standard. Retrieved August 27, 2021 from [URL]
Bodden, Michael. (2012). Dynamics and tensions of Lekra’s modern national theatre, 1959–1965. In Maya H. T. Liem & Jennifer Lindsay (Eds.), Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965 (pp. 453–484). KITLV Press.
. (2010). Modern drama, politics, and the postcolonial aesthetics of left-nationalism. Cultures at war: The Cold War and cultural expression in Southeast Asia, 45–80.
. (1997). Utopia and the shadow of nationalism: The plays of Sanusi Pane 1928–1940. Bijdragen; Journal of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, 3(153), 332–355.
Dirlik, Arif. (2000). Postmodernity’s Histories: The Past as Legacy and Project. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Foulcher, Keith. (2012). Bringing the world back home: Cultural traffic in Konfrontasi, 1954–1960. In Maya H. T. Liem & Jennifer Lindsay (Eds.), Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965 (pp. 31–56). KITLV Press.
. (1986). Social Commitment in Literature and the Arts: Indonesian ‘Institute of People’s Culture’ 1950–65. Centre for SEA Studies, Monash University.
Hall, Stuart. (1994). Cultural identity and diaspora. In Patrick Williams & Laura Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory (pp. 392–403). Colombia University Press.
Heinschke, Martina. (1996). Between Gelanggang and Lekra: Pramoedya’s developing literary concepts. Indonesia, 611, 145–169.
Hill, David T. (2010). Journalism and Politics in Indonesia: A Critical Biography of Mochtar Lubis (1922–2004) as Editor and Author. Routledge.
Jones, Tod. (2013). Culture, Power, and Authoritarianism in the Indonesian State: Cultural Policy across the Twentieth Century to the Reform Era. Brill.
Liem, Maya H. T. (2012). A bridge to the outside world: Literary translation in Indonesia, 1950–1965. In Maya H. T. Liem & Jennifer Lindsay (Eds.), Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965. KITLV Press.
Lindsay, Jennifer. (2012). Heirs to world culture 1950–1965, an introduction. In Maya H. T. Liem & Jennifer Lindsay (Eds.), Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950–1965 (pp. 1–27). KITLV Press.
Malna, Afrizal. (2000). Sesuatu Indonesia: Personifikasi Pembaca yang Tak Bersih [Something Indonesian: Personification of the unclean reader]. Yayasan Bentang Budaya.
McIntyre, Andrew. (1993). Sukarno’s artistic sensibility. In Andrew McIntyre (Ed.), Indonesian Biography: In Search of Cross-Cultural Understanding (pp. 162–209). Monash Papers on Southeast Asia.
Mihardja, Achidiat Karta (Ed.). (1954). Polemik Kebudayaan [Cultural polemic]. Perpustakaan Perguruan Kementerian PP dan K Jakarta dan Balai Pustaka.
Mohamad, Goenawan. (2002). Forgetting: Poetry and the nation, a motif in Indonesian modernism after 1945. In Keith Foulcher & Tony Day (Eds.), Clearing Space: Postcolonial Readings of Modern Indonesian Literature (pp. 183–211). KITLV Press.
Natalsya, Amrus. (1963). Aspek pokok dalam seni pahat Indonesia dewasa ini [Basic aspects in recent Indonesian sculpture]. Budaya, 12(3–5), 122–123.
. (1956). Sedikit pendapat sekitar patung Indonesia sekarang [Some thoughts on Indonesian sculpture today]. Budaya, 5(6–7), 249–257.
Protschky, Susie. (2017). Landscape painting in Indonesia: Continuity and change in President Sukarno’s collection. In Sze Wee Low & Patrick D. Flores (Eds.), Charting Thoughts: Essays on Arts in Southeast Asia (pp. 164–173). National Gallery Singapore.
Situmorang, Sitor. (1955a). Fungsi seniman dalam pertumbuhan kebudajaan Indonesia [The function of artists in Indonesia’s cultural growth]. Seni, 51, 195–203.
. (1955b). Pengaruh luar terhadap sastra Indonesia jang terbaru [Foreign influence on the latest Indonesian literature]. Seni, 31, 113–121.
Spanjaard, Helena. (2004). Exploring Modern Indonesian Art: The Collection of Dr. Oei Hong Djien. SNP Editions.
Sudarmadji. (1974). Dari Saleh sampai Aming: Seni Lukis Indonesian Baru dalam Sejarah dan Apresiasi [From Saleh to Aming: The new Indonesian art in history and appreciation]. ASRI.
Sudjojono, Sindoesoedarsono. (2000). Seni Lukis, Kesenian, dan Seniman [Painting, art(s) and artist]. Yayasan Aksara Indonesia.
Sudjoko. (1968). Refurbishing Indonesian art education [Typescript]. School of Art, Ohio State University.
Sumardjo, Trisno. (1955a). Basuki Abdullah, penggambar ninabobok dan penggiuran [Basuki Abdullah, illustrator of lullabies and tantrums]. Seni, 11, 45–47.
. (1955b). Tjatatan masalah kulturil-aktip dilapangan kesenian [Notes on the problem of an active culture in the field of art]. Seni, 11, 17–21.
. (1954). Bandung mengabdi laboratorium barat [Bandung serves the Western laboratorium]. Mingguan Siasat, 391(4), 26–27.
Sunindyo. (1955). Sekitar pameran seni rupa di Djawa Timur [About an exhibition of East Java art]. Seni, 31, 133–135.
Susanto, Mikke. (2014). Bung Karno: Kolektor dan Patron Seni Rupa Indonesia [Bung Karno: Collector and patron of Indonesian art]. DictiArtLab.
Tamrin, Misbach. (2008). Amrus Natalsya dan Bumi Tarung [Amrus Natalsya and Bumi Tarung (sanggar Fighting Arena)]. Amnat Studio.
