Cumulative index Cumulative index

doi:10.1075/hop.23.index

In:Handbook of Pragmatics: 23rd Annual Installment
Edited by Jan-Ola Östman and Jef Verschueren
[Handbook of Pragmatics 23] 2020
► pp. 245–272

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Cumulative index

Published online: 20 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.23.index

A

Abduction See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M ); Language change Language change ( H )

Academic concept See Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Academic language See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Acceptability See Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT )

Accessibility See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Accommodation See Contact Contact ( H ); Presupposition Presupposition ( H )

Accommodation theory (MT); See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Age and language use Age and language use ( H ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Accounting See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Acoustics See Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H )

Action See Action theory Action theory ( MT ); Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Austin Austin ( H ); Bühler Bühler ( H ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Philosophy of action Philosophy of action ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Action theory (MT); See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M ); Philosophy of action Philosophy of action ( MT )

Activation See Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H )

Activity See Action theory Action theory ( MT )

Adaptability (H); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Adjacency pair See Prosody Prosody ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H )

Adjective See Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M )

Adjunct control See Control phenomena Control phenomena ( H )

Adorno, T. See Critical theory Critical theory ( MT )

Affect See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Overlap Overlap ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Affiliation/disaffiliation → See Affect Affect

Affirmation See Negation Negation ( H )

Affordance See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Age and language use (H); See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Ageism See Age and language use Age and language use ( H )

Agency and language (H); See Action theory Action theory ( MT ); Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Motivation and language Motivation and language ( H )

Agreement See Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Aisatsu (H)

Aktionsart See Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Alignment See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Allegory See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H )

Ambiguity See Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Amerindian languages See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H )

Analysis See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Analytical philosophy (MT); See Austin Austin ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Philosophy of language Philosophy of language ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truth-conditional semantics Truth-conditional semantics ( MT ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Anaphora (H); See Grounding Grounding ( H ); Indexicals and demonstratives Indexicals and demonstratives ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Anderson, Benedict (H21)

Animal communication See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Primate communication Primate communication ( H )

Annotation See Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM ); Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M )

Antecedent See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Anthropological linguistics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Malinowski Malinowski ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Sapir Sapir ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 ); Transience Transience ( H22 ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Whorf Whorf ( H )

Anti-language See Jargon Jargon ( H )

Apel, K. O. See Universal and transcendental pragmatics Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Aphasia See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Apology See Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H )

Appeal → See Functions of language Functions of language

Applied linguistics (MT); See Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Appraisal (H); See Emphasis Emphasis ( H )

Appreciation See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

Appropriateness See Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H )

Approval and disapproval See Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Arbitrariness See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Areal linguistics See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H )

Argument structure (H23); See → Dependency → Dependency

Argumentation See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

Argumentation in discourse and grammar (H); See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Argumentation theory (MT); See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

Articulation See Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H )

Artificial intelligence (MT); See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Communication Communication ( H ); Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Artificial life See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Ascription See Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Aspect See Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Markedness Markedness ( H ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Assertion See Austin Austin ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Assimilation See Language rights Language rights ( H )

Asymmetric interaction See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Mass media Mass media ( H )

Attention and language (H)

Attitude See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Attribution theory See Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Audience → See Hearer Hearer

Audience design → See Recipient design Recipient design

Audience effect See Primate communication Primate communication ( H )

Augmentative See Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T )

Austin, J. L. (H); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Contextualism Contextualism ( T ); Grice Grice ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Authenticity (H); See Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Authier-Revuz, J. See Énonciation Énonciation ( H )

Authority (H); See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H )

Authorship See Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T )

Autism See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H )

Automata theory See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT )

Automaticity See Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax (MT); See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Functionalism vs. formalism Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Awareness See Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Axiology See Morris Morris ( H )

Baby talk → See Motherese Motherese

Back channel cue See Listener response Listener response ( H )

Background information See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Common ground Common ground ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Backgrounding See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Grounding Grounding ( H )

Bakhtin, M. M. (H); See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Dialogical analysis Dialogical analysis ( MM ); Genre Genre ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Bally, C. See Énonciation Énonciation ( H )

Basilect See Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT )

Bateson, G. (H); See Communication Communication ( H )

Behaviorism (MT); See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Morris Morris ( H ); Objectivism vs. subjectivism Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT )

Benveniste, E. (H); See Énonciation Énonciation ( H )

Bernstein, B. See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H )

Bilingual interactive activation (BIA) See The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Bilingualism and multilingualism (H); See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Contact Contact ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H ); Transience Transience ( H22 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Binding See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Biodiversity See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 )

Biology See Morris Morris ( H )

Biosemiotics See Communication Communication ( H )

Blended data See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Blog See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Boas, F. (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Sapir Sapir ( H ); Typology Typology ( MT ); Whorf Whorf ( H )

Body See Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Bootstrapping See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Borrowing (H); See Contact Contact ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H )

Bourdieu, P. (H); See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Brain See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Developmental dyslexia Developmental dyslexia ( H ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T )

Brain imaging → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Bureaucratic language See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Business communication See Communication Communication ( H )

Bühler, K. (H); See Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H )

Caretaker discourse See Age and language use Age and language use ( H )

Carnap, R. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT )

Carnival(esque) See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H )

Cartesian philosophy See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT )

Case and semantic roles (H); See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Cognitive grammar Cognitive grammar ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Case grammar (MT); See Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Caste and language (H23)

Catastrophe theory (MT)

Categorial imperative See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Categorization (H); See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Cognitive grammar Cognitive grammar ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Causality (H)

Census See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Centering theory See Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication (H)

Cerebral representation of language See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Channel (H); See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Chaos theory See Catastrophe theory Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Chat See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Child language See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

‘CHILDES’ See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Choice-making See Adaptability Adaptability ( H )

Chomskyan linguistics (MT); See Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Mentalism Mentalism ( MT )

Chronometric studies See Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Chronotope See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H )

Chunking See Linear Unit Grammar Linear Unit Grammar ( T21 )

Cicourel, A. V. See Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT )

Class See Social class and language Social class and language ( H )

Classification1 See Typology Typology ( MT )

Classification2 See Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM )

Classroom interaction See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H )

Clause structure See Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Control phenomena Control phenomena ( H ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Clinical pragmatics (T); See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Co-ordination See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Code See Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Register Register ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT )

Code-autonomy See Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 )

Code-switching (H); See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Code-switching and translanguaging (H22)

Codemixing See Code-switching Code-switching ( H )

Coding See Bateson Bateson ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Cognate See The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Cognition See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Cognitive anthropology (MT); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT )

Cognitive grammar (MT); See Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Cognitive linguistics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Cognitive grammar Cognitive grammar ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H )

Cognitive pragmatics See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Cognitive psychology (MT); See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Experimentation Experimentation ( MM ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Cognitive science (MT); See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Experimentation Experimentation ( MM ); Grice Grice ( H ); Mentalism Mentalism ( MT ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Cognitive semantics See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Cognitive sociology (MT); See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Cohesion and coherence (H); See Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Collaboration in dialogues (H); See Common ground Common ground ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Listener response Listener response ( H )

Colligation See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Collocation and colligation (H)

Colonization See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Color terms See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Commodification See Ideology Ideology ( H )

Common ground (H); See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Common sense See Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT )

Communication (H); See Common ground Common ground ( H )

Communication disorders → See Language disorders Language disorders

Communication failure See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Communicational dialectology See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT )

Communicative competence See Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM ); Motivation Motivation ( H )

Communicative dynamism (H); See Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Word order Word order ( H )

Communicative effect See Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Communicative style (H); See Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Register Register ( H )

Communicative success vs. failure (H)

Community See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Community of practice See Social class and language Social class and language ( H )

Comparative method See Contrastive analysis Contrastive analysis ( MM )

Competence vs. performance → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT )

Complement control See Control phenomena Control phenomena ( H )

Compliment See Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M )

Componential analysis (MT); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H ); Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT ); Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Comprehension vs. production (H); See Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Compression See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H )

Computational linguistics (MT); See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Lexical functional grammar Lexical functional grammar ( MT )

Computational pragmatics (T)

Computer communication See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Computer corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Computer modeling See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Computer programming See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Computer-mediated communication (H); See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Conceptual blending See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Conceptual dependency theory See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Conceptual integration (H)

Conceptual metaphor theory See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Conceptual semantics (T); See Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Conceptual vs. linguistic representation See Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 )

Conceptualization See Cognitive grammar Cognitive grammar ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 )

Condition of satisfaction See Intentionality Intentionality ( H )

Conditional See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Conflict talk See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Connectionism (MT); See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Connectivity See Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence ( H )

