Cover not available

In:Handbook of Terminology: Volume 3. Legal Terminology
Edited by Łucja Biel and Hendrik J. Kockaert
[Handbook of Terminology 3] 2023
► pp. 458–484

Get fulltext
PDF logo with download linkDownload Chapter PDF
EPUB logo with download linkDownload Chapter EPUB

Multilingual legal terminology databases

Workflows and roles

 | Eurac Research, Institute for Applied Linguistics
 | University of Vienna, Centre for Translation Studies
 | Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
Open Access logo
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives (CC BY-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 1 December 2023
DOI logo with link
https://doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.mul1
Abstract
This chapter focuses on multilingual legal terminology databases (MLTDBs) and their specific features. We address the aspects influencing the structure of MLTDBs, i.e., the number of legal systems, the different usage scenarios, and target users. We describe the steps within a typical workflow for creating MLTDBs, i.e., needs analysis, design, documentation, term extraction, compilation of terminological entries, revision and quality assurance, maintenance, and dissemination, highlighting differences with other domains. We list the roles involved in legal terminology work, considering not only human users but also the increasing role played by machines as a new type of user of terminological data for various applications. Finally, we discuss aspects of quality management, planning, assurance, and control in MLTDBs, including relevant standards.
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Terminology databases
  • 3.Multilingual Legal Terminology Databases
    • 3.1MLTDBs dealing with one legal system
    • 3.2MLTDBs dealing with two or more legal systems
    • 3.3Usage scenarios
    • 3.4Target users
    • 3.5Interaction with users
  • 4.Workflows
    • 4.1Needs analysis
    • 4.2Design and implementation of MLTDBs
    • 4.3Documentation
    • 4.4Term extraction
    • 4.5Compilation of terminological entries
    • 4.6Revision and QA
    • 4.7Maintenance
    • 4.8Dissemination
  • 5.Roles
    • 5.1Terminologists
    • 5.2Revisers
    • 5.3Terminology coordinators
    • 5.4Legal experts as domain experts
    • 5.5IT experts
    • 5.6Users of legal terminology
    • 5.7Machines
  • 6.Quality and MLTDBs
    • 6.1Quality management
    • 6.2MLTDB and international standards
    • 6.3Quality planning
    • 6.4Quality assurance and quality control
  • 7.Conclusions and outlook
  • Notes
  • References
References (87)
References
Ajani, Gianmaria, Domenico Francavilla, and Barbara Pasa. 2018. Diritto comparato. Lezioni e materiali, 2nd ed. Torino: Giappichelli.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arndt, Tamara, Silvia Cerrella Bauer, Mark Childress, Klaus Fleischmann, Beate Früh, Regine Hellerich, Rachel Herwartz, Ana Hoffmeister, François Massion, Peter Oehming, Uta Schmitt, Ayten Turhan, Ulrich Wachowius, Annette Weiland, Cecil A. Woas, and Wolfgang Zenk. 2020. “Module 5. Project and Process Management.” In Terminology Work. Best Practices 2.0, edited by Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V., 1–24. Köln: Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Arntz, Reiner, Heribert Picht, and Klaus-Dirk Schmitz. 2014. Einführung in die Terminologiearbeit, 7th ed. Hildesheim: OLMS.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bestué, Carmen. 2019. “A matter of Justice. Integrating Comparative Law Methods into the Decision-making Process in Legal Translation.” In Research Methods in Legal Translation and Interpreting. Crossing Methodological Boundaries, edited by Łucja Biel, Jan Engberg, M. Rosario Martín Ruano, and Vilelmini Sosoni, 130–147. London: Routledge. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Biel, Łucja. 2008. “Legal Terminology in Translation Practice: Dictionaries, Googling or Discussion Forums?” SKASE Journal of Translation and Interpretation 3(1):22–38.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. “Phraseology in Legal Translation.” In The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation, edited by Le Cheng, King Kui Sin, and Anne Wagner, 177–192. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Bowker, Lynne. 2015. “Terminology and Translation.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 304–323. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cabré Castellví, M. Teresa. 