British feminism and the anti-slavery movement
A transatlantic perspective
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.
Published online: 30 November 2021
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v1i1.5
https://doi.org/10.54754/incontext.v1i1.5
Abstract
In recent years universities in the UK have been investigating the extent to which they might have benefitted from the Atlantic slave trade between the 17th and the early 19th centuries. Of course, it emerges that those benefits have long been contested and it is therefore also relevant to investigate the anti-slavery views and actions of some of those involved. This paper focuses on the main founder of the first residential institution of higher education for women in Britain, Emily Davies, and thus opens up a broader inquiry into the theme of women and the anti-slavery movement in 19th century Britain. The anti-slavery movement was the first major campaign in which British women became involved, beginning as early as the late 18th century and reaching peaks in the 1830s and 1860s. So, the women who formed the first generation of British feminists in the middle of the 19th century were deeply shaped by what they had seen the women of their parents’ and grandparents’ generations doing in campaigning for abolition: first of the British slave trade, next of chattel slavery on British territories and then of slavery in the United States. For all these age groups it became common to compare the position of middle-class women, particularly those who were married, with the position of black slaves. As a result, the American Civil War had a galvanizing impact on British women activists. The Ladies’ London Emancipation Society, set up in 1863 to propagandize for the Northern case against chattel slavery, became a central focal point for a network which went on to mount important domestic campaigns to improve their own situation in Britain: including the first movement for the extension of the vote to women and the establishment of the first residential college of higher education for women. In this way, the anti-slavery movement was not just one issue among many that early women activists were concerned about: it was the central issue which shaped the nature and the timing of the emergence of the feminist movement in British public life.
Keywords: Feminism, abolitionism, anti-slavery, higher education, British history
논문초록
최근 수 년 동안 영국의 여러 대학은 18세기에서 19세기 초까지 대서양 노 예무역에서 취했을 가능성이 있는 이득의 정도를 살펴보고 있다. 물론 이러한 이득에 대한 반론이 오랫동안 제기되어 왔기에, 노예제 반대 운동에 관여한 이들의 관점과 행 동에 대한 연구도 유의미할 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 영국 최초의 여성 고등교육 기관 창립을 주도한 에밀리 데이비스(Emily Davies)을 중심으로 19세기 영국의 여성과 노 예제 반대 운동을 주제로 한 광범위한 탐구에 나서고자 한다. 노예제 반대 운동은 영국 여성이 참여한 최초의 대규모 운동으로, 18세기 말에 시작해 1830~1860년대에 정점 을 이뤘다. 따라서 19세기 중반 영국의 1세대 여성주의자가 된 여성들에게 커다란 영 향을 미친 요소는 바로 부모 및 조부모 세대 여성의 노예제 폐지 운동 참여를 지켜본 경험이었다. 첫 번째는 영국 노예무역 폐지 운동이었고, 다음은 영국령 지역의 동산 노 예제 반대 운동이었으며, 미국 노예제 폐지 운동이 그 뒤를 이었다. 모든 연령대에서 중산층 여성, 특히 기혼 여성과 흑인 노예의 위치 비교가 흔하게 이루어졌다. 그렇기에 미국의 남북전쟁은 영국 여성운동가들에게 큰 충격을 주었다. 런던 여성해방회(Ladies’ London Emancipation Society)는 동산 노예제 폐지에 대한 북부의 대의를 선전하고 자 1863년 창립된 단체로, 이를 구심점 삼아 구축된 네트워크는 이후 영국 내 상황 개 선을 위해 중요한 국내 운동을 조직해 나갔다. 최초의 여성 참정권 확대 운동, 최초의 여성 고등교육 기관 설립 운동 등이 대표적이다. 그렇기에 노예제 반대 운동은 초기 여 성운동가들이 관심을 가졌던 수많은 이슈 중 하나가 아니라, 영국의 공공 영역에서 진 행된 여성주의 운동의 특성과 부상 시점을 결정지은 핵심 이슈라 할 수 있다.
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