Connotation → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language

Consciousness and language (H); See Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Folk pragmatics Folk pragmatics ( T ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Participation Participation ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Considerateness → See Tact Tact

Consistency-checking device See Manipulation Manipulation ( H )

Construction grammar (MT); See Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Word order Word order ( H )

Constructional analysis (T); See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H ); Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT ); Constructional analysis Constructional analysis ( T )

Constructionism See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Constructivism → See Constructionism Constructionism

Contact (H); See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Contact linguistics (MT); See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Contact Contact ( H ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Speech community Speech community ( H ); Typology Typology ( MT ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Context and contextualization (H); See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Bateson Bateson ( H ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence ( H ); Common ground Common ground ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Contextualism Contextualism ( T ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Dialogical analysis Dialogical analysis ( MM ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Indexicals and demonstratives Indexicals and demonstratives ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Motivation and language Motivation and language ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Presupposition Presupposition ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Stance Stance ( H21 ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Context change See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H )

Context modelling See Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT )

Context-of-situation See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Malinowski Malinowski ( H ); Register Register ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Context-sensitive vs. context-free grammar See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Context-sensitiveness See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H )

Contextualism (T); See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H )

Contextualization cue See Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 )

Continuity See Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T )

Continuity hypothesis See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Contrast See Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Contrastive analysis (MM); See Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Error analysis Error analysis ( MM ); Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Language change Language change ( H ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H )

Contrastive pragmatics (T); See Contrastive pragmatics Contrastive pragmatics ( T ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T ); Typology Typology ( MT ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Control See Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Control phenomena (H)

Conventional implicature See Grice Grice ( H ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Conventionalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Conventionality See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Conventions of language Conventions of language ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Primate communication Primate communication ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Conventions of language (H); See Austin Austin ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Speech act Speech act

Convergence See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Contact Contact ( H )

Conversation See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Institutional interaction Institutional interaction ( H23 ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H )

Conversation analysis (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Age and language use Age and language use ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Institutional interaction Institutional interaction ( H23 ); Interactional linguistics Interactional linguistics ( T ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Linear Unit Grammar Linear Unit Grammar ( T21 ); Listener response Listener response ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N ); Overlap Overlap ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Repair Repair ( H ); Sacks Sacks ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H ); Transcription systems for spoken discourse Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( MN )

Conversation types (H)

Conversational implicature (H); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Grice Grice ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Relevance theory Relevance theory ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Conversational logic (MT); See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Philosophy of language Philosophy of language ( MT ); Relevance theory Relevance theory ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Conversational move → See Move Move

Conversationalism See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Cooperative principle See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Copenhagen circle See Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Coreference See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Corpus analysis (MM); See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H ); Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Leech Leech ( H ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Statistics Statistics ( MM ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Corpus pragmatics (M); See Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM )

Correlational sociolinguistics (T); See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Coseriu See Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Courtroom conversation See Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H )

Creativity in language use (H); See Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Bühler Bühler ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Creature construction See Grice Grice ( H )

Creole linguistics (MT); See Contact Contact ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Creoles and creolization (H); See Contact Contact ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (MT); See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); General semantics General semantics ( MT ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text linguistics Text linguistics ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Critical theory (MT); See Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Universal and transcendental pragmatics Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Cross-cultural communication See Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H )

Cross-cultural pragmatics See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Listener response Listener response ( H ); Overlap Overlap ( H )

Cross-cultural psychology See Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT )

Cross-sectional method See Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT )

Crying See Emotion display Emotion display ( H )

Culioli, A. See Énonciation Énonciation ( H )

Cultural anthropology See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Cultural model See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Cultural scripts (H); See Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H )

Cultural studies See Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Culture (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Contrastive analysis Contrastive analysis ( MM ); Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H ); Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Ethnography Ethnography ( MM ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Mentalism Mentalism ( MT ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Objectivism vs. subjectivism Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Repair Repair ( H ); Sapir Sapir ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 ); Whorf Whorf ( H )

Curse See Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H )

Cynicism See Irony Irony ( H )

Data collection/coding/analysis See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Statistics Statistics ( MM ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 ); Terms of address Terms of address ( H ); Typology Typology ( MT )

Davidson, D. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Deception See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Deconstruction (MM); See Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT )

Deduction See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Default interpretations (H)

Default semantics See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H )

Deference See Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Definite articles See Definiteness Definiteness ( H )

Definite description See Game-theoretical semantics Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Definiteness (H)

Degree See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H )

Deixis (H); See Bühler Bühler ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Peirce Peirce ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Deletion See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Dementia See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Demonstrative See Indexicals and demonstratives Indexicals and demonstratives ( H )

Denotation → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Deontic logic (MT); See Epistemic logic Epistemic logic ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Modal logic Modal logic ( MT ); Modality Modality ( H )

Dependency See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Dependency and valency grammar (MT); See Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Depiction See Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 )

Derrida, J. See Deconstruction Deconstruction ( MM )

Detention hearing → See Police interrogation Police interrogation

Deutero-learning See Bateson Bateson ( H )

Developmental dyslexia (H); See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Pragmatic acquisition Pragmatic acquisition ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Developmental psychology (MT); See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Dewey, J. See Morris Morris ( H ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT )

Diachrony See Language change Language change ( H )

Diacritic See Phonetic notation systems Phonetic notation systems ( N )

Dialect (H); See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Folk pragmatics Folk pragmatics ( T ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H )

Dialect formation See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Dialect geography See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT )

Dialect leveling/loss See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Dialectology (MT); See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Dialect Dialect ( H ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Reconstruction Reconstruction ( MM ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics (T)

Dialog modeling See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T )

Dialog system See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T )

Dialogical analysis (MM); See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Interactional linguistics Interactional linguistics ( T ); Peirce Peirce ( H )

Dialogism See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Dialogue See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Diaphor See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Diglossia See Language contact Language contact ( H )

Dik, S. See Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT )

Diminutive See Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T )

Direct vs. indirect speech See Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Discourse See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Ethnography Ethnography ( MM ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Grounding Grounding ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text structure Text structure ( H )

Discourse act See Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T )

Discourse analysis (MT); See Channel Channel ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Common ground Common ground ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Geneva school Geneva school ( MT ); Grounding Grounding ( H ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Multimodality Multimodality ( H ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text linguistics Text linguistics ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Discourse attuning See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT )

Discourse completion test See Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H )

Discourse focus See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Discourse genre See Genre Genre ( H )

Discourse linking See Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Discourse markers (H); See Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H )

Discourse mode See Register Register ( H )

Discourse representation theory (MT); See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Game-theoretical semantics Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Montague and categorial grammar Montague and categorial grammar ( MT ); Situation semantics Situation semantics ( MT ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Discourse sociolinguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Discourse topic See Consciousness and language Consciousness and language ( H )

Discursive ethics See Universal and transcendental pragmatics Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Discursive formation See Foucault Foucault ( H )

Discursive order See Foucault Foucault ( H )

Discursive psychology See Authority Authority ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Motivation Motivation ( H )

Dismissal See Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H )

Displacement See Adaptability Adaptability ( H )

Distinctive feature See Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 )

Divergence See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT )

Diversity See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Superdiversity Superdiversity ( H21 )

Doctor‒patient interaction → See Medical interaction Medical interaction

Document design See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Donnellan, K. See Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Double bind See Bateson Bateson ( H )

Double object construction See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 )

Drift See Language change Language change ( H )

Ducrot, O. See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Dummett, M. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Dyadic interaction See Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Dynamic semantic functions See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H )

Dynamic semantics See Presupposition Presupposition ( H )

Dyslexia See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Dysphasia See Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication Cerebral division of labour in verbal communication ( H )

E-mail communication See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Ebonics See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Education See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ); Language rights Language rights ( H ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Egocentric speech See Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Elicitation (MM); See Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Interview Interview ( MM ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Ellipsis (H); See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 )

Embedding See Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M )

Embodied interaction (H23)

Embodiment (H); See Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Emergence See Adaptability Adaptability ( H )

Emergent grammar (T)

Emotion display (H); See Laughter Laughter ( H ); Silence Silence ( H )

Emotions (H21); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H )

Emphasis (H)

Encoding See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Endangered languages See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 )

Engagement See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T )

Engels, Friedrich See Ideology Ideology ( H )

English (as a global language) See Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T )

Énonciation (H); See Benveniste Benveniste ( H )

Entailment See Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Entrenchment See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H )

Enunciation See Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Environment See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Epiphor See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Epistemic authority See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Epistemic dynamics See Epistemic logic Epistemic logic ( MT )

