Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 9:3 (1982) ► pp.237–264
The 15th-Century Controversy on the Language Spoken by the Ancient Romans
An Inquiry Into Italian Humanist Concepts of ‘Latin’, ‘Grammar’, and ‘Vernacular’
Published online: 1 January 1982
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.9.3.02tav
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.9.3.02tav
Summary
In the antechamber of Pope Eugene IV in 1435 there took place a debate among a group of Apostolic Secretaries which was to continue to excite the interest of leading Italian humanists for many decades there after and even into the 16th century. A number of these Secretaries, among them Biondo Flavio, argued that in ancient Rome literate and illiterate spoke a Latin which, though obviously differing in lexical, syntactic and stylistic complexity, was basically one and the same language. The spokesman for the others, Leonardo Bruni, maintained that the vulgus must have used a vulgaris sermo as sharply distinct from the latina ac litterata lingua as the vernacular of their own times was from Latin. As has rightly been pointed out, the disagreement between these humanists was more nominal than real in that the arguments put forward derive directly from diverging notions of ‘language’ and ‘grammar’: hence the two sides evaluate diglossia in the 15th-century society and, therefore, the situation in ancient Rome, by different criteria. This article (which summarizes a forthcoming book), traces the sources for and analyses the terminologies employed in the various texts in an attempt to make their true meaning plain and also uncover the underlying reasons for mutual misunderstanding. It also points out the major shifts of focus which occurred in the subsequent controversy. While Leon Battista Alberti exploited the discussion for a pro-volgare campaign of his own, Guarino Guarini’s exploration of the term litteralis represents one of the most sophisticated points of view adopted by a grammarian, and the polemic between Poggio Bracciolini and Lorenzo Valla over latine and grammatice loqui reflects a division within the humanist movement of more far-reaching implications.
Résumé
L’antichambre du Pape Eugène IV fut, en 1435, le théâtre d’un debat qui ne cessa d’interesser les humanistes italiens les plus éminents pour plusieurs décennies encore jusqu’au XVIe siècle inclusivement. Quelques-uns des Secrétaires Apostoliques qui soutinrent ce débat, dont Biondo Flavio, cherchaient à démontrer que dans la Rome antique les gens lettrés et le peuple illettré avaient parlé une langue qui, à quelques différences près de lexique, de syntaxe ou de complexité stylistique, était, en son fond, un seul et même latin. Les autres, qui avaient en Leonardo Bruni leur porte-parole, affirmaient au contraire que le vulgus avait dû employer un vulgaris sermo aussi nettement distinct de la latina ac litterata lingua que l’était leur vulgaire du latin. Le désaccord entre ces deux positions était, comme on l’a souligné avec raison, beaucoup plus nominal que substantiel, dans la mesure où les preuves à l’appui découlaient de concepts divergents de ce qu’est ‘langue’ et de ce qu’est ‘grammaire’: ce n’est donc pas par un critère commun que les deux partis opposés jugeaient du phénomène de la diglossie au XVe siècle et, partant, de la situation de la Rome antique. Cet article, condensant un livre à paraître, remonte aux sources utilisées dans les textes et analyse leurs terminologies pour en faire ressortir la véritable signification et pour découvrir aussi les raisons cachées des mésintelligences réciproques. Il tâche aussi de mettre en relief les importants déplacements qui marquent le débat postérieur. Tandis que Leon Battista Alberti en exploite les ressources pour sa campagne à lui en faveur du volgare, Guarino Guarini élabore, en creusant le term litteralis, un point de vue de grammairien des plus sophistiqués. La polémique relative à latine et grammatice loqui entre Poggio Bracciolini et Lorenzo Valla reflète une rupture à l’interieur du champ humaniste, dont la portée va bien au-delà des questions discutées.
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