Cumulative index Cumulative index

doi:10.1075/hop.27.si

In:Handbook of Pragmatics: 27th Annual Installment
Edited by Mieke Vandenbroucke, Jana Declercq, Frank Brisard and Sigurd D’hondt
[Handbook of Pragmatics 27] 2024
► pp. 243–273

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Cumulative index

Published online: 31 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.27.si

A

Abduction See Grounded theory ( M ) ; Language change ( H )

Abuse See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Academic concept See Vygotsky ( H )

Academic language See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Acceptability See Generative semantics ( MT )

Accessibility See Anaphora ( H )

Accommodation See Contact ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H )

Accommodation theory (MT); see also Adaptability ( H); Age and language use ( H); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Social psychology ( MT )

Accounting See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Social psychology ( MT )

Acoustics See Sound symbolism ( H )

Action See Action theory ( MT ) ; Agency and language ( H ) ; Austin ( H ) ; Bühler ( H ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Ethnomethodology ( MT ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Philosophy of action ( MT ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Action theory (MT); see also Agency and language ( H); Grounded theory ( M); Philosophy of action ( MT )

Activation See Relational ritual ( H )

Activity See Action theory ( MT )

Activity types and pragmatic acts (H26); see also Pragmemes ( H22 )

Adaptability (H); see also Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26); Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

Adjacency pair See Prosody ( H ) ; Sequence ( H )

Adjective See Experimental pragmatics ( M )

Adjunct control See Control phenomena ( H )

Adolescent See Youth language ( H25 )

Adorno, T. See Critical theory ( MT )

Affect See Appraisal ( H ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Affiliation/disaffiliation → See Affect

Affirmation See Negation ( H )

Affordance See Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Social media research ( T )

Age and language use (H); see also ‘Other’ representation ( H); Swearing ( H25); Youth language ( H25 )

Ageism See Age and language use ( H )

Agency and language (H); see also Action theory ( MT); Case and semantic roles ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Intentionality ( H); Metapragmatics ( MT); Motivation and language ( H )

Agreement See Social media research ( T ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Aisatsu (H)

Aktionsart See Tense and aspect ( H )

Alignment See Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Stance ( H21 )

Allegory See Conceptual integration ( H )

Allopract See Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 )

Ambiguity See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Amerindian languages See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Boas ( H )

Analysis See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Analytical philosophy (MT); see also Austin ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Hermeneutics ( M); Philosophy of language ( MT); Speech act theory ( MT); Truth-conditional semantics ( MT); Wittgenstein ( H )

Anaphora (H); see also Grounding ( H); Indexicals and demonstratives ( H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Tense and aspect ( H )

Anderson, Benedict (H21)

Animal communication See Adaptability ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Primate communication ( H )

Annotation See Corpus analysis ( MM ) ; Corpus pragmatics ( M )

Antecedent See Anaphora ( H )

Anthropological linguistics (MT); see also Anderson ( H21); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Chronotope ( H25); Cognitive anthropology ( MT); Componential analysis ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Fieldwork ( MM); Gesture research ( T); Gumperz ( H); Hermeneutics ( M); Hymes ( H26); Indexicality ( ) ; Intercultural communication ( H); Language ideologies ( H); Malinowski ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Metapragmatics ( MT); Nexus analysis ( T); Phatic communion ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Pragmatics of script ( H22); Sapir ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Ta’ārof ( H22); Taxonomy ( MM); Transience ( H22); Truthfulness ( H); Whorf ( H )

Anthropology See Hymes ( H26 )

Anti-language See Jargon ( H )

Apel, K. O. See Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Aphasia See Adaptability ( H ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Apology See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Mediated performatives ( H )

Appeal → See Functions of language

Applied linguistics (MT); see also Forensic linguistics ( T); Intercultural communication ( H); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Appraisal (H); see also Emphasis ( H); Halliday ( H26); Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Appreciation See Appraisal ( H ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

Appropriateness See Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Approval and disapproval See Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Arbitrariness See Adaptability ( H ) ; Iconicity ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Structuralism ( MT )

Archive See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Archiving See Working with language data ( M25 )

Areal linguistics See Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Language change ( H )

Argument structure (H23); see also Dependency

Argumentation See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Rhetoric ( MT )

Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H); see also Argumentation theory ( MT )

Argumentation theory (MT); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H); Rhetoric ( MT )

Articulation See Humboldt ( H ) ; Sound symbolism ( H )

Artificial intelligence (MT); see also Cognitive psychology ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Communication ( H); Computational linguistics ( MT); Connectionism ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Frame analysis ( M); Frame semantics ( T); Speech act theory ( MT )

Artificial life See Language acquisition ( H )

Ascription See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Aspect See Event representation ( H22 ) ; Markedness ( H ) ; Tense and aspect ( H )

Assertion See Austin ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Assimilation See Language rights ( H )

Asymmetric interaction See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

Attention and language (H)

Attitude See Appraisal ( H ) ; Dialectology ( MT ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Pluricentric languages ( H23 ) ; Social psychology ( MT ) ; Stance ( H21 )

Attribution theory See Social psychology ( MT )

Audience → See Hearer

Audience design → See Recipient design

Audience effect See Primate communication ( H )

Augmentative See Morphopragmatics ( T )

Austin, J. L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Contextualism ( T); Grice ( H); Speech act theory ( MT )

Authenticity (H); see also Identity ( H24); Reported speech ( H )

Authier-Revuz, J. See Énonciation ( H )

Authority (H); see also Evidentiality ( H22); Honorifics ( H )

Authorship See Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T )

Autism (H); see also Clinical pragmatics ( T); Conceptual integration ( H )

Auto-ethnography See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Automata theory See Computational linguistics ( MT )

Automated communication See Globalization ( H25 )

Automaticity See Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (MT); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( MT); Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT); Structuralism ( MT )

Autonomy See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Avoidance See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Wakimae ( H26 )

Awareness See Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Axiology See Morris ( H )

B

Baby talk → See Motherese

Back channel cue See Listener response ( H )

Background information See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Common ground ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Backgrounding See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Grounding ( H )

Bakhtin, M.M. (H); see also Chronotope ( H25); Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Crossing ( H26); Dialogical analysis ( MM); Genre ( H); Heteroglossia ( H26); Ideology ( H); Intertextuality ( H); Polyphony ( H); Reported speech ( H )

Bally, C. See Énonciation ( H )

Basilect See Creole linguistics ( MT )

Bateson, G. (H); see also Communication ( H )

Behaviorism (MT); see also Cognitive psychology ( MT); Grice ( H); Morris ( H); Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT )

Benveniste, E. (H); see also Énonciation ( H )

Bernstein, B. See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Bilingualism and multilingualism (H); see also Accommodation theory ( MT); Anderson ( H21); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Borrowing ( H); Code-switching ( H); Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Contact ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Developmental psychology ( MT); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Intercultural communication ( H); Language contact ( H); Language dominance and minorization ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); The multilingual lexicon ( H); Pragmatics of script ( H22); Social psychology ( MT); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Transience ( H22); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Binding See Anaphora ( H )

Biodiversity See Language ecology ( H )

Biology See Morris ( H )

Biosemiotics See Communication ( H )

Blended data See Social media research ( T )

Blog See Social media research ( T )

Boas, F. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Culture ( H); Fieldwork ( MM); Sapir ( H); Typology ( MT); Whorf ( H )

Body See Ta’ārof ( H22 ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Bootstrapping See Language acquisition ( H )

Borrowing (H); see also Contact ( H); Interjections ( H); Language contact ( H )

Bourdieu, P. (H); see also Anderson ( H21); Ideology ( H); Legitimation Code Theory ( T25); Power and the role of language ( H25); Social institutions ( H )

Brain See Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Developmental dyslexia ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T )

Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Bureaucratic language See Applied linguistics ( MT )

Business communication See Communication ( H )

Bühler, K. (H); see also Language psychology ( T); Phatic communion ( H )

C

Caretaker discourse See Age and language use ( H )

Carnap, R. See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Intensional logic ( MT )

Carnival(esque) See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H )

Cartesian philosophy See Chomskyan linguistics ( MT )

Case and semantic roles (H); see also Agency and language ( H); Case grammar ( MT); Cognitive grammar ( MT); Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Dependency and valency grammar ( MT); Functional grammar ( MT); Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Case grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles ( H); Construction grammar ( MT); Dependency and valency grammar ( MT); Frame semantics ( T); Functional grammar ( MT); Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Caste and language (H23)

Catastrophe theory (MT)

Categorial imperative See Truthfulness ( H )

Categorization (H); see also Adaptability ( H); Cognitive grammar ( MT); Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Language dominance and minorization ( H); Membership categorization analysis ( T); Polysemy ( H )

Causality (H)

Census See Caste and language ( H23 )

Centering theory See Tense and aspect ( H )

Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication (H)

Cerebral representation of language See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Channel (H); see also Computer-mediated communication ( H); Conversation types ( H); Literacy ( H); Mass media ( H); Non-verbal communication ( H); Politeness ( H); Social media research ( T); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Chaos theory See Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Chat See Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Child language See Ellipsis ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

‘CHILDES’ See Language acquisition ( H )

Choice-making See Adaptability ( H )

Chomskyan linguistics (MT); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT); Interpretive semantics ( MT); Language acquisition ( H); Mentalism ( MT )

Chronometric studies See Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Chronotope (H25); see also Bakhtin ( H )

Chunking See Linear Unit Grammar ( T )

Cicourel, A. V. See Cognitive sociology ( MT )

Citation See Working with language data ( M25 )

Class See Social class and language ( H )

Classification1 See Typology ( MT )

Classification2 See Taxonomy ( MM )

Classroom interaction See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H )

Clause structure See Attention and language ( H ) ; Control phenomena ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Clinical pragmatics (T); see also Cerebral representation of language; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24); Perception and language ( H )

Co-ordination See Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Ellipsis ( H )

Code See Code-switching ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Register ( H ) ; Semiotics ( MT )

Code-autonomy See Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 )

Code-switching (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Borrowing ( H); Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Contact linguistics ( MT); Crossing ( H26); Heteroglossia ( H26); Language contact ( H); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Code-switching and translanguaging (H22); see also Crossing ( H26); Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Codemixing See Code-switching ( H ) ; Crossing ( H26 )

Coding See Bateson ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 )

Cognate See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Cognition See Adaptability ( H ) ; Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Cognitive anthropology (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT )

Cognitive grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles ( H); Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Metaphor ( H )

Cognitive linguistics (MT); see also Attention and language ( H); Case and semantic roles ( H); Cognitive grammar ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Directive ( H26); Embodiment ( H); Emotions ( H21); Event representation ( H22); Gesture research ( T); Hermeneutics ( M); Humor ( H23); Language psychology ( T); Mental spaces ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

Cognitive pragmatics See Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Cognitive psychology (MT); see also Artificial intelligence ( MT); Behaviorism ( MT); Clinical pragmatics ( T); Cognitive science ( MT); Comprehension vs. production ( H); Connectionism ( MT); Developmental psychology ( MT); Experimentation ( MM); Frame semantics ( T); Gesture research ( T); Intentionality ( H); Perception and language ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Cognitive science (MT); see also Artificial intelligence ( MT); Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Cognitive psychology ( MT); Connectionism ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Experimentation ( MM); Grice ( H); Mentalism ( MT); Perception and language ( H); Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Cognitive semantics See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Componential analysis ( MT ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

Cognitive sociology (MT); see also Emphasis ( H); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Symbolic interactionism ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Cohesion and coherence (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Ellipsis ( H); Frame analysis ( M); Systemic functional grammar ( MT); Tense and aspect ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Collaboration in dialogues (H); see also Common ground ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Listener response ( H )

Colligation See Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H )

Collocation and colligation (H)

Colonization See Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Color terms See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Lexical semantics ( T ) ; Perception and language ( H )

Commodification See Ideology ( H )

Common ground (H); see also Cognitive science ( MT); Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Communication ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Common sense See Ethnomethodology ( MT )

Communication (H); see also Common ground ( H )

Communication disorders → See Language disorders

Communication failure See Applied linguistics ( MT )

Communicational dialectology See Dialectology ( MT )

Communicative competence See Ethnography of speaking ( MT ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Hymes ( H26 ) ; Linguistic explanation ( MM ) ; Motivation ( H )

Communicative dynamism (H); see also Functional sentence perspective ( H); Ọmọlúàbí ( H); Word order ( H )