Epistemic logic (MT); See Deontic logic Deontic logic ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Modal logic Modal logic ( MT ); Modality Modality ( H ); Possible worlds semantics Possible worlds semantics ( MT )

Epistemology (MT); See Austin Austin ( H ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Objectivism vs. subjectivism Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT ); Ontology Ontology ( MT ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Epistemology of testimony (T)

Erklären vs. Verstehen See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Error analysis (MM); See Contrastive analysis Contrastive analysis ( MM )

Ethnicity See Culture Culture ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Ethnographic semantics See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM )

Ethnography (MM); See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Ethnography of communication See Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT )

Ethnography of speaking (MT); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 )

Ethnomethodology (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Phenomenology Phenomenology ( MT ); Sacks Sacks ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Ethnoscience See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT )

Ethogenics See Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Euphemism See Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T )

Evaluation See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Evaluation task See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Event representation (H22)

Event types See Event representation Event representation ( H22 )

Event-related potential See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Evidence See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Evidentiality (H22); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Authority Authority ( H ); Modality Modality ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Evolution (theory) See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Evolutionary pragmatics (T)

Executive function See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Exemplar model See Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Expectation See Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H )

Experimental pragmatics (M); See Experimentation Experimentation ( MM )

Experimentation (MM); See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Statistics Statistics ( MM ); Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Expertise See Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T )

Explaining vs. understanding → See Erklären vs. Verstehen Erklären vs. Verstehen

Explanation See Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Explicature See Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Expression → See Functions of language Functions of language

Extension → See Intension vs. extension Intension vs. extension

Face See Goffman Goffman ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Face-to-face interaction See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H )

Facebook See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Factivity See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

False friends See The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Familiarity See Information structure Information structure ( H )

Feedback See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Feeling(s) See Appraisal Appraisal ( H )

Felicity condition See Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Ferguson, C. See Register Register ( H )

Field See Register Register ( H )

Fieldwork (MM); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H ); Elicitation Elicitation ( MM ); Ethnography Ethnography ( MM ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Interview Interview ( MM ); Malinowski Malinowski ( H )

Figure vs. ground See Grounding Grounding ( H )

Figures of speech (H); See Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H )

File change semantics See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Fillmore, C. J. See Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T )

Firth, J. R. (H); See Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Register Register ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Firthian linguistics (MT); See Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Firth Firth ( H ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Flexibility See Primate communication Primate communication ( H )

Focalisation See Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Focalizer See Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Focus → See Topic vs. focus Topic vs. focus

Focus domain See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 )

Focus structure See Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Folk classification See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM )

Folk linguistics See Socio-onomastics Socio-onomastics ( T )

Folk pragmatics (T); See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Folk psychology See Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Footing See Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Participation Participation ( H )

Foregrounding See Grounding Grounding ( H )

Foreigner talk See Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Register Register ( H )

Forensic linguistics (T); See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Form vs. function See Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M ); Sapir Sapir ( H )

Form-function mapping → See Form vs. function Form vs. function

Formal dialectics See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Formal linguistics See Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Formal pragmatics (MT); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Montague and categorial grammar Montague and categorial grammar ( MT )

Formality See Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Register Register ( H )

Formulaic language → See Routine formula Routine formula

Formulation See Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

Foucault, M. (H); See Critical theory Critical theory ( MT ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Jargon Jargon ( H )

Frame (analysis) (M); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Bateson Bateson ( H ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H )

Frame semantics (T); See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Frankfurt school → See Adorno Adorno ; Habermas Habermas

Frege, G. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Fremdverstehen See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Frequency See Markedness Markedness ( H ); Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Functional discourse grammar (T)

Functional explanation See Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Functional grammar (MT); See Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Mathesius Mathesius ( H ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT ); Word order Word order ( H )

Functional sentence perspective (H); See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Mathesius Mathesius ( H ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Word order Word order ( H )

Functionalism vs. formalism (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T ); Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM ); Mathesius Mathesius ( H ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Functions of language See Bühler Bühler ( H ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Functionalism vs. formalism Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT ); Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Participation Participation ( H ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Fund See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

Fuzziness → See Vagueness Vagueness

Fuzzy set theory See Categorization Categorization ( H ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Game-theoretical semantics (MT); See Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Gapping See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Garfinkel, H. See Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT )

Gender (H); See Authority Authority ( H ); Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Listener response Listener response ( H ); Overlap Overlap ( H ); Silence Silence ( H )

General rhetoric See Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

General semantics (MT); See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Generalized catastrophe See Catastrophe theory Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Generalized phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Generative semantics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Generative(-transformational) linguistics See Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Genetic linguistics See Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H ); Reconstruction Reconstruction ( MM )

Geneva school (MT); See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Genre (H); See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Channel Channel ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text type Text type ( H )

Geographical origin See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Geolinguistics See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T )

Gestalt psychology See Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Gesticulation See Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 )

Gesture See Communication Communication ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Primate communication Primate communication ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H )

Gesture research (T22); See Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H )

Given vs. new See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Definiteness Definiteness ( H ); Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Word order Word order ( H )

Globalization See Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Glossematics See Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Glottochronology See Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT )

Goffman, E. (H); See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Participation Participation ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Government and binding theory See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Gradience See Categorization Categorization ( H )

Grammar See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Leech Leech ( H )

Grammatical constraints See Code-switching Code-switching ( H )

Grammatical metaphor See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Grammatical relations See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Grammatical status See Grammaticalization and pragmatics Grammaticalization and pragmatics ( T )

Grammaticalization See Constructional analysis Constructional analysis ( T ); Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Modality Modality ( H ); Negation Negation ( H ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H ); Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

Grammaticalization and pragmatics (T)

Grammatization See Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T )

Gramsci, A. See Hegemony Hegemony ( H23 ); Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Greeting See Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Grice, H. P. (H); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ); Silence Silence ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Grounded theory (M)

Grounding (H); See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Guillaume, G. See Énonciation Énonciation ( H )

Gumperz, J. J. (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Culture Culture ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Register Register ( H )

Habermas, J. See Critical theory Critical theory ( MT ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Universal and transcendental pragmatics Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Habitus See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Lifestyle Lifestyle ( H )

Half-truth See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Halliday, M. A. K. See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H ); Jargon Jargon ( H ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Register Register ( H ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Harold Garfinkel and pragmatics (H); See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Sacks Sacks ( H )

Head-driven phrase structure grammar See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT ); Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT ); Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Hearer See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H )

Hegemony (H23); See Ideology Ideology ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Hemisphere dominance See Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Heritage language See Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Hermeneutics (M); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Universal and transcendental pragmatics Universal and transcendental pragmatics ( MT )

Heterogeneity See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Heteroglossia See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H )

Heterosemy See Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Historical linguistics (MT); See Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Language change Language change ( H ); Reconstruction Reconstruction ( MM ); Typology Typology ( MT )

Historical politeness (T)

Historical pragmatics (T); See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H )

Historical sociolinguistics (T); See Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

History See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Hegemony Hegemony ( H23 )

Homogeneity See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Homogenisation See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Homonymy See Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Honorifics (H); See Politeness Politeness ( H ); Terms of address Terms of address ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Humboldt, W. von (H)

Humor (H23); See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Hybridity See Genre Genre ( H ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Presupposition Presupposition ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Hymes, D. See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT )

Hyperlink See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Hyponymy See Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

I-principle See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Iconicity (H); See Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Language change Language change ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H )

Identifiability See Definiteness Definiteness ( H )

Identity See Age and language use Age and language use ( H ); Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Life stories Life stories ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Motivation and language Motivation and language ( H ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Social class and language Social class and language ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Superdiversity Superdiversity ( H21 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Ideology (H); See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Hegemony Hegemony ( H23 ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T )

Idiolect See Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H )

Idéologues See Humboldt Humboldt ( H )

Illiteracy See Literacy Literacy ( H )

Illocution See Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Modality Modality ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Illocutionary force See Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Illocutionary force-indicating device See Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Imagined community See Anderson Anderson ( H21 )

Immersion See Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H )

Implication See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Implicature → See Conventional implicature Conventional implicature ; Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H )

Implicature and language change (H); See Conventional implicature Conventional implicature ; Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H )

Implicitness (H); See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Impliciture See Implicitness Implicitness ( H )

Impoliteness (H); See Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Politeness Politeness ( H )

Incongruity resolution See Humor Humor ( H23 )

Indeterminacy and negotiation (H); See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Indexicalism See Contextualism Contextualism ( T )

Indexicality See Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Language change Language change ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 ); Truth-conditional semantics Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Indexicals and demonstratives (H); See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H )

Indirectness See Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Leech Leech ( H )

Individuality See Intentionality Intentionality ( H )

Induction See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Inequality → See Power Power

(In)felicity See Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H )