2006. “From Terminological Data Banks to Knowledge Databases: the Text as the Starting Point.” In Lexicography, Terminology and Translation. Text-based Studies in Honour of Ingrid Meyer, edited by Lynne Bowker, 93–106. Ottawa: Ottawa University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cao, Deborah. 2007. Translating Law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cauna, Eduards. 2018. “The Wisdom of Crowds in Terminology Creation: Is it Working?” In Proceedings of the EAFT Terminology Summit 2018 “3M4Q Making, Managing, Measuring Terminology. In the pursuit of Quality”, edited by UZEI, 51–52. Donostia: UZEI.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiocchetti, Elena and Natascia Ralli. 2016. “Ein Begriff, zwei Sprachen, unterschiedliche (Rechts)Kulturen.” In Terminologie und Kultur. Akten des Symposions, Mannheim, 3.-5. März, edited by Petra Drewer, Felix Mayer, and Klaus-Dirk Schmitz, 103–112. München: Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. “Experts and Terminologists: Exchanging Roles in the Elaboration of the Terminological Dictionary of the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT).” In Proceedings of the XVI EURALEX International Congress: The User in Focus, edited by Andrea Abel, Chiara Vettori & Natascia Ralli, 609–620. Bolzano: EURAC.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiocchetti, Elena and Tanja Wissik. 2018. “Kollaborative und kooperative Terminologiearbeit im Bereich Recht. Die Funktion der Rechtsfachleute.” Parallèles 30(1):137–153.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiocchetti, Elena, Barbara Heinisch-Obermoser, Georg Löckinger, Vesna Lušicky, Natascia Ralli, Isabella Stanizzi, and Tanja Wissik. 2013. Guidelines for Collaborative Legal/Administrative Terminology Work. Bolzano: EURAC.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chiocchetti, Elena, Tanja Wissik, Vesna Lušicky, and Michael Wetzel. 2017. “Quality Assurance in Multilingual Legal Terminological Databases.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 27:164–188.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Chromá, Marta. 2014. “Translation and the Law Dictionary.” In Legal Lexicography. A Comparative Perspective, edited by Máirtín Mac Aodha, 115–140. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cimiano, Philipp, Christian Chiarcos, John P. McCrae, and Jorge Gracia. 2020. Linguistic Linked Data: Representation, Generation and Applications. Berlin: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cimiano, Philipp, John P. McCrae, Víctor Rodriguez-Doncel, Tatiana Gornostay, Asunción Gomez-Perez, Benjamin Siemoneit, and Andis Lagzdins. 2015. “Linked Terminologies: Applying Linked Data Principles to Terminological Resources.” In Proceedings of the eLex 2015 Conference, edited by Iztok Kosem, Miloš Jakubíček, Jelena Kallas and Simon Krek, 504–517. Ljubljana: Trojina/Lexical Computing.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
CLARIN ERIC. 2021. Glossaries – Lexical Resources Family. Accessed July 13, 2022. [URL]
COTSOES – Conference of Translation Services of European States. 2002. Recommendations for Terminology Work, 2nd ed. Bern: Federal Chancellery.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Del Giudice, Federico. 2014. Manuale di diritto pubblico comparato, 7th ed. Napoli: Simone.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Di Buono, Maria Pia, Philipp Cimiano, Mohammad Fazleh Elahi, and Frank Grimm. 2020. “Terme-a-LLOD: Simplifying the Conversion and Hosting of Terminological Resources as Linked Data.” In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics (LDL-2020), edited by Maxim Ionov, John P. McCrae, Christian Chiarcos, Thierry Declerck, Julia Bosque-Gil and Jorge Gracia, 28–35. Paris: European Language Resources Association.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Dobrina, Claudia. 2010. “Terminology on Demand.” In Terminology in Everyday Life, edited by Marcel Thelen and Frieda Steurs, 81–95. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Drewer, Petra and Klaus-Dirk Schmitz. 2017. Terminologiemanagement. Grundlagen – Methoden – Werkzeuge. Berlin: Springer Vieweg. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Drewer, Petra, Ursula Fähndrich, Christina Kriele, Regula Miesch, Anna-Katharina Pantli, Donatella Pulitano, Peter Sandrini, Klaus-Dirk Schmitz, and Florian Simmen. 2020. “Module 6. Professional Profile, Required Skills, Training Content.” In Terminology Work. Best Practices 2.0, edited by Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V., 3–10. Köln: Deutscher Terminologie-Tag e.V.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Durán Muñoz, Isabel. 2012. La ontoterminografía aplicada a la traducción. Propuesta metodológica para la elaboración de recursos terminológicos dirigidos a traductores. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Fleischmann, Klaus. 2021. “More Efficiency, New Opportunities, and Greater Benefits.” In #AskTheExperts – Terminology and Artificial Intelligence. Accessed July 13, 2022. [URL]