Communicative effect See Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Communicative style (H); see also Cultural scripts ( H); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Non-verbal communication ( H); Register ( H )

Communicative success vs. failure (H)

Community See Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Community of practice See Social class and language ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Comparative method See Contrastive analysis ( MM )

Competence vs. performance → See Cerebral representation of language; Chomskyan linguistics ( MT )

Complaining (H25)

Complement control See Control phenomena ( H )

Complexity See Workplace interaction ( H25 ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

Compliment See Corpus pragmatics ( M )

Componential analysis (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Cultural scripts ( H); Generative semantics ( MT); Lexical field analysis ( MT); Lexical semantics ( T); Structuralism ( MT )

Comprehension vs. production (H); see also Cohesion and coherence ( H); Communication ( H); Irony ( H); Mediated performatives ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT); Speech act theory ( MT); Text comprehension ( H )

Compression See Conceptual integration ( H )

Computational linguistics (MT); see also Artificial intelligence ( MT); Lexical functional grammar ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Computational pragmatics (T)

Computer communication See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Computer corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Computer modeling See Cognitive science ( MT )

Computer programming See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Computer-mediated communication (H); see also Chronotope ( H25); Complaining ( H25); Computational pragmatics ( T); Literacy ( H); Social media research ( T )

Conceptual blending See Conceptual integration ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H )

Conceptual dependency theory See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Conceptual integration (H)

Conceptual metaphor theory See Metaphor ( H )

Conceptual semantics (T); see also Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Conceptual vs. linguistic representation See Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Event representation ( H22 )

Conceptualization See Cognitive grammar ( MT ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( MT ) ; Event representation ( H22 )

Condition of satisfaction See Intentionality ( H )

Conditional See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Conflict talk See Applied linguistics ( MT )

Connectionism (MT); see also Artificial intelligence ( MT); Cognitive psychology ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Language acquisition ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Connectivity See Cohesion and coherence ( H )

Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Consciousness and language (H); see also Attention and language ( H); Folk pragmatics ( T); Metapragmatics ( MT); Participation ( H); Perception and language ( H )

Considerateness → See Tact

Consistency-checking device See Manipulation ( H )

Construction grammar (MT); see also Case grammar ( MT); Emergent grammar ( T); Frame semantics ( T); Word order ( H )

Constructional analysis (T); see also Collocation and colligation ( H); Construction grammar ( MT); Constructional analysis ( T )

Constructionism See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Developmental psychology ( MT ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H )

Constructivism → See Constructionism

Contact (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Creole linguistics ( MT); Creoles and creolization ( H); Crossing ( H26); Language change ( H); Language contact ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Contact linguistics (MT); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Contact ( H); Creole linguistics ( MT); Creoles and creolization ( H); Dialectology ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Interjections ( H); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Speech community ( H); Typology ( MT); Variational pragmatics ( T )

Context and contextualization (H); see also Accommodation theory ( MT); Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26); Aisatsu ( H); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Argument structure ( H23); Artificial intelligence ( MT); Bateson ( H); Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive science ( MT); Cohesion and coherence ( H); Common ground ( H); Communication ( H); Communicative style ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Contextualism ( T); Conversation analysis ( MT); Conversation types ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Crossing ( H26); Dialogical analysis ( MM); Discourse markers ( H); Ellipsis ( H); Emphasis ( H); Énonciation ( H); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Frame analysis ( M); Generative semantics ( MT); Goffman ( H); Gumperz ( H); Halliday ( H26); Hymes ( H26); Impoliteness ( H); Indexicals and demonstratives ( H); Integrational linguistics ( T); Intensional logic ( MT); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Intertextuality ( H); Language psychology ( T); Laughter ( H); Literary pragmatics ( MT); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT); Motivation and language ( H); Narrative ( H); Notation in formal semantics ( MN); Politeness ( H); Polysemy ( H); Presupposition ( H); Prosody ( H); Rhetoric ( MT); Social media research ( T); Stance ( H21); Style and styling ( H21); Symbolic interactionism ( MT); Tactile sign languages ( H21); Text comprehension ( H); Truthfulness ( H); Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Context change See Context and contextualization ( H )

Context modelling See Formal pragmatics ( MT )

Context-of-situation See Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Firthian linguistics ( MT ) ; Malinowski ( H ) ; Register ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Context-sensitive vs. context-free grammar See Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Context-sensitiveness See Context and contextualization ( H )

Contextualism (T); see also Context and contextualization ( H )

Contextualization cue See Gumperz ( H ) ; Style and styling ( H21 )

Continuity See Historical politeness ( T )

Continuity hypothesis See Language acquisition ( H )

Contrast See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Contrastive analysis (MM); see also Developmental psychology ( MT); Error analysis ( MM); Historical politeness ( T); Intercultural communication ( H); Interlanguage pragmatics ( T); Language change ( H); Pragmatic markers ( H )

Contrastive pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive pragmatics ( T); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Interlanguage pragmatics ( T); Mianzi / lian ( H21); Translation studies ( T); Typology ( MT); Variational pragmatics ( T )

Control See Public discourse ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H )

Control phenomena (H)

Conventional implicature See Grice ( H ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Conventionalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Conventionality See Adaptability ( H ) ; Conventions of language ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Metaphor ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Primate communication ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Wakimae ( H26 )

Conventions of language (H); see also Austin ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Grice ( H); Speech act

Convergence See Accommodation theory ( MT ) ; Contact ( H )

Conversation See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( MT ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Institutional interaction ( H23 ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Narrative ( H )

Conversation analysis (MT); see also Age and language use ( H); Communication ( H); Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Context and contextualization ( H); Conversation types ( H); Conversational storytelling ( H24); Discourse markers ( H); Embodied interaction ( H23); Emphasis ( H); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Forensic linguistics ( T); Goffman ( H); Gumperz ( H); Hermeneutics ( M); Humor ( H23); Institutional interaction ( H23); Interactional linguistics ( T); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Intertextuality ( H); Language psychology ( T); Laughter ( H); Linear Unit Grammar ( T); Listener response ( H); Mass media ( H); Membership categorization analysis ( T); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N); Overlap ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Prosody ( H); Repair ( H); Sacks ( H); Sequence ( H); Social psychology ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Therapeutic conversation ( H); Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( MN); Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Conversation types (H)

Conversational implicature (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Clinical pragmatics ( T); Context and contextualization ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Ellipsis ( H); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Grice ( H); Implicature and language change ( H); Implicitness ( H); Interlanguage pragmatics ( T); Language and the law ( H); Politeness ( H); Relevance theory ( MT); Speech act theory ( MT); Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T); Truthfulness ( H )

Conversational logic (MT); see also Context and contextualization ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Generative semantics ( MT); Grice ( H); Philosophy of language ( MT); Relevance theory ( MT); Speech act theory ( MT )

Conversational move → See Move

Conversational storytelling (H24); see also Conversation analysis ( MT); Life stories ( H); Narrative ( H )

Conversationalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Cooperative principle See Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Conversational logic ( MT ) ; Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Universals ( H23 )

Copenhagen circle See Structuralism ( MT )

Coreference See Anaphora ( H )

Corpus analysis (MM); see also Collocation and colligation ( H); Corpus pragmatics ( M); Language acquisition ( H); Leech ( H); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T); Pragmatic markers ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT); Statistics ( MM); Structuralism ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Translation studies ( T); Variational pragmatics ( T )

Corpus pragmatics (M); see also Corpus analysis ( MM )

Correlational sociolinguistics (T); see also Dialectology ( MT); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Pluricentric languages ( H23); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Statistics ( MM )

Coseriu See Structuralism ( MT )

Cosmology See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Courtroom conversation See Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Language and the law ( H )

Creativity in language use (H); see also Authenticity ( H); Bühler ( H); Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Cognitive science ( MT); Euphemism ( H24); Humboldt ( H); Language acquisition ( H); Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Creature construction See Grice ( H )

Creole linguistics (MT); see also Contact ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Creoles and creolization ( H); Historical linguistics ( MT); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Creoles and creolization (H); see also Contact ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Creole linguistics ( MT); Historical linguistics ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Language contact ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT); see also Emphasis ( H); General semantics ( MT); Ideology ( H); Intercultural communication ( H); Intertextuality ( H); Language ideologies ( H); Manipulation ( H); Marxist linguistics ( MT); Mass media ( H); Nexus analysis ( T); Polyphony ( H); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text linguistics ( MT); Truthfulness ( H )

Critical theory (MT); see also Intercultural communication ( H); Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Cross-cultural communication See Intercultural communication ( H )

Cross-cultural pragmatics See Directive ( H26 ) ; Listener response ( H ) ; Overlap ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Wakimae ( H26 )

Cross-cultural psychology See Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Developmental psychology ( MT )

Cross-sectional method See Developmental psychology ( MT )

Crossing (H26); see also Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Heteroglossia ( H26); Style and styling ( H21 )

Crying See Emotion display ( H )

Culioli, A. See Énonciation ( H )

Cultural anthropology See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Cultural model See Cognitive science ( MT )

Cultural scripts (H); see also Communicative style ( H); Componential analysis ( MT); Culture ( H )

Cultural studies See Ethnography of speaking ( MT ) ; Literary pragmatics ( MT ) ; Translation studies ( T )

Culture (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Behaviorism ( MT); Boas ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Contrastive analysis ( MM); Cultural scripts ( H); Default interpretations ( H); Ethnography ( MM); Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Fieldwork ( MM); Gumperz ( H); Humboldt ( H); Ideology ( H); Intercultural communication ( H); Interjections ( H); Mentalism ( MT); Mianzi / lian ( H21); Morphopragmatics ( T); Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT); Ọmọlúàbí ( H); Politeness ( H); Repair ( H); Sapir ( H); Semiotics ( MT); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Style and styling ( H21); Whorf ( H )

Curse See Impoliteness ( H )

Cynicism See Irony ( H )

D

Data collection/coding/analysis See Working with language data ( M25 )

Davidson, D. See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Deception See Truthfulness ( H )

Decolonizing See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Deconstruction (MM); see also Literary pragmatics ( MT )

Deduction See Grounded theory ( M )

Default interpretations (H)

Default semantics See Default interpretations ( H )

Deference See Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Definite articles See Definiteness ( H )

Definite description See Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H )

Definiteness (H)

Degree See Communicative dynamism ( H )

Deixis (H); see also Bühler ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Énonciation ( H); Honorifics ( H); Mental spaces ( H); Non-verbal communication ( H); Peirce ( H); Politeness ( H); Universals ( H23 )

Deletion See Ellipsis ( H )

Dementia See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Demonstrative See Indexicals and demonstratives ( H )

Denotation → See Cerebral representation of language; Polysemy ( H )

Deontic logic (MT); see also Epistemic logic ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Modal logic ( MT); Modality ( H )

Dependency See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Dependency and valency grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles ( H); Case grammar ( MT); Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Depiction See Gesture research ( T )

Derogatory language See Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Derrida, J. See Deconstruction ( MM )

Detention hearing → See Police interrogation

Deutero-learning See Bateson ( H )

Developmental dyslexia (H); see also Clinical pragmatics ( T); Developmental psychology ( MT); Language acquisition ( H); Literacy ( H); Pragmatic acquisition ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Developmental pragmatics See Developmental psychology ( MT ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Second language acquisition

Developmental psychology (MT); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Cognitive psychology ( MT); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Psycholinguistics ( MT); Vygotsky ( H )

Dewey, J. See Morris ( H ) ; Pragmatism ( MT )

Diachrony See Language change ( H )

Diacritic See Phonetic notation systems ( N )

Dialect (H); see also Anderson ( H21); Argument structure ( H23); Dialectology ( MT); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Folk pragmatics ( T); Heteroglossia ( H26); Integrational linguistics ( T )

Dialect formation See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Dialect geography See Dialectology ( MT )

Dialect leveling/loss See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Dialectology (MT); see also Contact linguistics ( MT); Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Dialect ( H); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Historical linguistics ( MT); Reconstruction ( MM); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Youth language ( H25 )

Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T)

Dialog modeling See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T )

Dialog system See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T )

Dialogical analysis (MM); see also Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Foucault ( H); Humboldt ( H); Interactional linguistics ( T); Peirce ( H )

Dialogism See Appraisal ( H ) ; Heteroglossia ( H26 ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 )

Dialogue See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

Diaphor See Metaphor ( H )