Inferencing → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Informal logic See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Information processing See Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Information source See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Information structure (H); See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text structure Text structure ( H ); Word order Word order ( H )

Informativeness See Definiteness Definiteness ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Presupposition Presupposition ( H )

Informing See Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H )

Innateness See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Inner speech See Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Instagram See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Institutional interaction (H23); See Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Institutional role See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Institutional setting See Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Instructional science See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Instrumentality See Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Insult See Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H )

Integration See Language rights Language rights ( H )

Integrational linguistics (H); See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Integrity See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Intension vs. extension See Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Intensional logic (MT); See Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT )

Intensional semantics See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Intention See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Grice Grice ( H ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T ); Philosophy of action Philosophy of action ( MT ); Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT ); Primate communication Primate communication ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Intentionality (H); See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Interaction-organization theory See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Interactional analysis See Multimodality Multimodality ( H )

Interactional linguistics (T); See Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T ); Linear Unit Grammar Linear Unit Grammar ( T21 )

Interactional sense-making → See Meaning construction Meaning construction

Interactional sociolinguistics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Interactive failure → See Communication failure Communication failure

Interactive-activation model See Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Interactivity See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Deixis Deixis ( H ); Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Intercultural communication (H); See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Contrastive analysis Contrastive analysis ( MM ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Critical theory Critical theory ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Intercultural politeness research ()

Interference See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Interjections (H)

Interlanguage pragmatics (T); See Contrastive analysis Contrastive analysis ( MM ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H )

Internalization See Foucault Foucault ( H )

Internet See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Interpersonal relation See Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 )

Interpreter-mediated interaction (H)

Interpretive processes → See Inferencing Inferencing

Interpretive semantics (MT); See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT )

Interpretive sociolinguistics See Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT )

Interrogative See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Interruption See Overlap Overlap ( H )

Intersubjectivity See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Bühler Bühler ( H ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Peirce Peirce ( H )

Intertextuality (H); See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Interview (MM); See Elicitation Elicitation ( MM ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Intimacy See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Intonation See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Markedness Markedness ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H )

Intonation unit See Consciousness and language Consciousness and language ( H )

Intuition and introspection (MM); See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Involvement → See Affect Affect

Irony (H); See Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Isomorphism See Iconicity Iconicity ( H )

Isotopy See Humor Humor ( H23 )

Jakobson, R. (H21); See Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Participation Participation ( H ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

James, W. See Morris Morris ( H ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT )

Jargon (H)

Joke See Humor Humor ( H23 ); Irony Irony ( H )

Journalism See Mass media Mass media ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H )

Judgement See Appraisal Appraisal ( H )

Jury instruction See Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T )

Kilivila See Malinowski Malinowski ( H )

Kinesics See Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H )

Knowledge See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Authority Authority ( H ); Epistemology of testimony Epistemology of testimony ( T ); Foucault Foucault ( H )

Knowledge representation See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT )

Koineization See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Kripke, S. See Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Kristeva, J. See Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H )

L2 → See Second language acquisition Second language acquisition

Labov, W. See Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Language acquisition (H); See Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Repair Repair ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text structure Text structure ( H ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Language acquisition device See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Language and the law (H)

Language and thought See Boas Boas ( H ); Consciousness and language Consciousness and language ( H ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Sapir Sapir ( H ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H ); Whorf Whorf ( H )

Language attitudes → See Attitude Attitude ; Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Language change (H); See Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Superdiversity Superdiversity ( H21 ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Text structure Text structure ( H )

Language choice See Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Language comprehension See Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H )

Language conflict See Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Language contact (H); See Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Contact Contact ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Literacy Literacy ( H )

Language death See Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language rights Language rights ( H )

Language disorders → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Language dominance and minorization (H); See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Language ecology (T21)

Language for special purposes (LSP) See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H )

Language game See Game-theoretical semantics Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Language generation and interpretation → See Natural language generation and interpretation Natural language generation and interpretation

Language ideologies (H); See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Speech community Speech community ( H )

Language impairment → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms (H)

Language maintenance and shift (H21); See Contact Contact ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Language pathology → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Language planning See Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H )

Language policy, language planning and standardization (H); See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Authority Authority ( H ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Language processing → See Natural language processing Natural language processing

Language psychology (T21)

Language rights (H)

Language shift See Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 )

Language teaching See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Error analysis Error analysis ( MM ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ); Motivation and language Motivation and language ( H ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H ); Register Register ( H ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Language technology See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Language universals See Universals Universals ( H23 )

Language variation See Dialect Dialect ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Languaging See Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Langue vs. parole See de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Lateralization See Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Laughable See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Laughter (H); See Emotion display Emotion display ( H )

Learnability See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Least-effort hypothesis See Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Lect See Dialect Dialect ( H )

Leech, G. (H)

Left vs. right hemisphere → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Legal language See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Authority Authority ( H ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H ); Silence Silence ( H )

Legal settings See Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T )

Legitimation See Foucault Foucault ( H )

Lesion syndrome See Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Lexical bundle/cluster/string See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H )

Lexical decomposition See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT )

Lexical field analysis (MT); See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Lexical functional grammar (MT); See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT )

Lexical primitive → See Semantic primitive Semantic primitive

Lexical semantics (T); See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT ); Markedness Markedness ( H ); Metonymy Metonymy ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Lexicalist hypothesis See Interpretive semantics Interpretive semantics ( MT )

Lexically triggered veridicality inferences (H22)

Lexicase See Case grammar Case grammar ( MT )

Lexico-grammar See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Lexicography See Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H )

Lexicology See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Lexicometry See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Lexicon See Collocation and colligation Collocation and colligation ( H ); Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Interactional linguistics Interactional linguistics ( T ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H ); Word Word ( H )

Lexicostatistics See Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT )

Life stories (H); See Narrative Narrative ( H )

Lifestyle (H)

Linear Unit Grammar (T21)

Linear modification See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H )

Linearization See Word order Word order ( H )

Lingua franca See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Linguicide See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language rights Language rights ( H )

Linguistic action verb → See Metapragmatic term Metapragmatic term

Linguistic atlas See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT )

Linguistic determinism See Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Linguistic diversity See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 )

Linguistic dominance See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language rights Language rights ( H )

Linguistic engineering See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Linguistic explanation (MM); See Functionalism vs. formalism Functionalism vs. formalism ( MT )

Linguistic genocide → See Linguicide Linguicide

Linguistic hierarchy See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Linguistic human rights See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language rights Language rights ( H )

Linguistic imperialism See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 )

Linguistic landscape studies (T)

Linguistic relativity (principle) See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Sapir Sapir ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM ); Whorf Whorf ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Linguistic repertoire See Gumperz Gumperz ( H )

Linguistic turn See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Linking See Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T )

Listener response (H)

Literacy (H); See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Channel Channel ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Multilingualism Multilingualism ; Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Literary criticism See Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H )

Literary pragmatics (MT); See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Deconstruction Deconstruction ( MM ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT )

Localization problem See Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT )

Location See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT )

Logic See Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Modality Modality ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Logic-based formalism See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Logical analysis (MM)

Logical atomism See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Logical empiricism/Logical positivism See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Morris Morris ( H )

Logical notation See Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Logical semantics (MT); See Deontic logic Deontic logic ( MT ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Epistemic logic Epistemic logic ( MT ); Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT ); Game-theoretical semantics Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Modal logic Modal logic ( MT ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Montague and categorial grammar Montague and categorial grammar ( MT ); Ontology Ontology ( MT ); Possible worlds semantics Possible worlds semantics ( MT ); Situation semantics Situation semantics ( MT ); Truth-conditional semantics Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Logical typing of communication See Bateson Bateson ( H ); Communication Communication ( H )

Longitudinal method See Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT )

Loudness See Prosody Prosody ( H )

Lying See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

M-principle See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

MTA See Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Machine translation See Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Macro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Malinowski, B. K. (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Participation Participation ( H ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H )

Manipulation (H); See Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Mapping See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Markedness (H); See Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Negation Negation ( H )

Marrism See Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Marx, Karl See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H )

Marxist linguistics (MT); See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Mass media (H); See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Channel Channel ( H ); Communication Communication ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Silence Silence ( H )

Matched guise See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Materialism See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Mathematical linguistics See Communication Communication ( H )

Mathesius, V. (H); See Prague school Prague school ( MT )

Maxims of conversation → See Cooperative principle Cooperative principle

Mead, G. H. See Morris Morris ( H ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT )

Mead, M. See Culture Culture ( H )

Meaning See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence ( H ); Deixis Deixis ( H ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Firth Firth ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Linear Unit Grammar Linear Unit Grammar ( T21 ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Phatic communion Phatic communion ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Situation semantics Situation semantics ( MT ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Meaning construction See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Meaning definition See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