Gambaro, Antonio and Roberto Sacco. 2009. Sistemi giuridici comparati, 3rd ed. Milano: UTET.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Gombos, Katalin. 2014. “EU Law Viewed Through the Eyes of a National Judge.” Accessed July 13, 2022. [URL]
Gotti, Maurizio. 2009. “Globalizing Trends in Legal Discourse.” In Translation Issues in Language and Law, edited by Frances Olsen, Alexander Lorz & Dieter Stein, 55–75. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Grass, Thierry. 2014. “Principes terminologiques pour la constitution d’une base de données pour la traduction juridique.” In Legal Lexicography. A Comparative Perspective, edited by Máirtín Mac Aodha, 103–114. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Groot, Gerard-René de. 1999. “Das Übersetzen juristischer Terminologie.” In Recht und Übersetzen, edited by Gerard-René de Groot and Rainer Schulze, 11–46. Baden Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2002. “Rechtsvergleichung als Kerntätigkeit bei der Übersetzung juristischer Terminologie.” In Sprache und Recht, edited by Ulrike Haß-Zumkehr, 222–239. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Heylen, Kris and Dirk De Hertog. 2015. “Automatic Term Extraction.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 203–221. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Id-Youss, Lahousseine. 2016. Concept System Construction: a Step toward Better Legal Communication. PhD diss., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
ISO 12616-1. 2021. Terminology Work in Support of Multilingual Communication – Part 1: Fundamentals of Translation-oriented Terminography. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 12620-1. 2022 Management of terminology resources – Data categories – Part 1: Specifications. Geneva: International Standardization Organization.
ISO 15188. 2001. Project Management Guidelines for Terminology Standardization. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 17100. 2015. Translation Services – Requirements for Translation Services. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 22128. 2008. Terminology Products and Services – Overview and Guidance. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 26162-1. 2019. Management of Terminology Resources – Terminology Databases – Part 1: Design. Geneva: International Standardization Organization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 30042. 2019. Management of Terminology Resources – TermBase eXchange (TBX). Geneva: International Standardization Organization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 704. 2022. Terminology Work – Principles and Methods. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 860. 2007. Terminology Work – Harmonization of Concepts and Terms. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
ISO 9000. 2015. Quality Management Systems – Fundamentals and Vocabulary. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kageura, Kyo and Elizabeth Marshman. 2020. “Terminology Extraction and Management.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Technology, edited by Minako O’Hagan, 61–77. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Karsch, Barbara Inge. 2015. “Terminology Work and Crowdsourcing. Coming to Terms with the Crowd.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 291–303. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kilgarriff, Adam, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Pavel Rychlý, and Vít Suchomel. 2014. “Finding Terms in Corpora for Many Languages with the Sketch Engine.” In Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Sweden, 2014, 53–56. Gothenburg: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Kockaert, Hendrik and Frieda Steurs, eds. 2015. Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Künnecke, Martina. 2013. “Translation in the EU: Language and Law in the EU’s Judicial Labyrinth.” Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 20(2):243–260. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Lušicky, Vesna and Tanja Wissik. 2015. Procedural Manual on Terminology: Translation-oriented Terminology Work. Skopje: Secretariat for European Affairs.