Digital world See Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

Digitization See Working with language data ( M25 )

Diglossia See Language contact ( H )

Dik, S. See Functional grammar ( MT )

Diminutive See Morphopragmatics ( T )

Direct vs. indirect speech See Reported speech ( H )

Directive (H26); see also Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Speech act; Speech act theory ( MT )

Discourse See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Bakhtin ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Ethnography ( MM ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Grounding ( H ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Narrative ( H ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Polyphony ( H ) ; Public discourse ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( MT ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text structure ( H )

Discourse act See Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Discourse analysis See Channel ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Common ground ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( MT ) ; Corpus analysis ( MM ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Geneva school ( MT ) ; Grounding ( H ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Multimodality ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Prague school ( MT ) ; Rhetoric ( MT ) ; Social psychology ( MT ) ; Structuralism ( MT ) ; Stylistics ( MT ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T ) ; Text linguistics ( MT ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Discourse attuning See Accommodation theory ( MT )

Discourse completion test See Intercultural communication ( H )

Discourse focus See Anaphora ( H )

Discourse genre See Genre ( H )

Discourse linking See Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Discourse markers (H); see also Historical pragmatics ( T); Interjections ( H); Polyphony ( H); Pragmatic markers ( H); Pragmatic particles ( H )

Discourse mode See Register ( H )

Discourse representation theory (MT); see also Default interpretations ( H); Game-theoretical semantics ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Montague and categorial grammar ( MT); Situation semantics ( MT); Tense and aspect ( H )

Discourse sociolinguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Discourse topic See Consciousness and language ( H )

Discursive ethics See Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Discursive formation See Foucault ( H )

Discursive order See Foucault ( H )

Discursive psychology See Authority ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Motivation ( H )

Discursive relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Dismissal See Impoliteness ( H )

Displacement See Adaptability ( H )

Distinctive feature See Jakobson ( H21 )

Divergence See Accommodation theory ( MT )

Diversity See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ) ; Superdiversity ( H21 )

Doctor‒patient interaction → See Medical interaction

Document design See Applied linguistics ( MT )

Donnellan, K. See Reference and descriptions ( H )

Double bind See Bateson ( H )

Double object construction See Argument structure ( H23 )

Drift See Language change ( H )

Ducrot, O. See Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Énonciation ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

Dummett, M. See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Durkheim, Emile See Sociology of language ( T )

Dyadic interaction See Conversation types ( H ) ; Statistics ( MM )

Dynamic semantic functions See Communicative dynamism ( H )

Dynamic semantics See Presupposition ( H )

Dyslexia See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Dysphasia See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H )

Dysphemism See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

E

E-mail communication See Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Ebonics See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Education See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ) ; Language rights ( H ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Effectiveness See Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Egocentric speech See Vygotsky ( H )

Elicitation (MM); see also Fieldwork ( MM); Interview ( MM); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Elite multilingualism ()

Ellipsis (H); see also Argument structure ( H23 )

Emancipation See Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Emancipatory pragmatics See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Embedding See Frame analysis ( M )

Embodied interaction (H23)

Embodiment (H); see also Embodied interaction ( H23); Gesture research ( T); Humor ( H23); Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Emergence See Adaptability ( H )

Emergent grammar (T)

Emotion display (H); see also Laughter ( H); Silence ( H )

Emotions (H21); see also Appraisal ( H); Emotion display ( H); Impoliteness ( H); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24); Swearing ( H25 )

Emphasis (H)

Encoding See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Endangered languages See Language ecology ( H )

Engagement See Appraisal ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Nexus analysis ( T )

Engels, Friedrich See Ideology ( H )

English (as a global language) See Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Énonciation (H); see also Benveniste ( H )

Enregisterment See Crossing ( H26 )

Entailment See Implicitness ( H ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Entrenchment See Conceptual integration ( H )

Enunciation See Benveniste ( H ) ; Polyphony ( H )

Environment See Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Epiphor See Metaphor ( H )

Epistemic authority See Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 )

Epistemic dynamics See Epistemic logic ( MT )

Epistemic logic (MT); see also Deontic logic ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Modal logic ( MT); Modality ( H); Possible worlds semantics ( MT )

Epistemic relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Epistemology (MT); see also Austin ( H); Foucault ( H); Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT); Ontology ( MT); Perception and language ( H )

Epistemology of testimony (T)

Erklären vs. Verstehen See Grounded theory ( M )

Error analysis (MM); see also Contrastive analysis ( MM )

Ervin-Tripp, S. (H24); see also Developmental psychology ( MT); Language acquisition ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Ethnicity See Crossing ( H26 ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Ethnographic semantics See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Taxonomy ( MM )

Ethnography (MM); see also Anderson ( H21); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Bourdieu ( H); Developmental psychology ( MT); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Fieldwork ( MM); Hymes ( H26); Linguistic landscape studies ( T); Social media research ( T )

Ethnography of communication See Ethnography of speaking ( MT ) ; Hymes ( H26 )

Ethnography of speaking (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Gumperz ( H); Hymes ( H26); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Nexus analysis ( T); Phatic communion ( H); Style and styling ( H21 )

Ethnomethodology (MT); see also Cognitive sociology ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Humor ( H23); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Language psychology ( T); Membership categorization analysis ( T); Phenomenology ( MT); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Sacks ( H); Social psychology ( MT); Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Ethnopoetics See Hymes ( H26 )

Ethnoscience See Anthropological linguistics ( MT )

Ethogenics See Social psychology ( MT )

Euphemism (H24); see also Morphopragmatics ( T); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Evaluation See Appraisal ( H ) ; Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Stance ( H21 )

Evaluation task See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Event representation (H22)

Event types See Event representation ( H22 )

Event-related potential See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

Evidence See Evidentiality ( H22 )

Evidentiality (H22); see also Appraisal ( H); Authority ( H); Modality ( H); Stance ( H21 )

Evolution (theory) See Adaptability ( H ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Evolutionary pragmatics (T)

Executive function See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Exemplar model See Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Expectation See Frame analysis ( M ) ; Mediated performatives ( H )

Experimental pragmatics (M); see also Experimentation ( MM )

Experimentation (MM); see also Cognitive psychology ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Orthography and cognition ( H22); Psycholinguistics ( MT); Sound symbolism ( H); Statistics ( MM); Think-aloud protocols ( M); Variational pragmatics ( T )

Expertise See Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T )

Explaining vs. understanding → See Erklären vs. Verstehen

Explanation See Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Explicature See Implicitness ( H ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Expression → See Functions of language

Extension → See Intension vs. extension

F

Face See Directive ( H26 ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 ) ; Wakimae ( H26 )

Face-to-face interaction See Accommodation theory ( MT ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversation analysis ( MT ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

Facebook See Social media research ( T )

Factivity See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

False friends See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Familiarity See Information structure ( H )

Feedback See Adaptability ( H ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Feeling(s) See Appraisal ( H )

Felicity condition See Speech act theory ( MT )

Feminism and language (H24)

Ferguson, C. See Register ( H )

Field See Register ( H )

Fieldwork (MM); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Boas ( H); Elicitation ( MM); Ethnography ( MM); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Interview ( MM); Malinowski ( H )

Figure vs. ground See Grounding ( H )

Figures of speech (H); see also Cultural scripts ( H); Emphasis ( H )

File change semantics See Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Fillmore, C. J. See Case grammar ( MT ) ; Frame semantics ( T )

Firth, J. R. (H); see also Firthian linguistics ( MT); Halliday ( H26); Register ( H); Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Firthian linguistics (MT); see also Context and contextualization ( H); Firth ( H); Phatic communion ( H); Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Flexibility See Primate communication ( H )

Focalisation See Tense and aspect ( H )

Focalizer See Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Focus → See Topic vs. focus

Focus domain See Argument structure ( H23 )

Focus structure See Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Folk classification See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Language ideologies ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Taxonomy ( MM )

Folk linguistics See Socio-onomastics ( T )

Folk pragmatics (T); see also Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Folk psychology See Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Footing See Frame analysis ( M ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Participation ( H )

Foregrounding See Grounding ( H )

Foreigner talk See Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Register ( H )

Forensic linguistics (T); see also Applied linguistics ( MT )

Form vs. function See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Sapir ( H )

Form-function mapping → See Form vs. function

Formal dialectics See Argumentation theory ( MT )

Formal linguistics See Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Formal pragmatics (MT); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Montague and categorial grammar ( MT )

Formality See Conversation types ( H ) ; Register ( H )

Formulaic language (H26) (); see also Routine formula

Formulation See Rhetoric ( MT )

Foucault, M. (H); see also Critical theory ( MT); Ideology ( H); Jargon ( H); Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Frame (analysis) (M); see also Artificial intelligence ( MT); Bateson ( H); Cognitive science ( MT); Emphasis ( H); Frame semantics ( T); Gesture research ( T); Goffman ( H); Humor ( H23); Mental spaces ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Non-verbal communication ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

Frame semantics (T); see also Collocation and colligation ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Dependency and valency grammar ( MT); Event representation ( H22); Lexical field analysis ( MT); Lexical semantics ( T )

Frankfurt school → See Adorno; Habermas

Frege, G. See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Intensional logic ( MT ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Fremdverstehen See Grounded theory ( M )

Frequency See Markedness ( H ) ; Statistics ( MM ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Functional discourse grammar (T)

Functional explanation See Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Functional grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles ( H); Case grammar ( MT); Mathesius ( H); Prague school ( MT); Predicates and predication ( H); Systemic functional grammar ( MT); Word order ( H )

Functional sentence perspective (H); see also Communicative dynamism ( H); Mathesius ( H); Prague school ( MT); Word order ( H )

Functionalism vs. formalism (MT); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Communicative dynamism ( H); Emergent grammar ( T); Linguistic explanation ( MM); Mathesius ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Translation studies ( T )

Functions of language See Bühler ( H ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT ) ; Historical politeness ( T ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Participation ( H ) ; Prague school ( MT ) ; Relational ritual ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Fund See Predicates and predication ( H )

Fuzziness → See Vagueness

Fuzzy set theory See Categorization ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

G

Game-theoretical semantics (MT); see also Discourse representation theory ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Gapping See Ellipsis ( H )

Garfinkel, H. See Ethnomethodology ( MT )

GDPR See Working with language data ( M25 )

Gender (H); see also Authority ( H); Caste and language ( H23); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Feminism and language ( H24); Humor ( H23); Identity ( H24); Interjections ( H); Laughter ( H); Listener response ( H); Overlap ( H); Silence ( H); Swearing ( H25); Workplace interaction ( H25 )

General rhetoric See Rhetoric ( MT )

General semantics (MT); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Generalized catastrophe See Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Generalized phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Construction grammar ( MT ) ; Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Generative semantics (MT); see also Componential analysis ( MT); Conceptual semantics ( T); Conversational logic ( MT); Interpretive semantics ( MT); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

Generative(-transformational) linguistics See Attention and language ( H ) ; Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( MT ) ; Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Historical linguistics ( MT ) ; Interpretive semantics ( MT ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

Genetic linguistics See Historical linguistics ( MT ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Reconstruction ( MM )

Geneva school (MT); see also Structuralism ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Genre (H); see also Bakhtin ( H); Channel ( H); Conversation types ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Narrative ( H); Tense and aspect ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text type ( H )

Geographical origin See Laughter ( H )

Geolinguistics See Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T )

Gestalt psychology See Behaviorism ( MT ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Metaphor ( H )

Gesticulation See Gesture research ( T )

Gesture See Communication ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Primate communication ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

Gesture research (T); see also Non-verbal communication ( H )

Given vs. new See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Definiteness ( H ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( H ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Word order ( H )

Globalization (H25); see also Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Language dominance and minorization ( H); Power and the role of language ( H25); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T); Youth language ( H25 )

Glossematics See Semiotics ( MT ) ; Structuralism ( MT )

Glottochronology See Historical linguistics ( MT )

Goffman, E. (H); see also Conversation analysis ( MT); Frame analysis ( M); Participation ( H); Politeness ( H); Public discourse ( H); Reported speech ( H); Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Government and binding theory See Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ) ; Construction grammar ( MT ) ; Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Gradience See Categorization ( H )

Grammar See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Leech ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

Grammatical constraints See Code-switching ( H )

Grammatical metaphor See Metaphor ( H )

Grammatical relations See Agency and language ( H ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Grammatical status See Grammaticalization and pragmatics ( T )