Meaning postulate See Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Meaning potential See Social class and language Social class and language ( H )

Media See Mass media Mass media ( H )

Mediated performatives (H)

Medical interaction See Institutional interaction Institutional interaction ( H23 ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Medical language See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Authority Authority ( H )

Medium See Channel Channel ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Multimodality Multimodality ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Medvedev, P. N. See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H )

Membership categorization See Age and language use Age and language use ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 ); Sacks Sacks ( H )

Membership categorization analysis (T23)

Memory See Attention and language Attention and language ( H ); Consciousness and language Consciousness and language ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Mental map See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Mental spaces (H); See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H )

Mental states See Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 )

Mentalism (MT); See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Objectivism vs. subjectivism Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT ); Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Mesolect See Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT )

Metacommunication See Bateson Bateson ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 )

Metalanguage See Corpus pragmatics Corpus pragmatics ( M ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Metalinguistic awareness (H); See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Consciousness and language Consciousness and language ( H ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Folk pragmatics Folk pragmatics ( T ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT )

Metalinguistic negation See Negation Negation ( H )

Metalinguistics See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H )

Metaphor (H); See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Metonymy Metonymy ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Metaphysics See Grice Grice ( H )

Metapragmatic term See Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT )

Metapragmatics (MT); See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language (H); Folk pragmatics Folk pragmatics ( T ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Language ideologies Language ideologies ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Methods in language-attitudes research (M23)

Metonymy (H); See Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Speech act Speech act

Metrolingualism See Transience Transience ( H22 )

Mianzi / lian (H21)

Micro-sociolinguistics See Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Micro-sociology See Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Mind-body problem See Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Minority See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Language rights Language rights ( H ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Misunderstanding See Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Mitigation See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Mixed languages See Language contact Language contact ( H )

Mixed methods See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Mobility See Transience Transience ( H22 )

Modal logic (MT); See Deontic logic Deontic logic ( MT ); Epistemic logic Epistemic logic ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT )

Modal particle See Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H )

Modality (H); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Authority Authority ( H ); Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Modal logic Modal logic ( MT ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Mode See Firth Firth ( H ); Multimodality Multimodality ( H ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T )

Model-theoretic semantics (MT); See Game-theoretical semantics Game-theoretical semantics ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Montague and categorial grammar Montague and categorial grammar ( MT ); Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN ); Possible worlds semantics Possible worlds semantics ( MT ); Situation semantics Situation semantics ( MT )

Modularity → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Irony Irony ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Monolingualism See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Monologizing See Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Monologue See Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Monosemy See Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Montague and categorial grammar (MT); See Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Moore, G. E. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Morpheme See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Morphology See Deixis Deixis ( H ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Language change Language change ( H ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Word Word ( H )

Morphopragmatics (T)

Morris, C. (H)

Motherese See Register Register ( H )

Motivation (H)

Motivation and language (H)

Move See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Multi-party talk See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H )

Multiculturalism See Culture Culture ( H )

Multifunctionality See Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H )

Multilingual lexicon (The) (H)

Multilingualism See Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Literacy Literacy ( H ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Multimodality (H); See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Genre Genre ( H ); Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Multiscriptality See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Multisensoriality See Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 )

Mutual knowledge See Common ground Common ground ( H )

Name See Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H ); Socio-onomastics Socio-onomastics ( T )

Narrative (H); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M ); Grounding Grounding ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H ); Text type Text type ( H )

Narratology See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Nationalism See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Native-nonnative interaction See Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H )

Nativism See Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Natural history of discourse See Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Natural language generation and interpretation → See Natural language processing Natural language processing

Natural language processing See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Natural logic See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Natural semantic metalanguage See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT )

Naturalness See Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Language change Language change ( H )

Nature vs. nurture See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Negation (H); See Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Modality Modality ( H ); Polyphony Polyphony ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Negotiation See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Neo-Gricean pragmatics See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Neo-Kaplanean semantics See Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Neogrammarians See de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Reconstruction Reconstruction ( MM )

Neoliberalism See Ideology Ideology ( H )

Network (social) See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Neuroimaging → See Brain imaging Brain imaging

Neurolinguistic programming See General semantics General semantics ( MT )

Neurolinguistics (MT); See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

Neurophysiology See Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Irony Irony ( H ); Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T )

Neuropragmatics (T); See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Neuropsychology See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H )

New Left See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H )

New rhetoric See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

News interview See Mass media Mass media ( H )

Newspaper See Mass media Mass media ( H )

Nexus analysis (T); See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H )

Nominalization See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

Non-literal meaning See Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T )

Non-modular grammar See Construction grammar Construction grammar ( MT )

Non-seriousness See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Non-verbal communication (H); See Channel Channel ( H ); Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 )

Normality See Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT )

Norms See Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora (N); See Transcription systems for spoken discourse Transcription systems for spoken discourse ( MN )

Notation in formal semantics (MN)

Noun phrase See Situation semantics Situation semantics ( MT )

Novelty See Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H )

Object language See Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Objectivism vs. subjectivism (MT); See Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT ); Epistemology Epistemology ( MT ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Mentalism Mentalism ( MT )

Observation See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Culture Culture ( H ); Fieldwork Fieldwork ( MM )

Ọmọlúàbí (H)

Online Communication See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Onomastics See Socio-onomastics Socio-onomastics ( T )

Ontology (MT); See Epistemology Epistemology ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT )

Opacity See Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H )

Operationism See Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT )

Optimality theory See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H )

Orality See Channel Channel ( H )

Orders of discourse See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Ideology Ideology ( H )

Ordinary language philosophy See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Metapragmatics Metapragmatics ( MT ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Organizational setting See Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Organon model See Bühler Bühler ( H )

Origins of language See Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H )

Orthography See Developmental dyslexia Developmental dyslexia ( H ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Orthography and cognition (H22); See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

‘Other’ representation (H); See Age and language use Age and language use ( H )

Other(ing) See Authority Authority ( H ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Other-repair See Repair Repair ( H )

Othering See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Overhearer → See Audience Audience

Overlap (H)

Paralanguage → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H )

Paraphrase semantics See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT )

Parole → See Langue vs. parole Langue vs. parole

Parsing See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT )

Participant observation → See Observation Observation

Participation (H); See Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Goffman Goffman ( H )

Participation framework See Participation Participation ( H )

Pêcheux, M. See Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT )

Peirce, C. S. (H); See Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Morris Morris ( H ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Sign Sign ( H )

Pejorative See Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Perception and language (H); See Austin Austin ( H ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Perceptron See Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Performance See Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H )

Performativity See Austin Austin ( H ); Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Perlocution See Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Persian See Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Personality See Sapir Sapir ( H )

Perspectives on language and cognition (H)

Persuasion See Manipulation Manipulation ( H )

Phatic communion (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Ethnography of speaking Ethnography of speaking ( MT ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Malinowski Malinowski ( H ); Participation Participation ( H )

Phenomenology (MT); See Austin Austin ( H ); Embodiment Embodiment ( H ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT )

Philosophy of action (MT); See Action theory Action theory ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H )

Philosophy of language (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Philosophy of mind (MT); See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Mentalism Mentalism ( MT )

Phoneme See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Phonetic notation systems (N)

Phonetics See Boas Boas ( H ); de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H )

Phonology See Developmental dyslexia Developmental dyslexia ( H ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Phrase-structure grammar See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT )

Physical symbol system See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Picture-theory of meaning See Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Pidgins and pidginization See Contact Contact ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H )

Pitch See Prosody Prosody ( H )

Plagiarism → See Authorship Authorship

Planning See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T )

Pluricentric languages (H23)

Poetic language See Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Grounding Grounding ( H )

Poetics See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H )

Point of view See Grounding Grounding ( H )

Polarity See Negation Negation ( H )

Police interrogation See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Politeness (H); See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Historical politeness Historical politeness ( T ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Leech Leech ( H ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Silence Silence ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 ); Terms of address Terms of address ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Political correctness See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Political language See Authority Authority ( H )

Political linguistics See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT )

Polylanguaging See Transience Transience ( H22 )

Polyphony (H); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Dialogical analysis Dialogical analysis ( MM )

Polysemy (H); See Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H )

Polysystemic analysis See Firth Firth ( H )

Positioning See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Stance Stance ( H21 )

Possible worlds semantics (MT); See Epistemic logic Epistemic logic ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Truth-conditional semantics Truth-conditional semantics ( MT )

Postcolonial studies See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Poststructuralism See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Deconstruction Deconstruction ( MM )