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2019. “Language Resources in Repositories and Catalogues: Pilot Study on their Potential for LSP Teaching and Training.” In New Challenges for Research on Language for Special Purposes, edited by Ingrid Simonnæs, Øivin Andersen and Klaus Schubert, 327–342. Berlin: Frank & Timme.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Madsen, Bodil Nistrup and Hanne Erdman Thomsen. 2015. “Concept Modeling vs. Data Modeling in Practice.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol., 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 250–275. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Matteucci, Alessandra. 2006. “La terminologia dei componenti strutturali della motocicletta Aprilia: uno studio sulla variazione linguistica aziendale.” Mediazioni 3:1–10.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Mattila, Heikki E. S. 2012. “Legal Vocabulary.” In The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law, edited by Peter M. Tiersma ‎and Lawrence Solan, 27–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
McCrae, John P., Philipp Cimiano, and Víctor Rodriguez-Doncel. 2015. Guidelines for Linguistic Linked Data Generation: Multilingual Terminologies (tbx). Accessed July 13, 2022. [URL]
Melby, Alan K. 2012. “Terminology in the Age of Multilingual Corpora.” The Journal of Specialised Translation 18:7–28.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Molina, Lucía and Amparo Hurtado Albir. 2002. “Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach.” Meta. Translators’ Journal 47(4):498–512. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Montiel-Ponsoda, Elena, Julia Bosque-Gil, Jorge Gracia, Guadalupe Aguado de Cea, and Daniel Vila-Suero. 2015. “Towards the Integration of Multilingual Terminologies: an Example of a Linked Data Prototype.” In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Terminology and Artificial Intelligence, Granada, 2015, 205–206. [URL]
Nielsen, Sandro. 2014. “Database of Legal Terms for Communicative and Knowledge Information Tools.” In Legal Lexicography. A Comparative Perspective, edited by Máirtín Mac Aodha, 153–175. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Nord, Britta. 2002. Hilfsmittel beim Übersetzen: eine empirische Studie zum Rechercheverhalten professioneller Übersetzer. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pazienza, Maria Teresa, Marco Pennacchiotti, and Fabio Massimo Zanzotto. 2005. “Terminology Extraction: An Analysis of Linguistic and Statistical Approaches”. In Knowledge Mining, edited by Spiros Sirmakessis, 255–279. Berlin: Springer. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Peruzzo, Katia. 2014. “MuLex: a Proposal for a Legal Translation-oriented TKB with Graphical Representation.” Informatica e diritto 23(1):251–274.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2018. “Risorse terminologiche su misura: indagine e riflessione sulle necessità e le preferenze degli studenti di Giurisprudenza.” In La banca dati TERMitLEX: un nuovo modello interdisciplinare per la terminografia giuridica, edited by Marella Magris, 87–106. Trieste: EUT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pommer, Sieglinde. 2006. Rechtsübersetzung und Rechtsvergleichung. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Pontrandolfo, Gianluca. 2018. “TERMitLEX al servizio della traduzione giuridica tra spagnolo e italiano.” In La banca dati TERMitLEX: un nuovo modello interdisciplinare per la terminografia giuridica, edited by Marella Magris, 107–124. Trieste: EUT.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Popiołek, Monika. 2015. “Terminology Management within a Translation Quality Assurance Process.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 341–359. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2014. “Parameters for Problem-Solving in Legal Translation: Implications for Legal Lexicography and Institutional Terminology Management.” In The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation, edited by Le Cheng, King Kui Sin & Anne Wagner, 121–134. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