Grammaticalization See Constructional analysis ( T ) ; Emergent grammar ( T ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Metaphor ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Negation ( H ) ; Pragmatic markers ( H ) ; Predicates and predication ( H )

Grammaticalization and pragmatics (T)

Grammatization See Emergent grammar ( T )

Gramsci, A. See Hegemony ( H23 ) ; Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Greeting See Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Grice, H. P. (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Clinical pragmatics ( T); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Default interpretations ( H); Humor ( H23); Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T); Silence ( H); Speech act theory ( MT); Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T); Truthfulness ( H); Universals ( H23 )

Grounded theory (M)

Grounding (H); see also Anaphora ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Guillaume, G. See Énonciation ( H )

Gumperz, J. J. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Culture ( H); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Intercultural communication ( H); Prosody ( H); Register ( H )

H

Habermas, J. See Critical theory ( MT ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Public discourse ( H ) ; Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Habitus See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Bourdieu ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Lifestyle ( H )

Half-truth See Truthfulness ( H )

Halliday, M. A. K. (H26); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Genre ( H); Jargon ( H); Phatic communion ( H); Register ( H); Social semiotics ( T); Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Harold Garfinkel and pragmatics (H); see also Conversation analysis ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Metapragmatics ( MT); Sacks ( H )

Head-driven phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Construction grammar ( MT ) ; Formal pragmatics ( MT ) ; Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Hearer See Appraisal ( H ) ; Mass media ( H )

Hegemony (H23); see also Ideology ( H); Intertextuality ( H); Language ecology ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Hemisphere dominance See Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Heritage language See Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Hermeneutics (M); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Cohesion and coherence ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Language psychology ( T); Literary pragmatics ( MT); Structuralism ( MT); Truthfulness ( H); Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Heterogeneity See Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Heteroglossia (H26); see also Appraisal ( H); Bakhtin ( H); Dialogism; Ideology ( H); Intertextuality ( H); Polyphony ( H )

Heterosemy See Polysemy ( H )

Hierarchy See Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Historical linguistics (MT); see also Borrowing ( H); Creole linguistics ( MT); Creoles and creolization ( H); Dialectology ( MT); Historical pragmatics ( T); Language change ( H); Reconstruction ( MM); de Saussure ( H); Typology ( MT )

Historical politeness (T)

Historical pragmatics (T); see also Historical linguistics ( MT); Interjections ( H); Mass media ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Historical sociolinguistics (T); see also Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Historical linguistics ( MT); Historical pragmatics ( T); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Language change ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

History See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Dialectology ( MT ) ; Hegemony ( H23 )

Homogeneity See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Homogenisation See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Homonymy See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Polysemy ( H )

Honorifics (H); see also Politeness ( H); Terms of address ( H); Universals ( H23); Wakimae ( H26 )

Humboldt, W. von (H)

Humor (H23); see also Computer-mediated communication ( H); Emotion display ( H); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Irony ( H); Laughter ( H); ‘Other’ representation ( H); Truthfulness ( H )

Hybridity See Genre ( H ) ; Intensional logic ( MT ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H )

Hymes, D. (H26); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Culture ( H); Ethnography of speaking ( MT )

Hyperlink See Social media research ( T )

Hyponymy See Polysemy ( H )

I

I-principle See Anaphora ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Iconicity (H); see also Jakobson ( H21); Language change ( H); Sound symbolism ( H )

Identifiability See Definiteness ( H )

Identity (H24); see also Age and language use ( H); Anderson ( H21); Chronotope ( H25); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Feminism and language ( H24); Gumperz ( H); Ideology ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Laughter ( H); Life stories ( H); Membership categorization analysis ( T); Motivation and language ( H); Pluricentric languages ( H23); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T); Pragmatics of script ( H22); Social class and language ( H); Social media research ( T); Superdiversity ( H21); Swearing ( H25); Teasing ( H25); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T); Variational pragmatics ( T); Youth language ( H25 )

Ideology (H); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Culture ( H); Hegemony ( H23); Honorifics ( H); Manipulation ( H); Marxist linguistics ( MT); Mass media ( H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T); Public discourse ( H); Social psychology ( MT); Social semiotics ( T); Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Idiolect See Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T )

Idéologues See Humboldt ( H )

Illiteracy See Literacy ( H )

Illocution See Directive ( H26 ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functional grammar ( MT ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Illocutionary force See Speech act theory ( MT )

Illocutionary force-indicating device See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Imagined community See Anderson ( H21 )

Immersion See Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H )

Implication See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Implicature → See Conventional implicature; Conversational implicature ( H ) ; Implicature and language change ( H )

Implicature and language change (H); see also Conventional implicature; Conversational implicature ( H )

Implicitness (H); see also Argument structure ( H23); Cerebral representation of language; Discourse markers ( H); Emphasis ( H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Impliciture See Implicitness ( H )

Impoliteness (H); see also Euphemism ( H24); Historical politeness ( T); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24); Politeness ( H); Swearing ( H25); Teasing ( H25); Wakimae ( H26 )

Incongruity resolution See Humor ( H23 )

Indeterminacy and negotiation (H); see also Ellipsis ( H); Integrational linguistics ( T); Truthfulness ( H )

Indexicalism See Contextualism ( T )

Indexicality (); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Gesture research ( T); Jakobson ( H21); Language change ( H); Language psychology ( T); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Prosody ( H); Stance ( H21); Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Indexicals and demonstratives (H); see also Anaphora ( H); Context and contextualization ( H )

Indifference See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Indirect speech act See Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 )

Indirectness (); see also Complaining ( H25); Conversational logic ( MT); Discourse representation theory ( MT); Leech ( H )

Individualism See Sociology of language ( T )

Individuality See Intentionality ( H )

Induction See Grounded theory ( M )

Industrialization See Sociology of language ( T ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Inequality See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

(In)felicity See Communicative success vs. failure ( H )

Inferencing → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Default interpretations ( H ) ; Discourse representation theory ( MT ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Figures of speech ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Informal logic See Argumentation theory ( MT )

Information processing See Attention and language ( H ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Text comprehension ( H )

Information source See Evidentiality ( H22 )

Information structure (H); see also Argument structure ( H23); Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H); Computational pragmatics ( T); Discourse markers ( H); Emphasis ( H); Narrative ( H); Signed language pragmatics ( T); Tense and aspect ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text structure ( H); Word order ( H )

Informativeness See Definiteness ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Presupposition ( H )

Informing See Mediated performatives ( H )

Innateness See Language acquisition ( H )

Inner speech See Vygotsky ( H )

Instagram See Social media research ( T )

Institutional interaction (H23); see also Social institutions ( H )

Institutional role See Laughter ( H )

Institutional setting See Complaining ( H25 ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Social institutions ( H )

Instructional science See Applied linguistics ( MT )

Instrumentality See Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Insult See Impoliteness ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Integration See Language rights ( H )

Integrational linguistics (T); see also Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Integrity See Truthfulness ( H )

Intension vs. extension See Intensional logic ( MT ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Intensional logic (MT); see also Logical semantics ( MT )

Intensional semantics See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Intention See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Directive ( H26 ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Mediated performatives ( H ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Philosophy of action ( MT ) ; Philosophy of mind ( MT ) ; Primate communication ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Intentionality (H); see also Agency and language ( H); Communication ( H); Impoliteness ( H); Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Interaction-organization theory See Metaphor ( H )

Interactional analysis See Multimodality ( H )

Interactional linguistics (T); see also Emergent grammar ( T); Linear Unit Grammar ( T )

Interactional relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Interactional sense-making → See Meaning construction

Interactional sociolinguistics (MT); see also Code-switching ( H); Communicative style ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Gumperz ( H); Intercultural communication ( H); Metapragmatics ( MT); Mianzi / lian ( H21); Nexus analysis ( T); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Interactive failure → See Communication failure

Interactive-activation model See Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Interactivity See Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Deixis ( H ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT ) ; Reported speech ( H )

Intercultural communication (H); see also Aisatsu ( H); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Applied linguistics ( MT); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Code-switching ( H); Communication ( H); Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Contrastive analysis ( MM); Creoles and creolization ( H); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Critical theory ( MT); Crossing ( H26); Culture ( H); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Gumperz ( H); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Interlanguage pragmatics ( T); Language and the law ( H); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Non-verbal communication ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Truthfulness ( H )

Intercultural politeness research →

Interference See Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Interjections (H)

Interlanguage pragmatics (T); see also Contrastive analysis ( MM); Conversational implicature ( H); Intercultural communication ( H); Politeness ( H )

Internalization See Foucault ( H )

Internet See Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Social media research ( T )

Interpersonal relation See Complaining ( H25 ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Interpreter-mediated interaction (H)

Interpretive processes → See Inferencing

Interpretive semantics (MT); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( MT); Conceptual semantics ( T); Generative semantics ( MT )

Interpretive sociolinguistics See Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT )

Interrogative See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Interruption See Overlap ( H )

Intersubjectivity See Appraisal ( H ) ; Bourdieu ( H ) ; Bühler ( H ) ; Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Communication ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Peirce ( H )

Intertextuality (H); see also Bakhtin ( H); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Heteroglossia ( H26); Polyphony ( H )

Interview (MM); see also Elicitation ( MM); Fieldwork ( MM); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Intervision (M26) ()

Intimacy See Laughter ( H )

Intonation See Communicative dynamism ( H ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Markedness ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

Intonation unit See Consciousness and language ( H )

Intuition and introspection (MM); see also Cognitive science ( MT )

Involvement → See Affect

Irony (H); see also Experimental pragmatics ( M); Frame analysis ( M); Humor ( H23); Polyphony ( H )

Isomorphism See Iconicity ( H )

Isotopy See Humor ( H23 )

J

Jakobson, R. (H21); see also Emotions ( H21); Hymes ( H26); Participation ( H); Phatic communion ( H); Prague school ( MT); Structuralism ( MT )

James, W. See Morris ( H ) ; Pragmatism ( MT )

Jargon (H); see also Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

Joke See Humor ( H23 ) ; Irony ( H )

Journalism See Mass media ( H ) ; Mediated performatives ( H )

Judgement See Appraisal ( H )

Jury instruction See Forensic linguistics ( T )

K

Kilivila See Malinowski ( H )

Kinesics See Non-verbal communication ( H )

Knowledge See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Austin ( H ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Epistemology of testimony ( T ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Knowledge representation See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Connectionism ( MT )

Koineization See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Kripke, S. See Reference and descriptions ( H )

Kristeva, J. See Intertextuality ( H )

L

L2 → See Second language acquisition

Labov, W. See Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Language acquisition (H); see also Developmental psychology ( MT); Discourse markers ( H); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Interjections ( H); Irony ( H); Jakobson ( H21); Literacy ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Morphopragmatics ( T); Pragmatic particles ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT); Repair ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text structure ( H); Vygotsky ( H )

Language acquisition device See Language acquisition ( H )

Language and the law (H)

Language and thought See Boas ( H ) ; Consciousness and language ( H ) ; Developmental psychology ( MT ) ; Embodiment ( H ) ; Humboldt ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Sapir ( H ) ; Vygotsky ( H ) ; Whorf ( H )

Language attitudes → See Attitude; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Language change (H); see also Borrowing ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Creativity in language use ( H); Creoles and creolization ( H); Dialectology ( MT); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T); Genre ( H); Historical linguistics ( MT); Historical politeness ( T); Historical pragmatics ( T); Implicature and language change ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Morphopragmatics ( T); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24); Polysemy ( H); Pragmatic markers ( H); de Saussure ( H); Structuralism ( MT); Superdiversity ( H21); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text structure ( H); Youth language ( H25 )

Language choice See Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Language comprehension See Comprehension vs. production ( H )

Language conflict See Identity ( H24 ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Language contact (H); see also Borrowing ( H); Contact ( H); Language change ( H); Literacy ( H )

Language death See Language contact ( H ) ; Language ecology ( H ) ; Language rights ( H )

Language disorders → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Language dominance and minorization (H); see also Language ecology ( H); Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Language ecology (H)

Language for special purposes (LSP) See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Genre ( H )

Language game See Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Language generation and interpretation → See Natural language generation and interpretation

Language ideologies (H); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Bourdieu ( H); Feminism and language ( H24); Identity ( H24); Ideology ( H); Language dominance and minorization ( H); Literacy ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Wakimae ( H26 )

Language impairment → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT ) ; Perception and language ( H )

Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms (H)