Posture See Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Power See Authority Authority ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Practice (theory) See Agency and language Agency and language ( H ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Social class and language Social class and language ( H )

Pragma-dialectics See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Pragmalinguistics See Leech Leech ( H )

Pragmastylistics See Stylistics Stylistics ( MT )

Pragmatic acquisition (H); See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Developmental dyslexia Developmental dyslexia ( H ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Experimentation Experimentation ( MM ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Pragmatic enrichment See Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Pragmatic explanation See Linguistic explanation Linguistic explanation ( MM )

Pragmatic function See Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT )

Pragmatic impairment See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic intrusion See Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic markers (H); See Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H )

Pragmatic norm See Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Pragmatic particles (H); See Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Interjections Interjections ( H )

Pragmatic perspective (The) (M)

Pragmatic scale → See Scalarity Scalarity

Pragmatic transfer See Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T )

Pragmaticalization See Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H )

Pragmaticism See Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Morris Morris ( H ); Objectivism vs. subjectivism Objectivism vs. subjectivism ( MT ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT )

Pragmatics See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M )

Pragmatics of script (H22)

Pragmatism (MT); See Morris Morris ( H ); Peirce Peirce ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT )

Pragmemes (H22)

Prague school (MT); See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H ); Markedness Markedness ( H ); Mathesius Mathesius ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Text linguistics Text linguistics ( MT ); Word order Word order ( H )

Precisification principle See Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H )

Predicate logic See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Predicates and predication (H); See Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Preference organization See Repair Repair ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H )

Prejudice See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Prestige See Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H )

Presumptive meaning See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H )

Presupposition (H); See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Primate communication (H)

Priming See Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Print See Channel Channel ( H )

Private language See Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Probabilistic technique See Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Problematization See Foucault Foucault ( H )

Problematology See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT )

Procedural semantics See Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT )

Processing See Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Inferencing Inferencing ; Information processing Information processing ; Production Production ; Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Production See Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT )

Productivity See Creativity in language use Creativity in language use ( H )

Projection problem See Presupposition Presupposition ( H )

Pronoun See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Negation Negation ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Proper name → See Name Name

Property theory See Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT )

Propositional attitude See Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Intensional logic Intensional logic ( MT )

Propositional semantics See Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T )

Prosody (H); See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Firth Firth ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Interactional linguistics Interactional linguistics ( T ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Proto-grammar See Iconicity Iconicity ( H )

Prototype (theory) See Categorization Categorization ( H ); Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics ( MT ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Taxonomy Taxonomy ( MM )

Proxemics See Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H )

Psychiatry See Bateson Bateson ( H ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Psycholinguistics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Bühler Bühler ( H ); Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology ( MT ); Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Connectionism Connectionism ( MT ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Experimentation Experimentation ( MM ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Perception and language Perception and language ( H ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Psychological anthropology See Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Psychosemantics See Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind ( MT )

Psychotherapy → See Psychiatry Psychiatry

Public discourse (H); See Goffman Goffman ( H ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Putnam, H. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT )

Q-principle See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T )

Qualitative methods See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Quantifier See Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Notation in formal semantics Notation in formal semantics ( MN )

Quantitative method See Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Question answering See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Question word See Repair Repair ( H )

Questionnaire See Interview Interview ( MM )

Quine, W.v.O. See Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Quotation See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Race See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Racism See Ideology Ideology ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Radical argumentativism See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT )

Radical pragmatics See Grice Grice ( H )

Radio See Mass media Mass media ( H )

Ranking task See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Rationality See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H )

Reading analysis See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Recall See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H )

Reception theory See Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT )

Recipient design See Collaboration in dialogues Collaboration in dialogues ( H ); Communicative style Communicative style ( H )

Reconstruction (MM); See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H )

Recoverability See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Reference See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Definiteness Definiteness ( H ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Pragmemes Pragmemes ( H22 ); Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H ); Tagmemics Tagmemics ( MT ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Reference and descriptions (H)

Referential choice See Definiteness Definiteness ( H )

Referring → See Reference Reference ; Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Reflection See Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H )

Reflexive See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Reflexivity See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Reflexology See Behaviorism Behaviorism ( MT )

Refusal See Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Register (H); See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Channel Channel ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Error analysis Error analysis ( MM ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Regularity See Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H )

Reinforcement See Emphasis Emphasis ( H )

Relational grammar See Lexical functional grammar Lexical functional grammar ( MT )

Relational ritual (H)

Relevance See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Irony Irony ( H ); Relevance theory Relevance theory ( MT )

Relevance theory (MT); See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Communication Communication ( H ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Semantics vs. pragmatics Semantics vs. pragmatics ( T ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Truth-conditional semantics Truth-conditional semantics ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Religion See Authority Authority ( H ); Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Repair (H); See Communicative success vs. failure Communicative success vs. failure ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Sequence Sequence ( H )

Repertoire → See Linguistic repertoire Linguistic repertoire

Repetition See Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T )

Reported speech (H); See Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H )

Representation See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Conceptual semantics Conceptual semantics ( T ); Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Resistance See Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Resource See Multimodality Multimodality ( H )

Respect → See Deference Deference

Response See Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

Response cry See Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Goffman Goffman ( H )

Responsibility See Austin Austin ( H ); Membership categorization analysis Membership categorization analysis ( T23 )

Responsiveness See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Rheme → See Theme vs. rheme Theme vs. rheme

Rhetoric (MT); See Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Genre Genre ( H ); Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT )

Rhetorical relations See Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT )

Rhetorical structure theory See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT )

Ritual See Goffman Goffman ( H ); Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H )

Role and reference grammar (MT); See Case and semantic roles Case and semantic roles ( H ); Case grammar Case grammar ( MT ); Dependency and valency grammar Dependency and valency grammar ( MT )

Role vs. value See Mental spaces Mental spaces ( H )

Rossi-Landi, F. See Morris Morris ( H )

Routine (formula) See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H )

Routinization See Emergent grammar Emergent grammar ( T )

Rule See Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Wittgenstein Wittgenstein ( H )

Rule-based formalism See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Russell, B. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Definiteness Definiteness ( H ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Russian formalism See Deconstruction Deconstruction ( MM ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT )

Sacks, H. (H); See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT )

Sales encounter See Institutional interaction Institutional interaction ( H23 )

Salience See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Grounding Grounding ( H ); Irony Irony ( H ); Word order Word order ( H )

Sampling → See Data collection Data collection

Sapir, E. (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H ); Culture Culture ( H ); Whorf Whorf ( H )

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis → See Linguistic relativity principle Linguistic relativity principle

Sarcasm See Irony Irony ( H )

Saturation See Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Saussure, F. de (H); See Geneva school Geneva school ( MT ); Participation Participation ( H ); Sign Sign ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Scalarity See Conceptual integration Conceptual integration ( H ); Experimental pragmatics Experimental pragmatics ( M ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Negation Negation ( H )

Scale and category grammar See Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Scaling See Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Scenario See Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Scene See Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T )

Scene-and-frame semantics See Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T )

Schema See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M )

Schizophrenia See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Schooling See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Scientific language See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Script1 See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Script2 See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Frame semantics Frame semantics ( T ); Humor Humor ( H23 )

Searle, J. R. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Contextualism Contextualism ( T ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Second language acquisition See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms Language learning in immersion and CLIL classrooms ( H ); Motivation Motivation ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Selection restrictions See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

Self See Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Authority Authority ( H ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Life stories Life stories ( H ); Mianzi / lian Mianzi / lian ( H21 )

Self-repair See Repair Repair ( H )

Self-report See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Semantic differential See Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Semantic field analysis See Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT )

Semantic minimalism See Contextualism Contextualism ( T )

Semantic network See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Semantic primitive See Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Cultural scripts Cultural scripts ( H )

Semantic structure See Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Semantics vs. pragmatics (T); See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Emotions Emotions ( H21 ); Generative semantics Generative semantics ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Implicitness Implicitness ( H ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Leech Leech ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Montague and categorial grammar Montague and categorial grammar ( MT ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 )

Semiology See de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT )

Semiophysics See Catastrophe theory Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Semiotic resource See Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T )

Semiotics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Morris Morris ( H ); Peirce Peirce ( H ); Pragmatism Pragmatism ( MT ); Sign Sign ( H ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T ); Speech community Speech community ( H )

Sense See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Sensorimotor dysfunction See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Sentence fragment See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Sentence grammar → See Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language

Sentence linearity See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H )

Sentence processing See The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Sentence type See Markedness Markedness ( H )

Sequence (H); See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 ); Grounding Grounding ( H ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Relational ritual Relational ritual ( H ); Repair Repair ( H ); Stance Stance ( H21 ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Sequencing See Sequence Sequence ( H )

