Article published In: Historiographia Linguistica
Vol. 6:3 (1979) ► pp.339–359
F. Max Müller and the Development of Linguistic Science
Published online: 1 January 1979
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.6.3.05jan
https://doi.org/10.1075/hl.6.3.05jan
Summary
The article examines the voluminous work of Friedrich Max Müller (18231900), a German scholar who had chosen England as his home in 1846 and lived there for 54 years until his death. Basically a Sanskritist, whose studies, however, spilled over into numerous adjoining disciplines, Müller was both highly praised and severely criticized during his life-time. Almost immediately after his death silence settled upon him.
The author argues that Müller’s outstanding achievements, firmly acknowledged by authoritative critics in his time, should make him important enough for us to study his amazingly wide-ranging work very carefully again. Müller’s contribution to linguistic science and to human knowledge is particularly significant. He began his work in the pioneering stage of linguistics and, for fear of losing sight of the larger framework, deliberately avoided concentrating on one single specialty of study. Instead, starting with books, translations, and editions involving Sanskrit, he enlarged his scope into Indian history, philosophy and religion. He conducted, and published extensively on, comparative studies in philology, religion and mythology and undertook to explore the interrelationship of thought and language. His writings on German literature and his translation of Kant’s “Kritik der reinen Vernunft” were acclaimed as solid accomplishments, no less thorough than his many volumes dealing with a large variety of aspects concerning Indian language, literature, history, and religion.
Müller never thought of himself as a linguist in the technical sense of the word. Instead, he attempted to apply his linguistic knowledge within the larger framework of the “science of man”. He worked to achieve an overall foundation, for which it became necessary to transcend disciplinary boundaries. Such an objective was unavoidably accompanied by the risk of spreading oneself too thin. At least part of the criticism he drew was on that score. The author concludes that, if we would ask not so much for what Müller did as a linguist but what he did for linguistics, we would even today gain significant insights from his work.
Résumé
Le présent article examine l’oeuvre abondante de Friedrich Max Müller (1823–1900), érudit allemand qui, en 1846, choisit de se fixer en Angleterre, où il vécut 54 ans, jusqu’à sa mort. Au départ spécialiste du sanscrit, dont les études débordèrent toutefois sur de nombreuses disciplines voisines, Müller fut, de son vivant, à la fois très loué et sévèrement critiqué. Presque aussitôt après sa mort, le silence se fit sur son nom.
L’auteur vise ici à prouver que les travaux considérables de Müller, reconnus sans conteste par la critique qui faisait autorité à l’époque, devraient en faire un auteur assez important pour qu’on étudie de nouveau avec beaucoup de soin une oeuvre d’une ampleur aussi étonnante. L’apport de Müller à la science du langage et à la connaissance de l’homme est particulièrement digne d’intérêt. Il commença son oeuvre à l’époque pionnière de la linguistique et, craignant de perdre de vue un cadre plus large, il évita délibérément de se concentrer sur un domaine d’étude unique: après des ouvrages, des traductions, des éditions qui touchaient au sanscrit, il élargit sa perspective à l’histoire de l’Inde, à sa philosophie et à sa religion. Il mena des études comparatives — avec publications abondantes — dans le domaine de la philologie, de la religion et de la mythologie et entreprit d’explorer l’interrelation de la pensée et du langage. Ses écrits sur la littérature allemande et sa traduction de la Kritik der reinen Vernunft de Kant furent fort loués et considérés comme des travaux très solides, aussi achevés que ses nombreux volumes traitant d’aspects très divers de la langue, de la littérature, de l’histoire et de la religion de l’Inde.
Müller ne se considéra jamais comme un linguiste au sens technique du terme. Il essayait d’appliquer ses connaissances linguistiques à l’intérieur du cadre plus large de la “science de l’homme”. Il travailla à créer une assise générale, qui obligeait à dépasser les frontières de discipline. Un tel objectif impliquait inévitablement le risque de trop se disperser. C’est sur ce point que porte au moins une partie des critiques qu’il s’attira. Si nous cherchions moins à savoir ce qu’a fait Müller comme linguistique et davantage ce qu’il a fait pour la linguistique, son oeuvre nous ouvrirait encore aujourd’hui des perspectives intéressantes.
References (52)
A.
Publications on Friedrich Max Müller
Brugmann, Karl (1849–1919). 1893. Review of Müller, Die Wissenschaft der Sprache, 21 vols. (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1892–93). Literarisches Centralblatt (17. Juni) 231.889–91.
Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 1974. Scholar Extraordinary: The Life of Professor the Rt. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller, P.C. New York: Oxford University Press.
Conway, Moncure Daniel (1832–1907). 1900. “Memories of Max Müller”. North American Review 1711.884–93.
Delbrück, Berthold (1842–1922). 1874. Review of Müller, Einleitung in die vergleichende Religionswissenschaft (Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, 1874). Jenaer Literaturzeitung 291.440–42.
Glasenapp, Helmuth von (1891–1963). 1948. Die indische Welt als Erscheinung und Erlebnis. Baden-Baden: Hans Bühler jr.
Heiler, Friedrich. 1959. Die Religionen der Menschheit in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Stuttgart: Reclam.
Kielhorn, Franz (1840–1908). 1901. “Max Müller”. Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Geschäftliche Mitteilungen, 35–39.
Pott, August Friedrich (1802–87). 1855a Review of Müller, Suggestions for the Assistance of Officers in Learning the Languages of the Seat of War in the East (London: Longmans, 1854). ZDMG 91.275–81.
Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857–1913). 1972 [1916]. Cours de linguistique générale. Ed. by Tullio De Mauro. Paris: Payot.
Schmidt, Siegfried J. 1968. Sprache und Denken als sprachphilosophisches Problem von Locke bis Wittgenstein. Den Haag: Nijhoff.
Streitberg, Wilhelm (1864–1925). 1895. Review of Müller, Die Wissenschaft der Sprache, 21 vols. (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1892–93). IF (Anzeiger) 51.8–11.
Whitney, William D(wight, (1827–94). 1865. Review of Müller, Lectures on the Science of Language, Second Series (London: Longmans, 1864). North American Review 1001.565–81.
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B.
Publications by Friedrich Max Müller
Friedrich Max Müller. 1844. Hitopadesa: Eine alte indische Fabelsammlung, aus dem Sanskrit zum ersten Mal in das Deutsche übersetzt. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.
. 1849–73. Rig-Veda-Samhita, the Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans; together with the Commentary of Sâyanachârya. London: W. H. Allen.
. 1859 [1853]. On Indian Logic. Appendix to William Thomson, An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought: A Treatise on Pure and Applied Logic. 4th ed. Cambridge: John Bartlett.
. 1854. “Letter on the Classification of the Turanian Languages”. Outlines of the Philosophy of Universal History, Applied to Language and Religion, ed. by Christian Charles Josias Bunsen Vol. 31, 281–521. London: Longmans, Brown, Green et al.
. 1855. Suggestions for the Assistance of Officers in Learning the Languages of the Seat of War in the East. 2nd ed.. London: Longmans. (1st ed., 1854.)
. 1858. The German Classics from the Fourth to the Nineteenth Century: A German reading book containing extracts arranged chronologically. London: Longmans.
. 1871. Letters on the War between Germany and France [containing contributions by Max Müller et al.]. London: K. J. Trübner.
. 1879–1910. The Sacred Books of the East. Translated by various Oriental Scholars and ed. by F. M. Müller. 501 vols. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
Cited by (4)
Cited by four other publications
Cotticelli Kurras, Paola
Koerner, E. F. K.
Sutcliffe, Patricia Casey
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