Language maintenance and shift (H21); see also Contact ( H); Interjections ( H); Language ecology ( H); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Language pathology → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H )

Language planning See Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Language policy, language planning and standardization (H); see also Applied linguistics ( MT); Authority ( H); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Feminism and language ( H24); Intercultural communication ( H); Language ideologies ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Linguistic landscape studies ( T); Literacy ( H); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Language processing → See Natural language processing

Language psychology (T)

Language rights (H)

Language shift See Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Language teaching See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Error analysis ( MM ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ) ; Motivation and language ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H ) ; Register ( H ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Language technology See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Language universals See Universals ( H23 )

Language variation See Dialect ( H ) ; Dialectology ( MT ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

Languaging See Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Langue vs. parole See de Saussure ( H ) ; Structuralism ( MT )

Lateralization See Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Laughable See Laughter ( H )

Laughter (H); see also Emotion display ( H )

Learnability See Language acquisition ( H )

Least-effort hypothesis See Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Lect See Dialect ( H )

Leech, G. (H)

Left vs. right hemisphere → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Legal aspects of research See Working with language data ( M25 )

Legal language See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Language and the law ( H ) ; Sequence ( H ) ; Silence ( H )

Legal settings See Forensic linguistics ( T )

Legitimation See Foucault ( H )

Legitimation Code Theory (T25)

Lesion syndrome See Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Lexical bundle/cluster/string See Collocation and colligation ( H )

Lexical decomposition See Componential analysis ( MT )

Lexical field analysis (MT); see also Componential analysis ( MT); Lexical semantics ( T); Structuralism ( MT )

Lexical functional grammar (MT); see also Computational linguistics ( MT )

Lexical primitive → See Semantic primitive

Lexical semantics (T); see also Componential analysis ( MT); Frame semantics ( T); Lexical field analysis ( MT); Markedness ( H); Metonymy ( H); Polysemy ( H); Vygotsky ( H )

Lexicalist hypothesis See Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (H22)

Lexicase See Case grammar ( MT )

Lexico-grammar See Metaphor ( H )

Lexicography See Discourse markers ( H ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H )

Lexicology See Caste and language ( H23 )

Lexicometry See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Lexicon See Collocation and colligation ( H ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Default interpretations ( H ) ; Discourse representation theory ( MT ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Interactional linguistics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Word ( H )

Lexicostatistics See Historical linguistics ( MT )

Life stories (H); see also Conversational storytelling ( H24); Narrative ( H )

Lifestyle (H)

Linear modification See Communicative dynamism ( H )

Linear Unit Grammar (T)

Linearization See Word order ( H )

Lingua franca See Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Linguicide See Language ecology ( H ) ; Language rights ( H )

Linguistic action verb → See Metapragmatic term

Linguistic activism See Feminism and language ( H24 )

Linguistic anthropology See Hymes ( H26 )

Linguistic atlas See Dialectology ( MT )

Linguistic determinism See Manipulation ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H )

Linguistic diversity See Heteroglossia ( H26 ) ; Language ecology ( H )

Linguistic dominance See Language ecology ( H ) ; Language rights ( H )

Linguistic engineering See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Linguistic explanation (MM); see also Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT )

Linguistic genocide → See Linguicide

Linguistic hierarchy See Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Linguistic human rights See Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language ecology ( H ) ; Language rights ( H )

Linguistic imperialism See Language ecology ( H )

Linguistic landscape studies (T)

Linguistic relativity (principle) See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Boas ( H ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T ) ; Manipulation ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H ) ; Sapir ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Taxonomy ( MM ) ; Whorf ( H )

Linguistic repertoire See Gumperz ( H )

Linguistic turn See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Linking See Conceptual semantics ( T )

Listener response (H); see also Conversational storytelling ( H24 )

Literacy (H); see also Anderson ( H21); Applied linguistics ( MT); Channel ( H); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Identity ( H24); Language acquisition ( H); Language ideologies ( H); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Multilingualism; Orthography and cognition ( H22); Social media research ( T )

Literary criticism See Figures of speech ( H )

Literary pragmatics (MT); see also Bakhtin ( H); Caste and language ( H23); Context and contextualization ( H); Creativity in language use ( H); Deconstruction ( MM); Figures of speech ( H); Hermeneutics ( M); Narrative ( H); Rhetoric ( MT); Structuralism ( MT); Stylistics ( MT )

Localization problem See Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Location See Contact linguistics ( MT )

Logic See Generative semantics ( MT ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Semiotics ( MT ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Logic-based formalism See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Logical analysis (MM)

Logical atomism See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Logical empiricism/Logical positivism See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Morris ( H )

Logical notation See Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Logical semantics (MT); see also Deontic logic ( MT); Discourse representation theory ( MT); Epistemic logic ( MT); Formal pragmatics ( MT); Game-theoretical semantics ( MT); Intensional logic ( MT); Modal logic ( MT); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT); Montague and categorial grammar ( MT); Ontology ( MT); Possible worlds semantics ( MT); Situation semantics ( MT); Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Logical typing of communication See Bateson ( H ) ; Communication ( H )

Longitudinal method See Developmental psychology ( MT )

Loudness See Prosody ( H )

Lying See Truthfulness ( H )

M

M-principle See Anaphora ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Machine translation See Translation studies ( T )

Macro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Malinowski, B. K. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Culture ( H); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Participation ( H); Phatic communion ( H )

Manipulation (H); see also Truthfulness ( H )

Mapping See Cognitive science ( MT )

Markedness (H); see also Emphasis ( H); Language change ( H); Negation ( H )

Marrism See Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Marx, Karl See Bourdieu ( H ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Sociology of language ( T )

Marxist linguistics (MT); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Halliday ( H26 )

Mass media (H); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H); Channel ( H); Communication ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Ideology ( H); Manipulation ( H); Membership categorization analysis ( T); Public discourse ( H); Silence ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Matched guise See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Materialism See Cognitive science ( MT )

Mathematical linguistics See Communication ( H )

Mathesius, V. (H); see also Prague school ( MT )

Maxims of conversation → See Cooperative principle

Mead, G. H. See Morris ( H ) ; Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Mead, M. See Culture ( H )

Meaning See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Austin ( H ) ; Cohesion and coherence ( H ) ; Deixis ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Firth ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T ) ; Linear Unit Grammar ( T ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ) ; Phatic communion ( H ) ; Semiotics ( MT ) ; Situation semantics ( MT ) ; Sound symbolism ( H ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Meaning construction See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Grounded theory ( M )

Meaning definition See Predicates and predication ( H )

Meaning postulate See Lexical semantics ( T )

Meaning potential See Social class and language ( H )

Media See Mass media ( H )

Media panic See Youth language ( H25 )

Mediated communication See Globalization ( H25 ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

Mediated performatives (H)

Medical interaction See Institutional interaction ( H23 ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Medical language See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Authority ( H )

Medium See Channel ( H ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Mass media ( H ) ; Mediated performatives ( H ) ; Multimodality ( H ) ; Social media research ( T )

Medvedev, P. N. See Bakhtin ( H )

Membership categorization See Age and language use ( H ) ; Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( T ) ; Sacks ( H )

Membership categorization analysis (T)

Memory See Attention and language ( H ) ; Consciousness and language ( H ) ; Perception and language ( H )

Mental map See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Mental spaces (H); see also Conceptual integration ( H )

Mental states See Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Language psychology ( T )

Mentalism (MT); see also Chomskyan linguistics ( MT); Cognitive science ( MT); Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT); Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Mesolect See Creole linguistics ( MT )

Metacommunication See Bateson ( H ) ; Gesture research ( T )

Metadata See Working with language data ( M25 )

Metalanguage See Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Reported speech ( H )

Metalinguistic awareness (H); see also Adaptability ( H); Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Consciousness and language ( H); Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Folk pragmatics ( T); Language acquisition ( H); Language ideologies ( H); Literacy ( H); Metapragmatics ( MT )

Metalinguistic negation See Negation ( H )

Metalinguistics See Bakhtin ( H )

Metaphor (H); see also Cerebral representation of language; Cognitive linguistics ( MT); Embodiment ( H); Emphasis ( H); Euphemism ( H24); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Figures of speech ( H); Gesture research ( T); Iconicity ( H); Implicature and language change ( H); Language change ( H); Metonymy ( H); Polysemy ( H); Silence ( H); Truthfulness ( H )

Metaphysics See Grice ( H )

Metapragmatic term See Metapragmatics ( MT )

Metapragmatics (MT); see also Agency and language ( H); Aisatsu ( H); Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Cerebral representation of language; Folk pragmatics ( T); Halliday ( H26); Humor ( H23); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Language ideologies ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Teasing ( H25); Wakimae ( H26 )

Methods in language-attitudes research (M)

Metonymy (H); see also Euphemism ( H24); Figures of speech ( H); Implicature and language change ( H); Lexical semantics ( T); Metaphor ( H); Polysemy ( H); Speech act

Metrolingualism See Heteroglossia ( H26 ) ; Transience ( H22 )

Mey, J. See Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 )

Mianzi / lian (H21)

Micro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Micro-sociology See Social psychology ( MT )

Mind-body problem See Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Minority See Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language ecology ( H ) ; Language rights ( H ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Misunderstanding See Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Mitigation See Laughter ( H )

Mixed languages See Language contact ( H )

Mixed methods See Social media research ( T )

Mobility See Globalization ( H25 ) ; Mobility of social interaction ( ) ; Transience ( H22 )

Mobility of social interaction (); see also Conversation analysis ( MT )

Modal logic (MT); see also Deontic logic ( MT); Epistemic logic ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT )

Modal particle See Pragmatic particles ( H )

Modality (H); see also Appraisal ( H); Authority ( H); Énonciation ( H); Event representation ( H22); Evidentiality ( H22); Implicature and language change ( H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Modal logic ( MT); Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Mode See Firth ( H ) ; Multimodality ( H ) ; Social semiotics ( T )

Model-theoretic semantics (MT); see also Game-theoretical semantics ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Montague and categorial grammar ( MT); Notation in formal semantics ( MN); Possible worlds semantics ( MT); Situation semantics ( MT )

Modeling See Regression analysis ( M )

Modularity → See Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Monolingualism See Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Monologizing See Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Monologue See Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Monosemy See Polysemy ( H )

Montague and categorial grammar (MT); see also Discourse representation theory ( MT); Formal pragmatics ( MT); Intensional logic ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Moore, G. E. See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Morpheme See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Morphology See Deixis ( H ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Morphopragmatics ( T ) ; Word ( H )

Morphopragmatics (T)

Morris, C. (H)

Motherese See Register ( H )

Motivation (H)

Motivation and language (H)

Move See Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

MTA See Tense and aspect ( H )

Multi-party talk See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Conversation types ( H )

Multiculturalism See Culture ( H )

Multifunctionality See Pragmatic markers ( H )

Multilingual lexicon (The) (H)

Multilingualism See Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Code-switching ( H ) ; Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Language ecology ( H ) ; Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Literacy ( H ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Multimodality (H); see also Computational pragmatics ( T); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Embodied interaction ( H23); Embodiment ( H); Emphasis ( H); Genre ( H); Historical politeness ( T); Metaphor ( H); Social semiotics ( T); Translation studies ( T )

Multiscriptality See Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Multisensoriality See Embodied interaction ( H23 )

Multivoicedness See Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Mutual knowledge See Common ground ( H )

N

Name See Linguistic landscape studies ( T ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H ) ; Socio-onomastics ( T )

Narrative (H); see also Appraisal ( H); Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Conversational storytelling ( H24); Emotion display ( H); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Grounded theory ( M); Grounding ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Reported speech ( H); Sequence ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text type ( H )

Narratology See Semiotics ( MT ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Nationalism See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Identity ( H24 ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Native-nonnative interaction See Discourse markers ( H ) ; Intercultural communication ( H )

Nativism See Authenticity ( H ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

Natural history of discourse See Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Natural language generation and interpretation → See Natural language processing

Natural language processing See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Borrowing ( H ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Connectionism ( MT ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Natural logic See Argumentation theory ( MT )

Natural semantic metalanguage See Componential analysis ( MT )

Naturalness See Authenticity ( H ) ; Language change ( H )

Nature vs. nurture See Cognitive science ( MT )

Negation (H); see also Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Modality ( H); Polyphony ( H); Truthfulness ( H )