Sequentiality See Iconicity Iconicity ( H )

Sexual orientation See Silence Silence ( H )

Shared knowledge See Common ground Common ground ( H )

Shibboleth See Anderson Anderson ( H21 )

Sign (H); See de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Morris Morris ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T ); Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T ); Speech community Speech community ( H )

Sign language(s) See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Signed language pragmatics (T)

Silence (H)

Silencing See Silence Silence ( H ); ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Simile See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Sincerity See Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Singular term See Indexicals and demonstratives Indexicals and demonstratives ( H )

Situated action theory See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Situation semantics (MT); See Communication Communication ( H ); Discourse representation theory Discourse representation theory ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT )

Slang See Jargon Jargon ( H )

Sluicing See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Social anthropology See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology ( MT )

Social class and language (H); See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Social cognition See Bühler Bühler ( H ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT ); Style and styling Style and styling ( H21 )

Social difference/inequality → See Power Power

Social distancing See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Social institutions (H); See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Authority Authority ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Communication Communication ( H ); Conversation types Conversation types ( H ); Forensic linguistics Forensic linguistics ( T ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Institutional interaction Institutional interaction ( H23 ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Narrative Narrative ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Public discourse Public discourse ( H ); Therapeutic conversation Therapeutic conversation ( H )

Social media research (T22)

Social organization See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Authority Authority ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT )

Social psychology (MT); See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Language psychology Language psychology ( T21 ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Motivation Motivation ( H ); Nexus analysis Nexus analysis ( T ); Overlap Overlap ( H ); Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism ( MT ); Terms of address Terms of address ( H )

Social relationship → See Social organization Social organization

Social science See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Social semiotics (T); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Critical theory Critical theory ( MT ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Multimodality Multimodality ( H ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Sign Sign ( H )

Socialization See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Developmental psychology Developmental psychology ( MT ); Vygotsky Vygotsky ( H )

Socio-onomastics (T)

Sociolect See Dialect Dialect ( H )

Sociolinguistics (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Code-switching Code-switching ( H ); Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Interactional sociolinguistics Interactional sociolinguistics ( MT ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language maintenance and shift Language maintenance and shift ( H21 ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Lifestyle Lifestyle ( H ); Linguistic landscape studies Linguistic landscape studies ( T ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H ); Social class and language Social class and language ( H ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 ); Speech community Speech community ( H ); Superdiversity Superdiversity ( H21 ); Transience Transience ( H22 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Sociology See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H )

Sociology of language See Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Sociopragmatics See Leech Leech ( H )

Sociosemiotics See Social semiotics Social semiotics ( T )

Sonority See Language change Language change ( H )

Sound symbolism (H); See Iconicity Iconicity ( H )

Speaker vs. listener See Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Dialogical analysis Dialogical analysis ( MM ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Participation Participation ( H ); Terms of address Terms of address ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Speaker’s meaning See Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Speaking vs. writing See Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT ); Channel Channel ( H ); Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Register Register ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T )

Speech accommodation See Accommodation theory Accommodation theory ( MT ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Speech act See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Argumentation theory Argumentation theory ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Cerebral representation of language Cerebral representation of language ; Conventions of language Conventions of language ( H ); Formal pragmatics Formal pragmatics ( MT ); Grice Grice ( H ); Historical pragmatics Historical pragmatics ( T ); Intercultural communication Intercultural communication ( H ); Interlanguage pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics ( T ); Mediated performatives Mediated performatives ( H ); Metonymy Metonymy ( H ); Modality Modality ( H ); Morphopragmatics Morphopragmatics ( T ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truth-conditional pragmatics Truth-conditional pragmatics ( T21 ); Universals Universals ( H23 )

Speech act classification See Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Speech act theory (MT); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Conversational implicature Conversational implicature ( H ); Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Intentionality Intentionality ( H ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Philosophy of language Philosophy of language ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Speech circuit See Participation Participation ( H )

Speech community (H); See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Computer-mediated communication Computer-mediated communication ( H ); Gumperz Gumperz ( H ); Superdiversity Superdiversity ( H21 )

Speech event See Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H )

Speech genre See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Metalinguistic awareness Metalinguistic awareness ( H )

Spelling See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Spoken discourse → See Speaking vs. writing Speaking vs. writing

Spoken language corpora See Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Sprachbund (‘linguistic area’) See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT )

Stance (H21); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Evidentiality Evidentiality ( H22 )

Standard language See Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics Dialectology and geolinguistic dynamics ( T )

Standardization See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Authority Authority ( H ); Integrational linguistics Integrational linguistics ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Literacy Literacy ( H )

State of Affairs See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H )

State-space search See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT )

Statistics (MM); See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Experimentation Experimentation ( MM )

Stereotype See ‘Other’ representation ‘Other’ representation ( H )

Stigmatization See Caste and language Caste and language ( H23 )

Story(-telling) See Narrative Narrative ( H )

Strategy See Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Strawson, P. F. See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Definiteness Definiteness ( H ); Reference and descriptions Reference and descriptions ( H )

Stress See Information structure Information structure ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H )

Stripping See Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H )

Structuralism (MT); See Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax Autonomous vs. non-autonomous syntax ( MT ); Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Componential analysis Componential analysis ( MT ); Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM ); de Saussure de Saussure ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Geneva school Geneva school ( MT ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Language change Language change ( H ); Lexical field analysis Lexical field analysis ( MT ); Lexical semantics Lexical semantics ( T ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Semiotics Semiotics ( MT ); Sign Sign ( H )

Style See Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Register Register ( H )

Style and styling (H21)

Stylistic stratification See Social class and language Social class and language ( H )

Stylistics (MT); See Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Figures of speech Figures of speech ( H ); Literary pragmatics Literary pragmatics ( MT ); Mathesius Mathesius ( H ); Rhetoric Rhetoric ( MT ); Text linguistics Text linguistics ( MT )

Subject See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H )

Subjectivity See Benveniste Benveniste ( H ); Énonciation Énonciation ( H ); Foucault Foucault ( H ); Implicature and language change Implicature and language change ( H ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Substitution See Anaphora Anaphora ( H )

Superdiversity (H21); See Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Transience Transience ( H22 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Syllable structure See Prosody Prosody ( H )

Symbol See Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 )

Symbolic behavior See Evolutionary pragmatics Evolutionary pragmatics ( T ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Symbolic capital See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Social institutions Social institutions ( H )

Symbolic interactionism (MT); See Bourdieu Bourdieu ( H ); Cognitive sociology Cognitive sociology ( MT ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology ( MT ); Goffman Goffman ( H ); Social psychology Social psychology ( MT )

Symbolic vs. subsymbolic architecture See Cognitive science Cognitive science ( MT )

Symbolism See Morris Morris ( H )

Symbolization See Bühler Bühler ( H ); Cognitive grammar Cognitive grammar ( MT )

Symmetry See Language change Language change ( H )

Synchrony See Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication ( H ); Structuralism Structuralism ( MT )

Synergetics See Catastrophe theory Catastrophe theory ( MT )

Synesthesia See Metaphor Metaphor ( H )

Syntax See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H ); Discourse markers Discourse markers ( H ); Ellipsis Ellipsis ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Interactional linguistics Interactional linguistics ( T ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H )

Systemic functional grammar (MT); See Appraisal Appraisal ( H ); Emphasis Emphasis ( H ); Firth Firth ( H ); Firthian linguistics Firthian linguistics ( MT ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H ); Metaphor Metaphor ( H ); Multimodality Multimodality ( H )

Tact See Leech Leech ( H ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H ); Politeness Politeness ( H )

Tactile sign languages (H21)

Tagging See Corpus analysis Corpus analysis ( MM )

Tagmemics (MT)

Taxonomy (MM)

Ta’ārof (H22)

Telephone conversation See Emotion display Emotion display ( H )

Television See Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Channel Channel ( H ); Mass media Mass media ( H )

Temporal reference See Narrative Narrative ( H )

Tenor See Register Register ( H )

Tense See Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Modality Modality ( H ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H )

Tense and aspect (H); See Event representation Event representation ( H22 )

Tense logic See Modal logic Modal logic ( MT )

Terms of address (H); See Honorifics Honorifics ( H )

Territoriality See Language rights Language rights ( H )

Testimony See Epistemology of testimony Epistemology of testimony ( T ); Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H )

Testing See Text comprehension Text comprehension ( H )

Text See Boas Boas ( H ); Culture Culture ( H ); Systemic functional grammar Systemic functional grammar ( MT )