RaDT – Rat für Deutschsprachige Terminologie. 2004. Professional Profile For Terminologists. Bern: Rat für Deutschsprachige Terminologie.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2020. Berufsprofil 2.0 Terminologin – Terminologe, 2nd ed. Köln: Rat für Deutschsprachige Terminologie.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Ralli, Natascia and Norbert Andreatta. 2018. “ bistro – ein Tool für mehrsprachige Rechtsterminologie.” trans-kom 11(1):7–44.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rehm, Georg, Julián Moreno-Schneider, Jorge Gracia, Artem Revenko, Víctor Mireles, Maria Khvalchik, Ilan Kernerman, Andis Lagzdins, Marcis Pinnis, Artus Vasilevskis, Elena Leitner, Ján Milde, and Pia Weißenhorn. 2019. “Developing and Orchestrating a Portfolio of Natural Legal Language Processing and Document Curation Services.” In Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2019, 55–66. Minneapolis: Association for Computational Linguistics. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Reininghaus, David. 2018. “WIPO Pearl – Patentwissen mit Struktur.” Edition 1:11–16.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Doncel, Víctor, Cristiana Santos, Pompeu Casanovas, Asunción Gomez-Perez, and Jorge Gracia. 2015. “A Linked Data Terminology for Copyright Based on Ontolex-lemon.” In AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems, edited by Ugo Pagallo, Monica Palmirani, Pompeu Casnovas, Giovanni Sartor, and Serena Villata, 410–423. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Sandrini, Peter. 2009. “Der transkulturelle Vergleich von Rechtsbegriffen.” In Legal Language in Action: Translation, Terminology, Drafting and Procedural Issues, edited by Susan Šarčević, 151–165. Zagreb: Globus.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
. 2014. “Multinational Legal Terminology in a Paper Dictionary.” In Legal Lexicography. A comparative perspective, edited by Máirtín Mac Aodha, 141–152. London: Routledge.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Šarčević, Susan. 1997. New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Schmitz, Klaus-Dirk. 2020. “Konzeption und Einrichtung von Terminologiedatenbanken. 12 Schritte zum Erfolg.” Edition 1:11–17.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Simonnæs, Ingrid. 2018. “Terminologische Datenbanken als Verstehens- und Formulierungshilfe beim Übersetzen von Rechtstexten.” Parallèles 30(1):120–136.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Steurs, Frieda, Ken De Wachter, and Evi De Malsche. 2015. “Terminology Tools.” In Handbook of Terminology, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by Hendrik J. Kockaert and Frieda Steurs, 222–249. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Tamás, Dóra Mária and Eszter Sermann. 2019. “Evaluation System for Online Terminological Databases.” Terminologija 26(1):24–46. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vanden Bulcke, Patricia and Carine De Groote. 2016. “JuriGenT, un banco de datos jurídico neerlandés/español diferente.” CLINA 2(2):15–38. Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Varga, Cristina. 2013. “Virtualization of Research in Terminology. Cloud-based Terminology Management Tools.” Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of Timişoara Transactions on Modern Languages 12(1–2):27–42.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vasiljevs, Andrejs, Signe Rirdance, and Tatjana Gornostay. 2010. “Reaching the User: Targeted Delivery of Federated Content in Multilingual Term Bank.” In Proceedings of the Terminology and Knowledge Engineering Conference “Presenting Terminology and Knowledge Engineering Resources Online: Models and Challenges” (TKE 2010), 12–13 August 2010, Dublin, 38–39. Dublin: Fiontar.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Vezzani, Federica, Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio, and Geneviève Henrot. 2018. “TriMED: A Multilingual Terminological Database.” In Proceedings of the 11th Edition of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Miyazaki, 2018, 4367–4371. Luxemburg: European Language Resources Association (ELRA).Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Wissik, Tanja. 2014. Terminologische Variation in der Rechts- und Verwaltungssprache. Deutschland – Österreich – Schweiz. Berlin: Frank & Timme.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Zweigert, Konrad and Hein Kötz. 1996. Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung auf dem Gebiete des Privatrechts, 3rd ed. Tübingen: Mohr.Google Scholar logo with link to Google Scholar
Cited by (2)

Cited by two other publications

Meng, Lingyi, Maolin Liu, Hao Wang, Yilan Cheng, Qi Yang & Idlkaid Mohanmmed
2025. Building from scratch: a multi-agent framework with human-in-the-loop for multilingual legal terminology mapping. Artificial Intelligence and Law DOI logo
Wissik, Tanja
2025. Impact of automatic term extraction on terminology work. Terminology. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication 31:1 ► pp. 110 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 11 december 2025. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.

Mobile Menu Logo with link to supplementary files background Layer 1 prag Twitter_Logo_Blue