Negotiation See Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 ) ; Adaptability ( H ) ; Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Neo-Gricean pragmatics See Anaphora ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Neo-Kaplanean semantics See Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Neogrammarians See Historical linguistics ( MT ) ; Lexical field analysis ( MT ) ; Prague school ( MT ) ; Reconstruction ( MM ) ; de Saussure ( H )

Neoliberalism See Ideology ( H )

Network (social) See Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Social media research ( T )

Neuroimaging → See Brain imaging

Neurolinguistic programming See General semantics ( MT )

Neurolinguistics (MT); see also Adaptability ( H); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Cerebral representation of language; Clinical pragmatics ( T); Emotions ( H21); Language acquisition ( H); Perception and language ( H )

Neurophysiology See Connectionism ( MT ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Neurolinguistics ( MT ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T )

Neuropragmatics (T); see also Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Neuropsychology See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Perception and language ( H )

New Left See Bourdieu ( H )

New rhetoric See Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Genre ( H ) ; Rhetoric ( MT )

News interview See Mass media ( H )

Newspaper See Mass media ( H )

Nexus analysis (T); see also Bourdieu ( H )

Nigerian hospital setting discourse (H24); see also Clinical pragmatics ( T); Institutional interaction ( H23); Social institutions ( H); Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Nils Erik Enkvist (H26) ()

Nominalization See Predicates and predication ( H )

Non-literal meaning See Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Non-modular grammar See Construction grammar ( MT )

Non-seriousness See Laughter ( H )

Non-verbal communication (H); see also Channel ( H); Cultural scripts ( H); Frame analysis ( M); Gesture research ( T )

Normality See Ethnomethodology ( MT )

Norms See Creativity in language use ( H ) ; Ethnomethodology ( MT ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Power and the role of language ( H25 ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Notation in formal semantics (MN)

Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (N); see also Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( MN )

Noun phrase See Situation semantics ( MT )

Novelty See Creativity in language use ( H )

O

Object language See Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Objectivism vs. subjectivism (MT); see also Behaviorism ( MT); Epistemology ( MT); Foucault ( H); Mentalism ( MT )

Obscenity, slurs, and taboo (H24); see also Euphemism ( H24); Swearing ( H25 )

Observation See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Fieldwork ( MM ) ; Regression analysis ( M )

Offence See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Ọmọlúàbí (H)

Online communication See Chronotope ( H25 ) ; Complaining ( H25 ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

Onomastics See Socio-onomastics ( T )

Ontic relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Ontology (MT); see also Epistemology ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT )

Opacity See Mental spaces ( H )

Open science See Working with language data ( M25 )

Operationism See Behaviorism ( MT )

Optimality theory See Default interpretations ( H )

Orality See Channel ( H )

Orders (of discourse) See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Ordinary language philosophy See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Conversational logic ( MT ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Metapragmatics ( MT ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Pragmatism ( MT ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Organizational setting See Social institutions ( H )

Organon model See Bühler ( H )

Orientalism See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Origins of language See Cognitive anthropology ( MT ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Humboldt ( H )

Orthography See Developmental dyslexia ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Orthography and cognition (H22); see also Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

‘Other’ representation (H); see also Age and language use ( H )

Other(ing) See Authority ( H ) ; Crossing ( H26 ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Other-repair See Repair ( H )

Othering See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Overhearer → See Audience

Overlap (H)

P

Paralanguage → See Cerebral representation of language; Non-verbal communication ( H )

Paraphrase semantics See Componential analysis ( MT )

Parole → See Langue vs. parole

Parsing See Computational linguistics ( MT )

Participant observation → See Observation

Participation (H); see also Frame analysis ( M); Goffman ( H )

Participation framework See Participation ( H )

Pêcheux, M. See Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Peirce, C. S. (H); see also Iconicity ( H); Morris ( H); Pragmatism ( MT); Semiotics ( MT); Sign ( H )

Pejorative See Morphopragmatics ( T ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Perception and language (H); see also Austin ( H); Embodiment ( H); Iconicity ( H); Language acquisition ( H )

Perceptron See Connectionism ( MT ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Performance See Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Performativity See Austin ( H ) ; Benveniste ( H ) ; Mediated performatives ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Perlocution See Intentionality ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Persian See Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Persistence See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Person reference See Wakimae ( H26 )

Personality See Sapir ( H )

Perspectives on language and cognition (H)

Persuasion See Manipulation ( H )

Phatic communion (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Ethnography of speaking ( MT); Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Malinowski ( H); Participation ( H )

Phenomenology (MT); see also Austin ( H); Embodiment ( H); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Semiotics ( MT )

Philosophy of action (MT); see also Action theory ( MT); Austin ( H )

Philosophy of language (MT); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Austin ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Emotions ( H21); Humboldt ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Speech act theory ( MT); Wittgenstein ( H )

Philosophy of mind (MT); see also Cognitive science ( MT); Grice ( H); Mentalism ( MT )

Phoneme See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Phonetic notation systems (N)

Phonetics See Boas ( H ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; de Saussure ( H )

Phonology See Developmental dyslexia ( H ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Jakobson ( H21 ) ; Structuralism ( MT )

Phrase-structure grammar See Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ) ; Computational linguistics ( MT )

Physical symbol system See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Cognitive psychology ( MT ) ; Cognitive science ( MT )

Picture-theory of meaning See Wittgenstein ( H )

Pidgins and pidginization See Contact ( H ) ; Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Intercultural communication ( H )

Pitch See Prosody ( H )

Plagiarism → See Authorship

Planning See Computational pragmatics ( T )

Pluricentric languages (H23)

Poetic language See Figures of speech ( H ) ; Grounding ( H )

Poetics See Bakhtin ( H )

Point of view See Grounding ( H )

Polarity See Negation ( H )

Police interrogation See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Forensic linguistics ( T ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Politeness (H); see also Aisatsu ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Directive ( H26); Goffman ( H); Historical politeness ( T); Historical pragmatics ( T); Honorifics ( H); Implicitness ( H); Impoliteness ( H); Interlanguage pragmatics ( T); Leech ( H); Mianzi / lian ( H21); Morphopragmatics ( T); Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24); Silence ( H); Social media research ( T); Swearing ( H25); Ta’ārof ( H22); Teasing ( H25); Terms of address ( H); Truthfulness ( H); Universals ( H23); Wakimae ( H26 )

Political correctness See Euphemism ( H24 ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Political language See Authority ( H )

Political linguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Polylanguaging See Transience ( H22 )

Polylingualism See Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Polyphony (H); see also Appraisal ( H); Bakhtin ( H); Collaboration in dialogues ( H); Dialogical analysis ( MM); Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Polysemy (H); see also Implicature and language change ( H); Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H )

Polysystemic analysis See Firth ( H )

Positioning See Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Social media research ( T ) ; Stance ( H21 )

Positivism See Sociology of language ( T )

Possible worlds semantics (MT); see also Epistemic logic ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT); Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Postcolonial pragmatics (T); see also Caste and language ( H23); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Hegemony ( H23); Ideology ( H )

Postcolonial studies See Caste and language ( H23 ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Postcolonialism →

Posthumanist pragmatics ()

Postmodernism See Postcolonial pragmatics ( T )

Poststructuralism See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Deconstruction ( MM ) ; Poststructuralist discourse theory ( )

Poststructuralist discourse theory (); see also Poststructuralism

Posture See Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Power and the role of language (H25); see also Authority ( H); Cognitive sociology ( MT); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Foucault ( H); Gumperz ( H); Honorifics ( H); Ideology ( H); Manipulation ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24); Politeness ( H); Postcolonial pragmatics ( T); Silence ( H); Social institutions ( H )

Pract See Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 )

Practice (theory) See Agency and language ( H ) ; Nexus analysis ( T ) ; Social class and language ( H )

Pragma-dialectics See Argumentation theory ( MT )

Pragmalinguistics See Leech ( H )

Pragmastylistics See Stylistics ( MT )

Pragmatic acquisition (H); see also Cognitive psychology ( MT); Developmental dyslexia ( H); Developmental psychology ( MT); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Experimentation ( MM); Language acquisition ( H); Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Pragmatic enrichment See Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic explanation See Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Pragmatic function See Functional grammar ( MT )

Pragmatic impairment See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic intrusion See Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic markers (H); see also Discourse markers ( H); Pragmatic particles ( H )

Pragmatic norm See Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic particles (H); see also Discourse markers ( H); Interjections ( H )

Pragmatic perspective (The) (M)

Pragmatic scale → See Scalarity

Pragmatic transfer See Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Pragmaticalization See Pragmatic markers ( H )

Pragmaticism See Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Morris ( H ) ; Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT ) ; Pragmatism ( MT )

Pragmatics → See Cognitive pragmatics; Corpus pragmatics ( M ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Folk pragmatics ( T ) ; Formal pragmatics ( MT ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Literary pragmatics ( MT ) ; Metapragmatics ( MT ) ; Neo-Gricean pragmatics; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T ) ; (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatics of script (H22)

Pragmatism (MT); see also Morris ( H); Peirce ( H); Semiotics ( MT )

Pragmemes (H22); see also Activity types and pragmatic acts ( H26 )

Prague school (MT); see also Communicative dynamism ( H); Functional grammar ( MT); Functional sentence perspective ( H); Halliday ( H26); Markedness ( H); Mathesius ( H); Structuralism ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text linguistics ( MT); Word order ( H )

Pre-request See Directive ( H26 )

Precisification principle See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H )

Predicate logic See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Predicates and predication (H); see also Event representation ( H22); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Preference organization See Complaining ( H25 ) ; Repair ( H ) ; Sequence ( H )

Prejudice See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Prestige See Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Presumptive meaning See Default interpretations ( H )

Presupposition (H); see also Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Discourse representation theory ( MT); Formal pragmatics ( MT); Implicitness ( H); Mental spaces ( H); Truthfulness ( H )

Primate communication (H)

Priming See Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Print See Channel ( H )

Private language See Wittgenstein ( H )

Probabilistic technique See Statistics ( MM )

Problematization See Foucault ( H )

Problematology See Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Rhetoric ( MT )

Procedural semantics See Cognitive psychology ( MT )

Processing See Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Inferencing; Information processing; Production; Text comprehension ( H )

Production See Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Productivity See Creativity in language use ( H )

Projection problem See Presupposition ( H )

Pronoun See Anaphora ( H ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Humboldt ( H ) ; Negation ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Proper name → See Name

Property theory See Intensional logic ( MT )

Propositional attitude See Discourse representation theory ( MT ) ; Intensional logic ( MT )

Propositional semantics See Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Prosody (H); see also Cerebral representation of language; Emphasis ( H); Firth ( H); Gumperz ( H); Information structure ( H); Interactional linguistics ( T); Language acquisition ( H )

Proto-grammar See Iconicity ( H )

Prototype (theory) See Categorization ( H ) ; Cognitive linguistics ( MT ) ; Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Lexical semantics ( T ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Taxonomy ( MM )

Proxemics See Non-verbal communication ( H )

Psychiatry See Bateson ( H ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Psycholinguistics (MT); see also Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Borrowing ( H); Bühler ( H); Cognitive psychology ( MT); Comprehension vs. production ( H); Connectionism ( MT); Developmental psychology ( MT); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Experimentation ( MM); Gesture research ( T); Language psychology ( T); The multilingual lexicon ( H); Non-verbal communication ( H); Perception and language ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Text comprehension ( H); Translation studies ( T); Vygotsky ( H )

Psychological anthropology See Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Psychosemantics See Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Psychotherapy → See Psychiatry

Public discourse (H); see also Goffman ( H); Mediated performatives ( H); Social institutions ( H )

Putnam, H. See Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Q

Q-principle See Anaphora ( H ) ; Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Qualitative methods See Grounded theory ( M )

Quantifier See Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ) ; Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Quantitative method See Regression analysis ( M ) ; Statistics ( MM )

Question answering See Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Question word See Repair ( H )

Questionnaire See Interview ( MM )

Quine, W.v.O. See Reported speech ( H )

Quotation See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Evidentiality ( H22 )

R

Race See Caste and language ( H23 )

Racism See Ideology ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Radical argumentativism See Argumentation theory ( MT )

Radical pragmatics See Grice ( H )

Radio See Mass media ( H )

Rampton, B. See Crossing ( H26 )

Ranking task See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Rationality See Default interpretations ( H ) ; Emotions ( H21 ) ; Ethnomethodology ( MT ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Ideology ( H )

Reading analysis See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ) ; Text comprehension ( H )