Text analysis See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Text type Text type ( H )

Text and discourse linguistics (T); See Common ground Common ground ( H ); Text linguistics Text linguistics ( MT )

Text comprehension (H)

Text linguistics (MT); See Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis ( MT ); Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Prague school Prague school ( MT ); Stylistics Stylistics ( MT ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Text structure (H); See Narrative Narrative ( H )

Text type (H); See Discourse analysis Discourse analysis ( MT ); Genre Genre ( H ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H ); Text and discourse linguistics Text and discourse linguistics ( T ); Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M )

Theme vs. rheme See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Word order Word order ( H )

Theory and theorizing See Firth Firth ( H ); Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Theory of mind See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T ); Communication Communication ( H )

Therapeutic conversation (H)

Think-aloud protocols (M)

Thirdness See Morris Morris ( H )

Threat See Impoliteness Impoliteness ( H )

Timing problem See Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics ( MT ); Neuropragmatics Neuropragmatics ( T )

Topic management See Laughter Laughter ( H )

Topic vs. focus See Anaphora Anaphora ( H ); Argumentation in discourse and grammar Argumentation in discourse and grammar ( H ); Functional discourse grammar Functional discourse grammar ( T ); Functional grammar Functional grammar ( MT ); Functional sentence perspective Functional sentence perspective ( H )

Topic-comment structure See Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T ); Information structure Information structure ( H ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T ); Word order Word order ( H )

Topicality See Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Signed language pragmatics Signed language pragmatics ( T )

Toponym See Socio-onomastics Socio-onomastics ( T )

Trajectory See Sequence Sequence ( H )

Transcription See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M ); Laughter Laughter ( H ); Phonetic notation systems Phonetic notation systems ( N )

Transcription systems for spoken discourse (MN); See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora Notation Systems in Spoken Language Corpora ( N )

Transformational grammar → See Generative(-transformational) linguistics Generative(-transformational) linguistics

Transience (H22)

Transitivity See Event representation Event representation ( H22 ); Grounding Grounding ( H )

Translanguaging See Code-switching and translanguaging Code-switching and translanguaging ( H22 ); Transience Transience ( H22 ); Translanguaging pedagogy Translanguaging pedagogy ( T22 )

Translanguaging pedagogy (T22)

Translation See Interpreter-mediated interaction Interpreter-mediated interaction ( H ); Pragmatic particles Pragmatic particles ( H ); Think-aloud protocols Think-aloud protocols ( M ); Translation studies Translation studies ( T )

Translation studies (T); See Pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers ( H )

Traumatic brain injury See Clinical pragmatics Clinical pragmatics ( T )

Triangulation See Grounded theory Grounded theory ( M )

Troubles talk See Emotion display Emotion display ( H ); Laughter Laughter ( H )

Trust See Adaptability Adaptability ( H )

Truth See Austin Austin ( H ); Grice Grice ( H ); Ideology Ideology ( H ); Model-theoretic semantics Model-theoretic semantics ( MT ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Truth-conditional pragmatics (T21); See Default interpretations Default interpretations ( H )

Truth-conditional semantics (MT); See Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Logical semantics Logical semantics ( MT ); Possible worlds semantics Possible worlds semantics ( MT ); Relevance theory Relevance theory ( MT )

Truthfulness (H); See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 ); Manipulation Manipulation ( H ); Ọmọlúàbí Ọmọlúàbí ( H )

Turing machine See Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT )

Turn(-taking) See Conversation analysis Conversation analysis ( MT ); Embodied interaction Embodied interaction ( H23 ); Frame analysis Frame analysis ( M ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Language and the law Language and the law ( H ); Prosody Prosody ( H ); Silence Silence ( H ); Tactile sign languages Tactile sign languages ( H21 )

Twitter See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Typology (MT); See Boas Boas ( H ); Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Deixis Deixis ( H ); Historical linguistics Historical linguistics ( MT ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Language contact Language contact ( H ); Negation Negation ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Universals Universals ( H23 ); Word order Word order ( H )

UN language system See Language ecology Language ecology ( T21 )

Underspecification → See Vagueness Vagueness

Understanding See Comprehension vs. production Comprehension vs. production ( H )

Unidirectionality See Language change Language change ( H )

Universal and transcendental pragmatics (MT); See Critical theory Critical theory ( MT ); Hermeneutics Hermeneutics ( M ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Universal grammar See Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language change Language change ( H )

Universals (H23); See Conversational logic Conversational logic ( MT ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Humboldt Humboldt ( H ); Jakobson Jakobson ( H21 ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Sound symbolism Sound symbolism ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT ); Typology Typology ( MT ); Word order Word order ( H )

User modeling See Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( MT ); Computational pragmatics Computational pragmatics ( T )

Utterance See Predicates and predication Predicates and predication ( H ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Vagueness See Indeterminacy and negotiation Indeterminacy and negotiation ( H ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Tense and aspect Tense and aspect ( H ); Truthfulness Truthfulness ( H )

Valency → See Dependency Dependency

Variability → See Variation Variation

Variable rule See Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T )

Variable-rule analysis See Statistics Statistics ( MM )

Variation See Adaptability Adaptability ( H ); Argument structure Argument structure ( H23 ); Bilingualism and multilingualism Bilingualism and multilingualism ( H ); Communicative style Communicative style ( H ); Context and contextualization Context and contextualization ( H ); Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T ); Creole linguistics Creole linguistics ( MT ); Creoles and creolization Creoles and creolization ( H ); Dialectology Dialectology ( MT ); Hegemony Hegemony ( H23 ); Honorifics Honorifics ( H ); Humor Humor ( H23 ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H ); Language change Language change ( H ); Language dominance and minorization Language dominance and minorization ( H ); Language policy, language planning and standardization Language policy, language planning and standardization ( H ); Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 ); Polysemy Polysemy ( H ); Register Register ( H ); Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics ( MT ); Variational pragmatics Variational pragmatics ( T )

Variational pragmatics (T); See Contact linguistics Contact linguistics ( MT ); Language change Language change ( H ); Pluricentric languages Pluricentric languages ( H23 )

Variationist sociolinguistics See Correlational sociolinguistics Correlational sociolinguistics ( T )

Verb See Communicative dynamism Communicative dynamism ( H ); Ta’ārof Ta’ārof ( H22 )

Verba dicendi See Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Verbal guise See Methods in language-attitudes research Methods in language-attitudes research ( M23 )

Veridicality See Lexically triggered veridicality inferences Lexically triggered veridicality inferences ( H22 )

Vernacular See Anderson Anderson ( H21 ); Authenticity Authenticity ( H ); Dialect Dialect ( H )

Verstehen → See Erklären vs. Verstehen Erklären vs. Verstehen

Vitality See Motivation Motivation ( H )

Vocabulary See Borrowing Borrowing ( H ); Language acquisition Language acquisition ( H )

Voice See Polyphony Polyphony ( H )

Vološinov, V. N. See Bakhtin Bakhtin ( H ); Deconstruction Deconstruction ( MM ); Intertextuality Intertextuality ( H ); Marxist linguistics Marxist linguistics ( MT ); Reported speech Reported speech ( H )

Vygotsky, L. (H)

Web 2.0 See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

WhatsApp See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )

Whorf, B. L. (H); See Anthropological linguistics Anthropological linguistics ( MT ); Boas Boas ( H ); Culture Culture ( H ); Iconicity Iconicity ( H ); Sapir Sapir ( H )

Whorfianism → See Linguistic relativity principle Linguistic relativity principle

Wittgenstein, L. (H); See (The) pragmatic perspective (The) pragmatic perspective ( M ); Analytical philosophy Analytical philosophy ( MT ); Austin Austin ( H ); Contextualism Contextualism ( T ); Speech act theory Speech act theory ( MT )

Word (H)

Word order (H); See Negation Negation ( H ); Typology Typology ( MT )

Word recognition See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics ( MT ); The multilingual lexicon The multilingual lexicon ( H )

Word root See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 )

Word-search See Gesture research Gesture research ( T22 )

Workplace interaction See Aisatsu Aisatsu ( H ); Applied linguistics Applied linguistics ( MT )

Writing system See Orthography and cognition Orthography and cognition ( H22 ); Pragmatics of script Pragmatics of script ( H22 )

Written discourse → See Speaking vs. writing Speaking vs. writing

X-bar syntax See Chomskyan linguistics Chomskyan linguistics ( MT ); Computational linguistics Computational linguistics ( MT ); Role and reference grammar Role and reference grammar ( MT )

Youtube See Social media research Social media research ( T22 )