Recall See Collaboration in dialogues ( H )

Reception theory See Literary pragmatics ( MT )

Recipient design See Collaboration in dialogues ( H ) ; Communicative style ( H )

Reconstruction (MM); see also Dialectology ( MT); Historical linguistics ( MT); Language change ( H )

Recording See Working with language data ( M25 )

Recoverability See Ellipsis ( H )

Reference See Anaphora ( H ) ; Definiteness ( H ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functional grammar ( MT ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Mental spaces ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Pragmemes ( H22 ) ; Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H ) ; Tagmemics ( MT ) ; Universals ( H23 )

Reference and descriptions (H)

Referential choice See Definiteness ( H )

Referring → See Reference; Reference and descriptions ( H )

Reflection See Communicative success vs. failure ( H ) ; Humboldt ( H )

Reflexive See Anaphora ( H )

Reflexivity See Adaptability ( H ) ; Ethnomethodology ( MT ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Style and styling ( H21 )

Reflexology See Behaviorism ( MT )

Refusal See Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Register (H); see also Applied linguistics ( MT); Channel ( H); Context and contextualization ( H); Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Error analysis ( MM); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Frame analysis ( M); Gumperz ( H); Halliday ( H26); Honorifics ( H); Intercultural communication ( H); Regression analysis ( M); Rhetoric ( MT); Sociolinguistics ( MT); Stylistics ( MT); Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Regression analysis (M); see also Statistics ( MM )

Regularity See Relational ritual ( H )

Reinforcement See Emphasis ( H )

Relational grammar See Lexical functional grammar ( MT )

Relational ritual (H)

Relevance See Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Conversation analysis ( MT ) ; Conversational logic ( MT ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Relevance theory ( MT )

Relevance theory (MT); see also Anaphora ( H); Clinical pragmatics ( T); Communication ( H); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Emotions ( H21); Experimental pragmatics ( M); Humor ( H23); Manipulation ( H); Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T); Tense and aspect ( H); Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T); Truth-conditional semantics ( MT); Truthfulness ( H )

Religion See Authority ( H ) ; Caste and language ( H23 )

Repair (H); see also Communicative success vs. failure ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Conversational storytelling ( H24); Prosody ( H); Sequence ( H )

Repertoire → See Linguistic repertoire

Repetition See Emergent grammar ( T )

Reported speech (H); see also Énonciation ( H); Evidentiality ( H22); Intertextuality ( H )

Representation See Adaptability ( H ) ; Conceptual semantics ( T ) ; Event representation ( H22 ) ; Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Iconicity ( H ) ; Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H ) ; ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT ) ; Social psychology ( MT ) ; Truthfulness ( H ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Request See Directive ( H26 )

Requests See Directive ( H26 )

Research ethics See Working with language data ( M25 )

Resistance See Power and the role of language ( H25 ) ; Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Resource See Multimodality ( H )

Respect → See Deference

Response See Complaining ( H25 ) ; Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Listener response ( H ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Teasing ( H25 )

Response cry See Emotion display ( H ) ; Goffman ( H )

Responsibility See Austin ( H ) ; Membership categorization analysis ( T )

Responsiveness See Social media research ( T )

Rheme → See Theme vs. rheme

Rhetoric (MT); see also Argumentation theory ( MT); Figures of speech ( H); Functional discourse grammar ( T); Genre ( H); Gesture research ( T); Literary pragmatics ( MT); Manipulation ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Narrative ( H); Social psychology ( MT); Stylistics ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Rhetorical relations See Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Rhetorical structure theory See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Ritual See Goffman ( H ) ; Relational ritual ( H )

Role and reference grammar (MT); see also Case and semantic roles ( H); Case grammar ( MT); Dependency and valency grammar ( MT )

Role vs. value See Mental spaces ( H )

Rossi-Landi, F. See Morris ( H )

Routine (formula) See Aisatsu ( H ) ; Impoliteness ( H ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Relational ritual ( H ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Routinization See Emergent grammar ( T ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 )

Rule See Ethnomethodology ( MT ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Wittgenstein ( H )

Rule-based formalism See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Russell, B. See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Definiteness ( H ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H )

Russian formalism See Deconstruction ( MM ) ; Literary pragmatics ( MT ) ; Prague school ( MT ) ; Semiotics ( MT ) ; Stylistics ( MT ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

S

Sacks, H. (H); see also Conversation analysis ( MT )

Sales encounter See Institutional interaction ( H23 )

Salience See Anaphora ( H ) ; Emphasis ( H ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Grounding ( H ) ; Irony ( H ) ; Word order ( H )

Sameness See Youth language ( H25 )

Sampling → See Data collection

Sapir, E. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Boas ( H); Culture ( H); Whorf ( H )

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis → See Linguistic relativity principle

Sarcasm See Irony ( H )

Saturation See Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Saussure, F. de (H); see also Geneva school ( MT); Participation ( H); Sign ( H); Structuralism ( MT )

Scalarity See Conceptual integration ( H ) ; Experimental pragmatics ( M ) ; Implicitness ( H ) ; Negation ( H )

Scale See Chronotope ( H25 )

Scale and category grammar See Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Scaling See Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Scenario See Frame semantics ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

Scene See Frame semantics ( T ) ; Lexical semantics ( T )

Scene-and-frame semantics See Frame semantics ( T )

Schema See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Frame analysis ( M )

Schizophrenia See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Schooling See Aisatsu ( H ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

Scientific language See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Text comprehension ( H )

Script1 See Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Script2 See Cognitive science ( MT ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Frame semantics ( T ) ; Humor ( H23 )

Searle, J. R. See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Contextualism ( T ) ; Intentionality ( H ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Second language acquisition See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ) ; Motivation ( H ) ; The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Text comprehension ( H )

Securitization See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Selection restrictions See Predicates and predication ( H )

Self See Authenticity ( H ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Life stories ( H ) ; Mianzi / lian ( H21 )

Self-discipline See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Self-repair See Repair ( H )

Self-report See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Semantic density See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Semantic differential See Social psychology ( MT )

Semantic field analysis See Lexical field analysis ( MT )

Semantic gravity See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Semantic minimalism See Contextualism ( T )

Semantic network See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Semantic primitive See Componential analysis ( MT ) ; Cultural scripts ( H )

Semantic structure See Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Semantics vs. pragmatics (T); see also Anaphora ( H); Cerebral representation of language; Discourse representation theory ( MT); Emotions ( H21); Generative semantics ( MT); Grice ( H); Implicitness ( H); Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H); Leech ( H); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Metaphor ( H); Montague and categorial grammar ( MT); Reference and descriptions ( H); Semiotics ( MT); Structuralism ( MT); Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T )

Semiology See Integrational linguistics ( T ) ; de Saussure ( H ) ; Semiotics ( MT )

Semiophysics See Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Semiotic resource See Social semiotics ( T )

Semiotics (MT); see also Bakhtin ( H); Benveniste ( H); Iconicity ( H); Morris ( H); Peirce ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Pragmatism ( MT); Sign ( H); Social semiotics ( T); Speech community ( H )

Sense See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Polysemy ( H )

Sensorimotor dysfunction See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Sensuous theory →

Sentence fragment See Ellipsis ( H )

Sentence grammar → See Cerebral representation of language

Sentence linearity See Communicative dynamism ( H )

Sentence processing See The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Sentence type See Markedness ( H )

Sequence (H); see also Chronotope ( H25); Conversation analysis ( MT); Embodied interaction ( H23); Grounding ( H); Language and the law ( H); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N); Prosody ( H); Relational ritual ( H); Repair ( H); Stance ( H21); Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Sequencing See Sequence ( H )

Sequentiality See Iconicity ( H )

Sexism See Feminism and language ( H24 ) ; Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Sexual orientation See Silence ( H )

Shared knowledge See Common ground ( H )

Shibboleth See Anderson ( H21 )

Sign (H); see also Evolutionary pragmatics ( T); Iconicity ( H); Integrational linguistics ( T); Morris ( H); de Saussure ( H); Semiotics ( MT); Signed language pragmatics ( T); Social semiotics ( T); Speech community ( H )

Sign language(s) See Language ecology ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Signed language pragmatics (T)

Silence (H)

Silencing See ‘Other’ representation ( H ) ; Silence ( H )

Simile See Metaphor ( H )

Simmel, Georg See Sociology of language ( T )

Sincerity See Authenticity ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Singular term See Indexicals and demonstratives ( H )

Situated action theory See Cognitive science ( MT )

Situation semantics (MT); see also Communication ( H); Discourse representation theory ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Slang See Jargon ( H )

Sluicing See Ellipsis ( H )

Slur See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Smith, Adam See Sociology of language ( T )

Social anthropology See Anthropological linguistics ( MT ) ; Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Social class and language (H); see also Caste and language ( H23 )

Social cognition See Bühler ( H ) ; Language psychology ( T ) ; Social psychology ( MT ) ; Style and styling ( H21 )

Social difference/inequality See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Social distancing See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Social dynamics See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 )

Social institutions (H); see also Applied linguistics ( MT); Authority ( H); Cognitive sociology ( MT); Communication ( H); Conversation types ( H); Forensic linguistics ( T); Frame analysis ( M); Institutional interaction ( H23); Intercultural communication ( H); Narrative ( H); Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24); Politeness ( H); Public discourse ( H); Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Social media research (T)

Social organization See Aisatsu ( H ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT )

Social psychology (MT); see also Accommodation theory ( MT); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Conversation analysis ( MT); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Language psychology ( T); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Motivation ( H); Nexus analysis ( T); Overlap ( H); Symbolic interactionism ( MT); Terms of address ( H )

Social relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Social relationship → See Social organization

Social science See Grounded theory ( M )

Social semiotics (T); see also Appraisal ( H); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Critical theory ( MT); Linguistic landscape studies ( T); Literary pragmatics ( MT); Multimodality ( H); Semiotics ( MT); Sign ( H )

Socialization See Aisatsu ( H ) ; Developmental psychology ( MT ) ; Vygotsky ( H )

Socio-onomastics (T)

Sociolect See Dialect ( H ) ; Heteroglossia ( H26 )

Sociolinguistics (MT); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Applied linguistics ( MT); Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H); Code-switching ( H); Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Cognitive sociology ( MT); Contact linguistics ( MT); Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Creole linguistics ( MT); Creoles and creolization ( H); Dialectology ( MT); Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24); Gumperz ( H); Hymes ( H26); Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT); Language contact ( H); Language dominance and minorization ( H); Language maintenance and shift ( H21); Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H); Lifestyle ( H); Linguistic landscape studies ( T); Metalinguistic awareness ( H); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Pragmatic markers ( H); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Social class and language ( H); Social media research ( T); Speech community ( H); Superdiversity ( H21); Transience ( H22); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Sociology See Bourdieu ( H ) ; Cognitive sociology ( MT ) ; Goffman ( H ) ; Gumperz ( H ) ; Sociology of language ( T )

Sociology of language (T); see also Dialectology ( MT); Methods in language-attitudes research ( M); Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Sociopragmatics See Leech ( H )

Sociosemiotics See Social semiotics ( T )

Sonority See Language change ( H )

Sound symbolism (H); see also Iconicity ( H )

Space See Mobility of social interaction ( )

Speaker vs. listener See Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Dialogical analysis ( MM ) ; Manipulation ( H ) ; Participation ( H ) ; Terms of address ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Speaker’s meaning See Evidentiality ( H22 ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

Speaking vs. writing See Applied linguistics ( MT ) ; Channel ( H ) ; Communicative style ( H ) ; Computer-mediated communication ( H ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Register ( H ) ; de Saussure ( H ) ; Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Specialization See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Speech accommodation See Accommodation theory ( MT ) ; Social psychology ( MT )

Speech act See Adaptability ( H ) ; Adaptability ( H ) ; Argumentation theory ( MT ) ; Austin ( H ) ; Cerebral representation of language; Conventions of language ( H ) ; Directive ( H26 ) ; Formal pragmatics ( MT ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Historical pragmatics ( T ) ; Intercultural communication ( H ) ; Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ) ; Mediated performatives ( H ) ; Metonymy ( H ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Morphopragmatics ( T ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Politeness ( H ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T ) ; Universals ( H23 ) ; Workplace interaction ( H25 )

Speech act classification See Speech act theory ( MT )

Speech act theory (MT); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Artificial intelligence ( MT); Austin ( H); Benveniste ( H); Clinical pragmatics ( T); Conversational implicature ( H); Conversational logic ( MT); Directive ( H26); Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H); Intentionality ( H); Language and the law ( H); Philosophy of language ( MT); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Truthfulness ( H )

Speech circuit See Participation ( H )

Speech community (H); see also Anderson ( H21); Computer-mediated communication ( H); Gumperz ( H); Superdiversity ( H21 )

Speech event See Directive ( H26 ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H )

Speech genre See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Spelling See Language acquisition ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT ) ; Social media research ( T )

Spoken discourse → See Speaking vs. writing

Spoken language corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Sprachbund (‘linguistic area’) See Contact linguistics ( MT ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Language contact ( H ) ; Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Stance (H21); see also Appraisal ( H); Emotion display ( H); Evidentiality ( H22 )

Standard language See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Standardization See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Authority ( H ) ; Integrational linguistics ( T ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ) ; Literacy ( H )

State of Affairs See Predicates and predication ( H )

State-space search See Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Statistics (MM); see also Computational linguistics ( MT); Corpus analysis ( MM); Correlational sociolinguistics ( T); Experimentation ( MM); Regression analysis ( M )

Stereotype See ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Stigmatization See Caste and language ( H23 )

Story(-telling) See Conversational storytelling ( H24 ) ; Narrative ( H )

Strategy See Impoliteness ( H ) ; Nigerian hospital setting discourse ( H24 ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Strawson, P. F. See Analytical philosophy ( MT ) ; Definiteness ( H ) ; Reference and descriptions ( H )

Stress See Information structure ( H ) ; Prosody ( H )

Stripping See Ellipsis ( H )

Structuralism (MT); see also Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT); Benveniste ( H); Bourdieu ( H); Componential analysis ( MT); Corpus analysis ( MM); Geneva school ( MT); Hermeneutics ( M); Language change ( H); Lexical field analysis ( MT); Lexical semantics ( T); Prague school ( MT); de Saussure ( H); Semiotics ( MT); Sign ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Style See Communicative style ( H ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Figures of speech ( H ) ; Register ( H )

Style and styling (H21); see also Crossing ( H26 )

Stylistic stratification See Social class and language ( H )

Stylistics (MT); see also Communicative style ( H); Emphasis ( H); Figures of speech ( H); Literary pragmatics ( MT); Mathesius ( H); Rhetoric ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Text linguistics ( MT )

Subject See Communicative dynamism ( H )

Subjective relation See Legitimation Code Theory ( T25 )

Subjectivity See Benveniste ( H ) ; Énonciation ( H ) ; Foucault ( H ) ; Implicature and language change ( H ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Substitution See Anaphora ( H )

Superdiversity (H21); see also Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22); Transience ( H22); Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Surveillance See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Swearing (H25)

Syllable structure See Prosody ( H )

Symbol See Jakobson ( H21 )

Symbolic behavior See Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Symbolic capital See Bourdieu ( H ) ; Social institutions ( H )

Symbolic interactionism (MT); see also Bourdieu ( H); Cognitive sociology ( MT); Context and contextualization ( H); Ethnomethodology ( MT); Goffman ( H); Social psychology ( MT )

Symbolic vs. subsymbolic architecture See Cognitive science ( MT )

Symbolism See Morris ( H )

Symbolization See Bühler ( H ) ; Cognitive grammar ( MT )

Symmetry See Language change ( H )

Synchrony See Iconicity ( H ) ; Non-verbal communication ( H ) ; Structuralism ( MT )

Synergetics See Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Synesthesia See Metaphor ( H )

Syntax See Anaphora ( H ) ; Comprehension vs. production ( H ) ; Discourse markers ( H ) ; Ellipsis ( H ) ; Ervin-Tripp, S. ( H24 ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Interactional linguistics ( T ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Polysemy ( H )

Systemic functional grammar (MT); see also Appraisal ( H); Emphasis ( H); Firth ( H); Firthian linguistics ( MT); Functional grammar ( MT); Genre ( H); Halliday ( H26); Heteroglossia ( H26); Metaphor ( H); Multimodality ( H )

systemic functional lingistics See Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

T

Taboo See Obscenity, slurs, and taboo ( H24 ) ; Swearing ( H25 )

Tact See Leech ( H ) ; Ọmọlúàbí ( H ) ; Politeness ( H )

Tactile sign languages (H21)

Tagging See Corpus analysis ( MM )

Tagmemics (MT)

Taxonomy (MM)

Ta’ārof (H22)

Teasing (H25)

Technology See Power and the role of language ( H25 )

Telephone conversation See Emotion display ( H )

Television See Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Channel ( H ) ; Mass media ( H )

Temporal reference See Narrative ( H )

Tenor See Register ( H )

Tense See Event representation ( H22 ) ; Modality ( H ) ; Regression analysis ( M ) ; Tense and aspect ( H )

Tense and aspect (H); see also Event representation ( H22 )

Tense logic See Modal logic ( MT )

Terms of address (H); see also Honorifics ( H )

Territoriality See Language rights ( H )

Testimony See Epistemology of testimony ( T ) ; Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Testing See Text comprehension ( H )

Text See Boas ( H ) ; Culture ( H ) ; Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Text analysis See Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Text type ( H )

Text and discourse linguistics (T); see also Common ground ( H); Text linguistics ( MT )

Text comprehension (H)

Text linguistics (MT); see also Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT); Prague school ( MT); Stylistics ( MT); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Translation studies ( T )

Text structure (H); see also Narrative ( H )

Text type (H); see also Genre ( H); Pragmatic particles ( H); Text and discourse linguistics ( T); Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Theme vs. rheme See Communicative dynamism ( H ) ; Functional grammar ( MT ) ; Word order ( H )

Theory and theorizing See Firth ( H ) ; Grounded theory ( M )

Theory of mind See Adaptability ( H ) ; Clinical pragmatics ( T ) ; Communication ( H )

Therapeutic conversation (H)

Think-aloud protocols (M)

Thirdness See Morris ( H )

Threat See Impoliteness ( H )

Timing problem See Neurolinguistics ( MT ) ; Neuropragmatics ( T )

Topic management See Laughter ( H )

Topic vs. focus See Anaphora ( H ) ; Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ) ; Functional discourse grammar ( T ) ; Functional grammar ( MT ) ; Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Topic-comment structure See Computational pragmatics ( T ) ; Information structure ( H ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( T ) ; Word order ( H )

Topicality See Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Toponym See Socio-onomastics ( T )

Trajectory See Sequence ( H )

Transcription See Grounded theory ( M ) ; Laughter ( H ) ; Phonetic notation systems ( N )

Transcription systems for spoken discourse (MN); see also Conversation analysis ( MT); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Transformational grammar → See Generative(-transformational) linguistics

Transience (H22)

Transitivity See Event representation ( H22 ) ; Grounding ( H )

Translanguaging See Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ) ; Crossing ( H26 ) ; Heteroglossia ( H26 ) ; Transience ( H22 ) ; Translanguaging pedagogy ( T )

Translanguaging pedagogy (T)

Translation See Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ) ; Postcolonial pragmatics ( T ) ; Pragmatic particles ( H ) ; Think-aloud protocols ( M ) ; Translation studies ( T )

Translation studies (T); see also Pragmatic markers ( H )

Traumatic brain injury See Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Triangulation See Grounded theory ( M )

Troubles talk See Complaining ( H25 ) ; Emotion display ( H ) ; Laughter ( H )

Trust See Adaptability ( H )

Truth See Austin ( H ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Euphemism ( H24 ) ; Grice ( H ) ; Ideology ( H ) ; Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ) ; Speech act theory ( MT ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Truth-conditional pragmatics (T); see also Default interpretations ( H )

Truth-conditional semantics (MT); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Logical semantics ( MT); Possible worlds semantics ( MT); Relevance theory ( MT )

Truthfulness (H); see also Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22); Manipulation ( H); Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

Turing machine See Computational linguistics ( MT )

Turn(-taking) See Conversation analysis ( MT ) ; Embodied interaction ( H23 ) ; Frame analysis ( M ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Language and the law ( H ) ; Prosody ( H ) ; Silence ( H ) ; Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Twitter See Social media research ( T )

Typology (MT); see also Boas ( H); Contact linguistics ( MT); Deixis ( H); Historical linguistics ( MT); Language acquisition ( H); Language change ( H); Language contact ( H); Negation ( H); Sound symbolism ( H); Universals ( H23); Word order ( H )

U

UN language system See Language ecology ( H )

Underspecification → See Vagueness

Understanding See Comprehension vs. production ( H )

Unidirectionality See Language change ( H )

Universal and transcendental pragmatics (MT); see also Critical theory ( MT); Hermeneutics ( M); Truthfulness ( H )

Universal grammar See Language acquisition ( H ) ; Language change ( H )

Universals (H23); see also Conversational logic ( MT); Dialectology ( MT); Humboldt ( H); Jakobson ( H21); Language acquisition ( H); Sound symbolism ( H); Speech act theory ( MT); Typology ( MT); Word order ( H )

User modeling See Artificial intelligence ( MT ) ; Computational pragmatics ( T )

Utterance See Predicates and predication ( H ) ; Speech act theory ( MT )

V

Vagueness See Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Tense and aspect ( H ) ; Truthfulness ( H )

Valency → See Dependency

Variability → See Variation

Variable rule See Correlational sociolinguistics ( T )

Variable, dependent/response vs independent/predicting See Regression analysis ( M )

Variable-rule analysis See Statistics ( MM )

Variation See Adaptability ( H ) ; Argument structure ( H23 ) ; Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ) ; Communicative style ( H ) ; Context and contextualization ( H ) ; Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Creole linguistics ( MT ) ; Creoles and creolization ( H ) ; Dialectology ( MT ) ; Hegemony ( H23 ) ; Honorifics ( H ) ; Humor ( H23 ) ; Language acquisition ( H ) ; Language change ( H ) ; Language dominance and minorization ( H ) ; Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ) ; Methods in language-attitudes research ( M ) ; Pluricentric languages ( H23 ) ; Polysemy ( H ) ; Register ( H ) ; Regression analysis ( M ) ; Sociolinguistics ( MT ) ; Variational pragmatics ( T )

Variational pragmatics (T); see also Contact linguistics ( MT); Language change ( H); Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Variationist sociolinguistics See Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ) ; Youth language ( H25 )

Verb See Communicative dynamism ( H ) ; Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Verba dicendi See Reported speech ( H )

Verbal guise See Methods in language-attitudes research ( M )

Veridicality See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Vernacular See Anderson ( H21 ) ; Authenticity ( H ) ; Dialect ( H )

Versioning See Working with language data ( M25 )

Verstehen → See Erklären vs. Verstehen

Vitality See Motivation ( H )

Vocabulary See Borrowing ( H ) ; Language acquisition ( H )

Voice See Polyphony ( H )

Vološinov, V. N. See Bakhtin ( H ) ; Deconstruction ( MM ) ; Intertextuality ( H ) ; Marxist linguistics ( MT ) ; Reported speech ( H )

Vygotsky, L. (H)

W

Wakimae (H26)

Web 2.0 See Social media research ( T )

Weber, Max See Sociology of language ( T )

WhatsApp See Social media research ( T )

White-washing See Euphemism ( H24 )

Whorf, B. L. (H); see also Anthropological linguistics ( MT); Boas ( H); Culture ( H); Iconicity ( H); Sapir ( H )

Whorfianism → See Linguistic relativity principle

Wittgenstein, L. (H); see also Analytical philosophy ( MT); Austin ( H); Contextualism ( T); (The) pragmatic perspective ( M); Speech act theory ( MT )

Word (H)

Word order (H); see also Negation ( H); Typology ( MT )

Word recognition See The multilingual lexicon ( H ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Word root See Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Word-search See Gesture research ( T )

Working with language data (M25); see also Conversation analysis ( MT); Developmental psychology ( MT); Grounded theory ( M); Historical pragmatics ( T); Linguistic landscape studies ( T); Statistics ( MM); Tactile sign languages ( H21); Terms of address ( H); Typology ( MT )

Workplace interaction (H25); see also Aisatsu ( H); Applied linguistics ( MT )

Writing system See Identity ( H24 ) ; Orthography and cognition ( H22 ) ; Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Written discourse → See Speaking vs. writing

X

X-bar syntax See Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ) ; Computational linguistics ( MT ) ; Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Y

Youth language (H25); see also Crossing ( H26 )

Youtube See Social media research ( T )